Bordetella pertussis: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{About0|Whooping Cough, or Pertussis}}
{{About0|Pertussis}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{JS}}
{{Pertussis}}  
{{Taxobox
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{JS}}; {{YD}}; {{SSK}}
| | name = ''Bordetella pertussis''
 
| image = Bordetella_pertussis.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption =
| regnum = [[Bacteria]]
| phylum = [[Proteobacteria]]
| classis = [[Beta Proteobacteria]]
| ordo = [[Burkholderiales]]
| familia = [[Alcaligenaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Bordetella]]''
| species = '''''B. pertussis'''''
| binomial = ''Bordetella pertussis''
| binomial_authority = (Bergey ''et al.'' 1923)<br>Moreno-López 1952
}}
==Overview==
==Overview==
''Bordetella pertussis'' is a [[Gram-negative]], [[Aerobic organism|aerobic]], non-motile, non-spore-forming [[coccobacillus]]. It is the pathogen responsible for [[pertussis]] (whooping cough). Unlike ''[[Bordetella bronchiseptica|B. bronchiseptica]]'', ''B. pertussis'' is not [[motile]]. Humans are the only known reservoir for ''B. pertussis''. The lipopolysaccharide-containing outer membrane of ''B. pertussis'' is unique and contains a different phosphate composition from other bacterial outer membranes.


'''''Bordetella pertussis''''' is a [[Gram-negative]], [[Aerobic organism|aerobic]] [[coccobacillus]] [[Bacterial capsule|capsulate]] of the genus ''[[Bordetella]]'', and the causative agent of [[pertussis]] or whooping cough. Unlike ''[[Bordetella bronchiseptica|B. bronchiseptica]]'', ''B. pertussis'' is not [[motile]]. Its virulence factors include [[pertussis toxin]], [[Filamentous haemagglutinin adhesin|filamentous hæmagglutinin]], [[pertactin]], [[Fimbria (bacteriology)|fimbria]], and [[tracheal cytotoxin]].
==Bodetella pertussis==
 
===Higher Order Taxa===
A [[zoonotic]] reservoir for ''B. pertussis'' does not appear to exist; humans are its only known [[Host (biology)|host]], which means universal vaccination could potentially eradicate the disease.{{fact|date=April 2015}}
*Kingdom: Bacteria
 
*Phylum: Proteobacteria
The bacterium is spread by airborne droplets; its incubation period is 7 to 14 days.
*Class: Betaproteobacteria
 
*Order: Burkholderiales
==Pertussis==
*Family: Alcaligenaceae
[[Pertussis]] (or whooping cough) is an infection of the [[respiratory system]] characterized by a “whooping” sound when the person breathes in. In the US, it killed between 10,000 and 20,000 people per year before a vaccine was available. [[Vaccination]] has transformed this; between 1985 and 1988, fewer than 100 children died from pertussis. Worldwide in 2000, according to the WHO, around 39 million people were infected annually and about 297,000 died. A graph is available showing the dramatic effect of introducing vaccination in England.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hpa.org.uk/Topics/InfectiousDiseases/InfectionsAZ/WhoopingCough/EpidemiologicalData/whoo45VacCover1940to2008/+ |title=Whooping Cough (Pertussis) |publisher=HPA  |accessdate=2009-04-12}}</ref>
*Genus: ''Bordetella''
''B. pertussis'' infects its host by colonizing lung epithelial cells. The bacterium contains a surface protein, [[filamentous haemagglutinin adhesin]], which binds to the [[sulfatide]]s found on cilia of epithelial cells. Once anchored, the bacterium produces tracheal cytotoxin, which stops the cilia from beating. This prevents the cilia from clearing debris from the lungs, so the body responds by sending the host into a coughing fit. These coughs expel some bacteria into the air, which are free to infect other hosts.
*Species: ''B. pertussis''
 
''B. pertussis'' has the ability to inhibit the function of the host's immune system. The toxin, known as [[pertussis toxin]] (or PTx), inhibits [[G protein]] coupling that regulates an [[adenylate cyclase]]-mediated conversion of [[Adenosine triphosphate|ATP]] to [[cyclic AMP]]. The end result is phagocytes convert too much ATP to cyclic AMP, which can cause disturbances in cellular signaling mechanisms, and prevent phagocytes from correctly responding to an infection. PTx, formerly known as lymphocytosis-promoting factor, causes a decrease in the entry of lymphocytes into lymph nodes, which can lead to a condition known as [[lymphocytosis]], with a complete [[lymphocyte]] count of over 4000/μl in adults or over 8000/μl in children.
 
The infection occurs mostly in children under the age of one when they are [[Immunization|unimmunized]], or children with faded [[Immunity (medical)|immunity]], normally around the ages 11 through 18. The signs and symptoms are similar to a [[common cold]]: runny nose, [[sneezing]], mild [[cough]], and low-grade [[fever]]. The patient becomes most contagious during the [[catarrhal]] stage of infection, normally two weeks after the coughing begins. It may become airborne when the person coughs, sneezes, or laughs. [[DPT vaccine|Pertussis vaccine]] is part of the [[diphtheria]], [[tetanus]], and acellular pertussis (DTaP) immunization. The [[paroxysmal]] cough precedes a crowing inspiratory sound characteristic of pertussis. After a spell, the patient might make a “whooping” sound when breathing in, or may vomit. Adults have milder symptoms, such as prolonged coughing without the “whoop”. Infants less than six months also may not have the typical whoop. A coughing spell may last a minute or more, producing [[cyanosis]], [[apnoea]], and [[seizures]]. However, when not in a coughing fit, the patient does not experience trouble breathing. This is because ''B. pertussis'' inhibits the immune response, so very little mucus is generated in the lungs.
A prolonged cough may be irritating and sometimes a disabling cough may go undiagnosed in adults for many months.


==Diagnosis==
===Genome===
A nasopharyngeal or an oropharynx swab is sent to the [[bacteriology]] laboratory for [[Gram stain]] (Gram-negative, coccobacilli, diplococci arrangement), growth on [[Bordet-Gengou agar]] or [[Buffered charcoal yeast extract agar|BCYE]] plate with added [[cephalosporin]] to select for the organism, which shows mercury-drop-like colonies.
*The genome of ''B. pertussis'' consists of 1 circular chromosome and plasmids.
:*The circular chromosome contains 3867 genes and 4,086,189 nucleotides.<ref name="pmid17159199">{{cite journal| author=Kamachi K, Sota M, Tamai Y, Nagata N, Konda T, Inoue T et al.| title=Plasmid pBP136 from Bordetella pertussis represents an ancestral form of IncP-1beta plasmids without accessory mobile elements. | journal=Microbiology | year= 2006 | volume= 152 | issue= Pt 12 | pages= 3477-84 | pmid=17159199 | doi=10.1099/mic.0.29056-0 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17159199  }} </ref>
:*The IncP-1 beta plasmid pBP136 carries 46 ORFs and contains 41,268 bp nucleotides.<ref name="pmid17159199">{{cite journal| author=Kamachi K, Sota M, Tamai Y, Nagata N, Konda T, Inoue T et al.| title=Plasmid pBP136 from Bordetella pertussis represents an ancestral form of IncP-1beta plasmids without accessory mobile elements. | journal=Microbiology | year= 2006 | volume= 152 | issue= Pt 12 | pages= 3477-84 | pmid=17159199 | doi=10.1099/mic.0.29056-0 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17159199  }} </ref>


Several diagnostic tests are available, especially [[ELISA]] kits. These are designed to detect FHA and/or PT antibodies of the following classes: IgG, IgA, IgM.
===Structure===
Some kits use a combination of antigens which will lead to a higher sensitivity, but might also make the interpretation of the results harder since one cannot know which antibody has been detected. Also, a new rapid molecular test is available, real-time PCR, based on the so-called FilmArray technology . This test takes about one hour and detects about 15–17 viruses and bacteria, including ''B. pertussis''.
*''B. pertussis'' is a [[Gram-negative]], [[Aerobic organism|aerobic]], non-spore forming [[coccobacillus]].
 
*Compared with ''Bordetella bronchiseptica'', ''B. pertussis'' is non-motile.
The organism is [[oxidase test|oxidase]] positive, but [[Rapid urease test|urease]], [[nitrate reductase]], and [[citrate]] negative. It is also nonmotile.
*It contains an outer membrane, an inner membrane, and a periplasmic space between the 2 membranes.<ref name="pmid11083787">{{cite journal| author=Harvill ET, Preston A, Cotter PA, Allen AG, Maskell DJ, Miller JF| title=Multiple roles for Bordetella lipopolysaccharide molecules during respiratory tract infection. | journal=Infect Immun | year= 2000 | volume= 68 | issue= 12 | pages= 6720-8 | pmid=11083787 | doi= | pmc=PMC97772 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11083787  }} </ref>
*The rough lipopolysaccharide on the outer membrane (also called lipooligosaccharide) contains a phosphate composition (containing lipid X) that is different from other bacterial lipopolysaccharides (containing lipid A). The ''B. pertussis'' outer membrane is thus a distinguishing feature of ''B. pertussis''.<ref name="pmid11083787">{{cite journal| author=Harvill ET, Preston A, Cotter PA, Allen AG, Maskell DJ, Miller JF| title=Multiple roles for Bordetella lipopolysaccharide molecules during respiratory tract infection. | journal=Infect Immun | year= 2000 | volume= 68 | issue= 12 | pages= 6720-8 | pmid=11083787 | doi= | pmc=PMC97772 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11083787  }} </ref>


==References==
==References==
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*{{cite web |url=http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/pertussis.html |title=''Bordetella pertussis'' and Whooping Cough |first=K. |last=Todar |year=2008 |work= Online Textbook of Bacteriology |accessdate=December 11, 2009}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/pertussis.html |title=''Bordetella pertussis'' and Whooping Cough |first=K. |last=Todar |year=2008 |work= Online Textbook of Bacteriology |accessdate=December 11, 2009}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
*{{cite web |title=Pertussis |work=Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals |publisher=World Health Organisation |url=http://www.who.int/immunization/topics/pertussis/en/index1.html }}
*{{cite book |first=Horst |last=Finger |first2=C.H.W. |last2=von Koenig |chapter=Ch. 31 Bordetella |chapterurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7813/ |editor-first=S. |editor-last=Baron |title=Medical Microbiology |publisher=University of Texas Medical Branch |edition=4th |year=1996 |isbn=0-9631172-1-1 |pages= |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7627/ |id=NBK7813}}
*{{cite web |title=''Bordetella pertussis'' |work=ARUP Consult—The Physician's Guide to Laboratory Test Selection and Interpretation |url=http://www.arupconsult.com/Topics/Infectious_Disease/Bacteria/Bordetella_pertussis.html }}
*{{cite web |title=Pertussis |publisher=United Kingdom Health Protection Agency |url=http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/whoopingcough/gen_info.htm }}
*{{cite book |author=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |chapter=Pertussis |chapterurl=http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/pert.html |editor-last=Atkinson |editor-first=W. |editor2-last=Wolfe |editor2-first=S. |editor3-last=Hamborsky |editor3-first=J. |title=Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases: The Pink Book |publisher=Public Health Foundation |year=2012 |edition=12th |url=http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/index.html}}
*{{cite web |title=''Bordetella pertussis'' |work=NCBI Taxonomy Browser |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=520 |id=520}}
{{Gram-negative bacterial diseases}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bordetella Pertussis}}
[[Category:Burkholderiales]]
[[Category:Pertussis]]
[[Category:Bacteria with sequenced genomes]]

Latest revision as of 23:15, 14 January 2016

This page is about microbiologic aspects of the organism(s).  For clinical aspects of the disease, see Pertussis.

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: João André Alves Silva, M.D. [2]; Yazan Daaboul, M.D.; Serge Korjian M.D.

Overview

Bordetella pertussis is a Gram-negative, aerobic, non-motile, non-spore-forming coccobacillus. It is the pathogen responsible for pertussis (whooping cough). Unlike B. bronchiseptica, B. pertussis is not motile. Humans are the only known reservoir for B. pertussis. The lipopolysaccharide-containing outer membrane of B. pertussis is unique and contains a different phosphate composition from other bacterial outer membranes.

Bodetella pertussis

Higher Order Taxa

  • Kingdom: Bacteria
  • Phylum: Proteobacteria
  • Class: Betaproteobacteria
  • Order: Burkholderiales
  • Family: Alcaligenaceae
  • Genus: Bordetella
  • Species: B. pertussis

Genome

  • The genome of B. pertussis consists of 1 circular chromosome and plasmids.
  • The circular chromosome contains 3867 genes and 4,086,189 nucleotides.[1]
  • The IncP-1 beta plasmid pBP136 carries 46 ORFs and contains 41,268 bp nucleotides.[1]

Structure

  • B. pertussis is a Gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore forming coccobacillus.
  • Compared with Bordetella bronchiseptica, B. pertussis is non-motile.
  • It contains an outer membrane, an inner membrane, and a periplasmic space between the 2 membranes.[2]
  • The rough lipopolysaccharide on the outer membrane (also called lipooligosaccharide) contains a phosphate composition (containing lipid X) that is different from other bacterial lipopolysaccharides (containing lipid A). The B. pertussis outer membrane is thus a distinguishing feature of B. pertussis.[2]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kamachi K, Sota M, Tamai Y, Nagata N, Konda T, Inoue T; et al. (2006). "Plasmid pBP136 from Bordetella pertussis represents an ancestral form of IncP-1beta plasmids without accessory mobile elements". Microbiology. 152 (Pt 12): 3477–84. doi:10.1099/mic.0.29056-0. PMID 17159199.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Harvill ET, Preston A, Cotter PA, Allen AG, Maskell DJ, Miller JF (2000). "Multiple roles for Bordetella lipopolysaccharide molecules during respiratory tract infection". Infect Immun. 68 (12): 6720–8. PMC 97772. PMID 11083787.
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