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{{Tetanus}}
{{CMG}}


==Causes==
[[File:Photo-min-min.jpg|thumb|none|400px]]
Tetanus is caused by the [[gram-positive]], obligate [[Anaerobic organism|anaerobic bacterium]] ''[[clostridium tetani]]''.
===Bacterial Entry===
A common way for Tetanus to form is for the clostridium tetani bacteria to enter the body through a [[wound]]. Any break in the skin, even a minor one, can allow the bacteria to enter into the body. The deeper the cut, the better off it is for the bacteria, because the tetani bacteria thrives in places with little to no oxygen (it is [[anaerbobic]]). Some of the common pathways are:


*[[Burns]]
*Endocrine cells in insulinoma are organised in nests and trabecular pattern scattered throughout a fibro-vascular stroma with well-localised fibrous septa separating it from normal tissue<ref name="PadidelaFiest2014">{{cite journal|last1=Padidela|first1=R.|last2=Fiest|first2=M.|last3=Arya|first3=V.|last4=Smith|first4=V. V.|last5=Ashworth|first5=M.|last6=Rampling|first6=D.|last7=Newbould|first7=M.|last8=Batra|first8=G.|last9=James|first9=J.|last10=Wright|first10=N. B.|last11=Dunne|first11=M. J.|last12=Clayton|first12=P. E.|last13=Banerjee|first13=I.|last14=Hussain|first14=K.|title=Insulinoma in childhood: clinical, radiological, molecular and histological aspects of nine patients|journal=European Journal of Endocrinology|volume=170|issue=5|year=2014|pages=741–747|issn=0804-4643|doi=10.1530/EJE-13-1008}}</ref>
*Animal bites
*Absence of exocrine tissue with the loss of normal pancreatic architecture
*equipment is used.
*[[Lacerations]]
**Knife wound, broken glass, etc
*[[Abrasions]]
*[[Eye]] injuries]] and cause infection once in an adequate environment. Because ''C. tetani'' is an anaerobic bacterium, it, and its endospores, will thrive in an environment that lacks [[oxygen]]. Hence, stepping on a nail (rusty or not) may result in a tetanus infection, due to the ideal bacterial breeding ground provided by the low-oxygen environment of a puncture [[wound]].


==References==
{{Reflist|2}}


[[Category:Needs overview]]
[[Category:Bacterial diseases]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Primary care]]


{{WH}}
 
{{WS}}
Patients with insulinomas usually develop neuroglycopenic symptoms.  These include recurrent headache, lethargy, [[diplopia]], and [[blurred vision]], particularly with exercise or fasting.  Severe [[hypoglycemia]] may result in [[seizure]]s, [[coma]], and permanent neurological damage.  Symptoms resulting from the catecholaminergic response to hypoglycemia (i.e. tremulousness, palpitations, [[tachycardia]], sweating, hunger, anxiety, nausea) are not as common.  Sudden weight gain (the patient can become massively obese) is sometimes seen. A neater list of symptoms would include:
 
* [[Anxiety]]
* Behavior changes
* [[Blurred vision]]
* [[Confusion]]
* [[Convulsions]]
* [[Dizziness]]
* [[Headache]]
* [[Hunger]]
* [[Loss of consciousness]]
* [[Rapid heart rate]]
* [[Sweating]]
* [[Tremor]]
* [[Weight gain]]
 
 
 
<ref name="pmid1356383">{{cite journal| author=| title=Proceedings of the 1991 International Congress of Rhinology. Tokyo, Japan. | journal=Rhinol Suppl | year= 1992 | volume= 14 | issue=  | pages= 1-273 | pmid=1356383 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1356383  }} </ref>

Latest revision as of 21:52, 2 October 2015


*Endocrine cells in insulinoma are organised in nests and trabecular pattern scattered throughout a fibro-vascular stroma with well-localised fibrous septa separating it from normal tissue[1]
  • Absence of exocrine tissue with the loss of normal pancreatic architecture



Patients with insulinomas usually develop neuroglycopenic symptoms. These include recurrent headache, lethargy, diplopia, and blurred vision, particularly with exercise or fasting. Severe hypoglycemia may result in seizures, coma, and permanent neurological damage. Symptoms resulting from the catecholaminergic response to hypoglycemia (i.e. tremulousness, palpitations, tachycardia, sweating, hunger, anxiety, nausea) are not as common. Sudden weight gain (the patient can become massively obese) is sometimes seen. A neater list of symptoms would include:


[2]

  1. ↑ Padidela, R.; Fiest, M.; Arya, V.; Smith, V. V.; Ashworth, M.; Rampling, D.; Newbould, M.; Batra, G.; James, J.; Wright, N. B.; Dunne, M. J.; Clayton, P. E.; Banerjee, I.; Hussain, K. (2014). "Insulinoma in childhood: clinical, radiological, molecular and histological aspects of nine patients". European Journal of Endocrinology. 170 (5): 741–747. doi:10.1530/EJE-13-1008. ISSN 0804-4643.
  2. ↑ "Proceedings of the 1991 International Congress of Rhinology. Tokyo, Japan". Rhinol Suppl. 14: 1–273. 1992. PMID 1356383.
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