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| __NOTOC__ | | __NOTOC__ |
| {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{ADI}} | | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{YD}}; {{ADI}}; {{SSK}} |
| {{Pertussis}} | | {{Pertussis}} |
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| ==Overview== | | ==Overview== |
| Pertussis results in high morbidity and mortality in many countries every year. Pertussis causes 20-40 million deaths worldwide, the majority of which occur in Africa and Southeast Asia.
| | In the United States, the incidence of pertussis is approximately 1.5 to 3.0 per 100,000 individuals, with approximately 5,000 to 7,000 cases reported annually. The incidence of pertussis is thought to be on the rise due to the decline in vaccination rate and diminished herd immunity. Infants and young children < 5 years of age are more commonly infected with pertussis than adults. There is no gender predilection for the development of pertussis. Pertussis-related deaths are rare, but are more common in developing countries, among infants < 6 months of age, and among adult patients with significant co-morbidities. |
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| ==Epidemiology and Demographics== | | ==Epidemiology and Demographics== |
| ===Incidence=== | | ===Incidence=== |
| *In the United States, 5000-7000 cases are reported each year. | | *In the United States, the incidence of pertussis is approximately 1.5 to 3.0 per 100,000 individuals, with approximately 5,000 to 7,000 cases reported annually. |
| *Incidence of pertussis has increased steadily since the 1980s despite the availability of vaccination. | | *Incidence of pertussis has increased steadily since the 1980s despite the availability of vaccination. It is thought that the decline in vaccination rate and diminished herd immunity may, at least in part, be responsible for the rise of the incidence. |
| *The incidence in 2002 was 3.01/100,000 when 8,296 cases of pertussis were reported.
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| *The Center for Disease Control and prevention (CDC) reported the incidence of pertussis in 2005 to be 25,616, which is triple the incidence reported in 2001.
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| '''There are several hypothesized reasons for the increase in incidence:'''
| | ===Mortality=== |
| #Decreased use of the vaccination.
| | *Pertussis is responsible for approximately 20-40 million deaths worldwide. |
| #Decrease in the level of vaccine induced immunity over the years.
| | *The majority of pertussis-related deaths occur in Africa and Southeast Asia. |
| #Increased circulation of the pathogen itself.
| | *Pertussis-related death is rare, but is more common among infants < 6 months of age and among adult patients with significant co-morbidities. |
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| '''The following have been enacted to decrease incidence of pertussis and increase efficacy of treatment:'''
| | ===Age=== |
| #Heightened awareness of whooping cough among health care providers.
| | *Pertussis may infect individuals of all age groups.<ref name="pmid15831828">{{cite journal |author=Mattoo S, Cherry JD |title=Molecular pathogenesis, epidemiology, and clinical manifestations of respiratory infections due to ''Bordetella pertussis'' and other ''Bordetella'' species |journal=Clin. Microbiol. Rev. |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=326–82 |year=2005 |month=April |pmid=15831828 |pmc=1082800 |doi=10.1128/CMR.18.2.326-382.2005 |url=}}</ref> |
| #An increased amount of public health reporting.
| | *Infants and young children < 5 years of age are more commonly infected with pertussis than adults.<ref name="pmid15831828">{{cite journal |author=Mattoo S, Cherry JD |title=Molecular pathogenesis, epidemiology, and clinical manifestations of respiratory infections due to ''Bordetella pertussis'' and other ''Bordetella'' species |journal=Clin. Microbiol. Rev. |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=326–82 |year=2005 |month=April |pmid=15831828 |pmc=1082800 |doi=10.1128/CMR.18.2.326-382.2005 |url=}}</ref> |
| #The increased sensitivity of PCR testing to diagnose pertussis.
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| | |
| {| style="font-size: 85%; width: 50%"
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| ! style="width: 80px; background: #4479BA; text-align: center;" |{{fontcolor|#FFF|State}}
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| ! style="width: 720px; background: #4479BA; text-align: center;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Incidence (per 100,000)}}
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| ! style="width: 720px; background: #4479BA; text-align: center;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|No. of Cases}}
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| |-
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Alabama'''
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | 5.9
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |285
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Alaska'''
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |23.0
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |169
| |
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| |-
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Arizona'''
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |7.8
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |517
| |
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| |-
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Arkansas'''
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |9.7
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |286
| |
| | |
| |-
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''California'''
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |22.8
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |8,723 | |
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| |-
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Colorado'''
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |24.3
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |1,282
| |
| | |
| |-
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| | |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Connecticut'''
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |2.8
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |100
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| |-
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Delaware'''
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |22.1 | |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |205
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| |-
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''D.C.'''
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| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |3.4 | |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |22 | |
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| |-
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Florida'''
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |3.7
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |719
| |
| | |
| |-
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Georgia'''
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| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |4.1
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |408
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| | |
| |-
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Hawaii'''
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |2.7
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |38 | |
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| |-
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Idaho'''
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |22.8 | |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |367 | |
| | |
| |-
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| | |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Illinois''' | |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |5.9 | |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |764
| |
| | |
| |-
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Indiana'''
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| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |7.5
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |492
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| |-
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Iowa'''
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |7.2
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| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |222
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| |-
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Kansas'''
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| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |14.9
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |431
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| |-
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Kentucky'''
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |6.8
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |300 | |
| | |
| |-
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Louisiana'''
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |2.0
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |90
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| |-
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Maine'''
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |41.9
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |557
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| |-
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Maryland'''
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| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |3.4
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |203
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| | |
| |-
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Massachusetts'''
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |4.6
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |308
| |
| | |
| |-
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Michigan'''
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |14.4
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |1424
| |
| | |
| |-
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Minnesota'''
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |17.5
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |950
| |
| | |
| |-
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| | |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Mississippi'''
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |2.3
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |68
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| | |
| |-
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Missouri'''
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |9.2
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |558
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| | |
| |-
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Montana'''
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |48.7
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |494
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| | |
| |-
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Nebraska'''
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |19.6 | |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |366
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| |-
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Nevada'''
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| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |5.2
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| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |144
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| |-
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''New Hampshire'''
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| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |6.4
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |8.4 | |
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| |-
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''New Jersey''' | |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |4.4
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |387
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| |-
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''New Mexico'''
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| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |17.7
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |370
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| | |
| |-
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''New York'''
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |8.0
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |901
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| |-
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''New York City'''
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| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |1.4
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |122
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| |-
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''North Carolina'''
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |7.6
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |752
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''North Dakota'''
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| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |7.2
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |52 | |
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Ohio''' | |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |12.6 | |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |1,463 | |
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| |-
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Oklahoma'''
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |3.7
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |142
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| | |
| |-
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Oregon'''
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |10.6
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |416
| |
| | |
| |-
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Pennsylvania'''
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |6.4
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |813
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| | |
| |-
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Rhode Island'''
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |10.3
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |108
| |
| | |
| |-
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''South Carolina'''
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |3.6
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |170
| |
| | |
| |-
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''South Dakota'''
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |13.0
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |110 | |
|
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|
| | {| {{table}} |
| | | align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Age''' |
| | | align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Number of Cases''' |
| | | align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Percentage (%)''' |
| | | align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Age Incidence per 100,000 Individuals''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | | | < 6 months||3,330||10.1||169 |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Tennessee''' | |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |5.1 | |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |330 | |
| | |
| |- | | |- |
| | | | 6-11 months||875||2.7||44.4 |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Texas''' | |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |9.7 | |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |2,576
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Utah'''
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |32.4 | |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |940
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Vermont'''
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |6.7
| |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |42
| |
| | |
| |- | | |- |
| | | | 1-6 years||6,082||18.5||25.1 |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Virginia''' | |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |6.1 | |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |505 | |
| | |
| |- | | |- |
| | | | 7-10 years||5,576||16.9||34 |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Washington''' | |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |8.6 | |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |601 | |
| | |
| |- | | |- |
| | | | 11-19 years||11,159||33.8||29.6 |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''West Virginia''' | |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |1.0 | |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |18 | |
| | |
| |- | | |- |
| | | | 20+ years||58,839||17.7||2.2 |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Wisconsin''' | |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |26.4 | |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |1,515 | |
| | |
| |- | | |- |
| | | | Unknown||110||0.3||N/A |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Wyoming''' | |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |10.6 | |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |62 | |
| | |
| |- | | |- |
| | | | '''Total'''||'''32,971'''||'''100'''||'''10.4*''' |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Total''' | |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |10.4 | |
| | |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |32,971
| |
| | |
| |} | | |} |
| | | <sup><nowiki>*</nowiki>Total age incidence per 100,000 calculated from 32,861 cases with age reported.</sup><br> |
| ===Susceptible Populations===
| | <sup>Table adapted from 2014 Final Pertussis Surveillance Report - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.<ref name=CDCsurveillance>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/downloads/pertuss-surv-report-2014.pdf |title=2014 Final Pertussis Surveillance Report |date=2014 |website= www.cdc.gov |access-date= Jan 14, 2016}}</ref></sup> |
| *Outbreaks of pertussis occur in under-vaccinated or un-vaccinated populations of individuals, such as those in particular religious communities. | |
| *Outbreaks have also occurred in settings such as sports facilities, schools and health care facilities, where an infected individual has not been diagnosed and the infection has spread.
| |
| *In adults and adolescents, pertussis may simply present as a prolonged cough and poses a great risk of exposure to young and immunocompromised contacts.
| |
| *The highest incidence of infection occurs in infants and young children.
| |
| | |
| ===Reported Pertussis Death versus Age===
| |
| | |
| *In 2014, a total of 13 Pertussis related deaths were reported in the United States.
| |
| *Eight deaths were reported within infants of less than 3 months.
| |
| *One death was reported within infants of between the ages of 3-11 months.
| |
| *Two deaths were reported within children ages of 1-4 years.
| |
| *Two deaths were reported within adults of ages 55+.
| |
| | |
| | |
| [[Image:AgePertussis.jpg|300px|left|thumb| Pertussis infection incidence according to different age groups.]]
| |
| ===Age===
| |
| | |
| *The number of reported cases has increased in all age groups, but the increase is greatest among persons aged greater than or equal to 5 years.
| |
| *Nevertheless, infants and young children continue to have the highest risk for pertussis and its complications, with 84% of the deaths due to pertussis occurring in infants less than 6 months of age.
| |
| *In 2014, 32,971 cases of Pertussis were been reported within the United States.
| |
| *3,330 cases were reported in infants less than 6 months, accounting for 10.1% of all cases.
| |
| *875 cases were reported within infants between the ages of 6-11 months, accounting for 2.7% of all cases.
| |
| *6,082 cases were reported within children between 1-6 years of age, accounting for 18.5% of all cases.
| |
| *5,576 cases were reported within children between the ages of 7-10 years, accounting for 16.9% of all cases.
| |
| *11,159 cases were reported within children and teenagers between the ages of 11-19 years, accounting for 33.8% of all cases.
| |
| *5,839 cases were reported within adults of 20+ years, accounting for 17.7& of all cases.
| |
| *Children below the age of 1 year are mostly affected.
| |
| *Incidence decreases with increasing age.<ref name="pmid15831828">{{cite journal |author=Mattoo S, Cherry JD |title=Molecular pathogenesis, epidemiology, and clinical manifestations of respiratory infections due to Bordetella pertussis and other Bordetella subspecies |journal=Clin. Microbiol. Rev. |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=326–82 |year=2005 |month=April |pmid=15831828 |pmc=1082800 |doi=10.1128/CMR.18.2.326-382.2005 |url=}}</ref>
| |
|
| |
|
| ===Gender=== | | ===Gender=== |
| * Gender is not associated with an increased risk of pertussis.<ref name="pmid15831828">{{cite journal |author=Mattoo S, Cherry JD |title=Molecular pathogenesis, epidemiology, and clinical manifestations of respiratory infections due to Bordetella pertussis and other Bordetella subspecies |journal=Clin. Microbiol. Rev. |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=326–82 |year=2005 |month=April |pmid=15831828 |pmc=1082800 |doi=10.1128/CMR.18.2.326-382.2005 |url=}}</ref> | | * There is no gender predilection for the development of pertussis.<ref name="pmid15831828">{{cite journal |author=Mattoo S, Cherry JD |title=Molecular pathogenesis, epidemiology, and clinical manifestations of respiratory infections due to ''Bordetella pertussis'' and other ''Bordetella species |journal=Clin. Microbiol. Rev. |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=326–82 |year=2005 |month=April |pmid=15831828 |pmc=1082800 |doi=10.1128/CMR.18.2.326-382.2005 |url=}}</ref> |
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| ==References== | | ==References== |