Listeria monocytogenes: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{SI}}
{{Listeriosis}}
{{Main|Listeriosis}}
{{Taxobox
| color = lightgrey <!-- Please read [[WP:Taxobox usage#Color]] before making any changes to the taxobox color. -->
| name = ''Listeria''
| image =Listeria monocytogenes PHIL 2287 lores.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = [[Scanning electron microscope|Scanning electron micrograph]] of ''Listeria monocytogenes''.
| regnum = [[Bacterium|Bacteria]]
| divisio = [[Firmicutes]]
| classis = [[Bacilli]]
| ordo = [[Bacillales]]
| familia = [[Listeriaceae]]
| genus = ''Listeria''
| genus_authority = [[Harvey Pirie|Pirie]] 1940
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
''[[Listeria fleischmannii|L. fleischmannii]]''<br />
''[[Listeria grayi|L. grayi]]''<br />
''[[Listeria innocua|L. innocua]]''<br />
''[[Listeria ivanovii|L. ivanovii]]''<br />
''[[Listeria marthii|L. marthii]]''<br />
''[[Listeria monocytogenes|L. monocytogenes]]''<br />
''[[Listeria rocourtiae|L. rocourtiae]]''<br />
''[[Listeria seeligeri|L. seeligeri]]''<br />
''[[Listeria weihenstephanensis|L. weihenstephanensis]]''<br />
''[[Listeria welshimeri|L. welshimeri]]''
}}
{{About0|Listeriosis}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{JS}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{JS}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
'''''Listeria monocytogenes''''' is a [[Gram-positive]] [[bacterium]], in the division [[Firmicutes]], named for [[Joseph Lister]]. [[Motility|Motile]] via [[flagella]], ''L. monocytogenes'' can move within [[Eukaryote|eukaryotic]] cells by explosive [[polymerization]] of [[actin]] filaments (known as ''comet tails'' or ''actin rockets''). The name ''monocitogenes'' derives from the strong [[monocytic]] activity this organism produces in rabbits, which however does not happen in humans. Despite the name, more that half the patients present with increased levels of [[neutrophils]] in [[CSF]].<ref>{{Cite book  | last1 = Mandell | first1 = Gerald L. | last2 = Bennett | first2 = John E. (John Eugene) | last3 = Dolin | first3 = Raphael. | title = Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious disease | date = 2010 | publisher = Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier | location = Philadelphia, PA | isbn = 0-443-06839-9 | pages = }}</ref>
Listeriosis is caused by the bacterium ''Listeria monocytogenes'', a flagellated, [[catalase-positive]], facultative [[intracellular]], [[anaerobe|anaerobic]], [[spore|nonsporulating]], [[Gram-positive]] [[bacillus]]. ''Listeria'' is commonly found in soil, water, vegetation and fecal material.<ref name=WHO>{{cite web | title = Risk assessment of Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat foods | url = http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2004/9241562625_part1.pdf }}</ref>
Studies suggest that up to 10% of human [[gastrointestinal tract]]s may be colonized by ''L. monocytogenes''.


==Taxonomy==
==Cause==
[[Bacteria]]; [[Firmicutes]]; [[Bacilli]]; [[Bacillales]]; [[Listeriaceae]]; [[Listeria]]; [[Listeria monocytogenes]]
*Listeriosis is  caused by the bacterium ''Listeria spp''.
*''Listeria monocytogenes'' is the most common species associated with development of listeriosis.
*The genus ''Listeria'' contains ten species:
:*''L. fleischmannii''
:*''L. grayi''
:*''L. innocua''
:*''L. ivanovii''
:*''L. marthii''
:*''L. monocytogenes''
:*''L. rocourtiae''
:*''L. seeligeri''
:*''L. weihenstephanensis''
:*''L. welshimeri''


==Biology==
*Of note, ''Listeria dinitrificans'' was previously thought to be part of the ''Listeria'' genus, but it has been reclassified into the new genus ''[[Jonesia]]''.<ref name=collins>M. D. Collins, S. Wallbanks, D. J. Lane, J. Shah, R. Nietupskin, J. Smida, M. Dorsch and E. Stackebrandt. Phylogenetic Analysis of the Genus ''Listeria'' Based on Reverse Transcriptase Sequencing of 16S rRNA. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. April 1991 vol. 41 no. 2 240–246</ref>
''Listeria monocytogenes'' is a [[Gram-positive]], facultative [[anaerobe]], [[spore|nonsporulating]] [[bacillus]] with polar [[flagella]]e. It is a [[catalase]]-positive organism and exhibits motility, more specifically '''tumbling motility'''. Listeria produces acid but not gas in a variety of carbohydrates.<ref>Chapter 13. Non-Spore-Forming Gram-Positive Bacilli: Corynebacterium, Propionibacterium, Listeria, Erysipelothrix, Actinomycetes, & Related Pathogens ,Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg's Medical Microbiology, 24th Edition ,The McGraw-Hill Companies</ref> It has the ability to grow at temperatures as low as 0°C, which allow it to survive in a diverse array of environments such as soil, water, food products, and host cells.


''Listeria'' uses the [[cellular]] machinery to move inside the host [[cell]]. It induces directed polymerization of [[actin]] by the ActA [[transmembrane protein]], thus pushing the bacterial cell inside the host cell.
==Taxonomy==
 
[[Bacteria]]; [[Firmicutes]]; [[Bacilli]]; [[Bacillales]]; [[Listeriaceae]]; [[Listeria]]; [[Listeria monocytogenes]].
==Structure==


==Tropism==
==Microbiological Characteristics==
*''Listeria monocytogenes'' is a flagellated, [[catalase-positive]], facultative [[intracellular]], [[anaerobe|anaerobic]], [[spore|nonsporulating]], [[Gram-positive]] [[bacillus]].


==Natural Reservoir==
==Natural Reservoir==
* ''L. monocytogenes'' has been associated with such foods as raw [[milk]], pasteurized fluid milk<ref name=Fleming_1985>Fleming, D. W., S. L. Cochi, K. L. MacDonald, J. Brondum, P. S. Hayes, B. D. Plikaytis, M. B. Holmes, A. Audurier, C. V. Broome, and A. L. Reingold. 1985. Pasteurized milk as a vehicle of infection in an outbreak of listeriosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 312:404-407.</ref>, [[cheese]]s (particularly soft-ripened varieties), [[ice cream]], raw [[vegetables]], fermented raw-meat sausages, raw and cooked [[poultry]], raw meats (of all types), and raw and smoked [[fish]].
*In the environment, ''Listeria monocytogenes'' is commonly found in soil, water, vegetation and fecal material.
* Its ability to grow at temperatures as low as 0°C permits multiplication in refrigerated foods. In refrigeration temperature such as 4°C the amount of ferric iron promotes the growth of ''L. monocytogenes''.<ref name=Dworaczek_Kubo_Dykes_2002>Dykes, G. A., Dworaczek (Kubo), M. 2002. Influence of interactions between temperature, ferric ammonium citrate and glycine betaine on the growth of ''Listeria monocytogenes'' in a defined medium. Lett Appl Microbiol. 35(6):538-42.</ref>
*Animals may be asymptomatic carriers of ''Listeria''.<ref name=WHO>{{cite web | title = Risk assessment of Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat foods | url = http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2004/9241562625_part1.pdf }}</ref>
*''L. monocytogenes'' has been associated with foods such as raw [[milk]], pasteurized fluid milk, [[cheese]]s (particularly soft-ripened varieties), [[ice cream]], raw [[vegetables]], fermented raw-meat sausages, raw and cooked [[poultry]], raw meats, and raw and smoked [[fish]].<ref name=Fleming_1985>Fleming, D. W., S. L. Cochi, K. L. MacDonald, J. Brondum, P. S. Hayes, B. D. Plikaytis, M. B. Holmes, A. Audurier, C. V. Broome, and A. L. Reingold. 1985. Pasteurized milk as a vehicle of infection in an outbreak of listeriosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 312:404-407.</ref>
*''Listeria'' has the ability to grow at temperatures as low as 0°C, allows its multiplication in refrigerated foods. At refrigerated temperature such as 4°C, the amount of ferric iron in the environment promotes the growth of ''L. monocytogenes''.<ref name=Dworaczek_Kubo_Dykes_2002>Dykes, G. A., Dworaczek (Kubo), M. 2002. Influence of interactions between temperature, ferric ammonium citrate and glycine betaine on the growth of ''Listeria monocytogenes'' in a defined medium. Lett Appl Microbiol. 35(6):538-42.</ref>


[[Image:LSA.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Colonies of typical ''Listeria monocytogenes'' as they appear when grown on Listeria selective [[agar]]]]
==Gallery==
[[Image:Listeria2.jpg|thumb|none| Electron micrograph of a Listeria bacterium in tissue.<SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/  Adapted from Public Health Image Library (PHIL), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.]''<ref name="PHIL">{{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>]]


   
[[Image:Listeria3.jpg|thumb|none| Electron micrograph of a Listeria bacterium in tissue.<SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/ Adapted from Public Health Image Library (PHIL), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.]''<ref name="PHIL">{{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>]]
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
==External links==
* [http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~mow/chap6.html/ U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Handbook:  Listeria monocytogenes]
[[Category:Listeriaceae]]
[[Category:Foodborne illnesses]]
[[es:Listeria monocytogenes]]
[[fr:Listeria monocytogenes]]
[[pt:Listeria monocytogenes]]
[[ja:リステリア]]
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Latest revision as of 17:11, 25 January 2016

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Listeria
Scanning electron micrograph of Listeria monocytogenes.
Scanning electron micrograph of Listeria monocytogenes.
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Bacteria
Division: Firmicutes
Class: Bacilli
Order: Bacillales
Family: Listeriaceae
Genus: Listeria
Pirie 1940
Species

L. fleischmannii
L. grayi
L. innocua
L. ivanovii
L. marthii
L. monocytogenes
L. rocourtiae
L. seeligeri
L. weihenstephanensis
L. welshimeri

This page is about microbiologic aspects of the organism(s).  For clinical aspects of the disease, see Listeriosis.

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: João André Alves Silva, M.D. [2]

Overview

Listeriosis is caused by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes, a flagellated, catalase-positive, facultative intracellular, anaerobic, nonsporulating, Gram-positive bacillus. Listeria is commonly found in soil, water, vegetation and fecal material.[1]

Cause

  • Listeriosis is caused by the bacterium Listeria spp.
  • Listeria monocytogenes is the most common species associated with development of listeriosis.
  • The genus Listeria contains ten species:
  • L. fleischmannii
  • L. grayi
  • L. innocua
  • L. ivanovii
  • L. marthii
  • L. monocytogenes
  • L. rocourtiae
  • L. seeligeri
  • L. weihenstephanensis
  • L. welshimeri
  • Of note, Listeria dinitrificans was previously thought to be part of the Listeria genus, but it has been reclassified into the new genus Jonesia.[2]

Taxonomy

Bacteria; Firmicutes; Bacilli; Bacillales; Listeriaceae; Listeria; Listeria monocytogenes.

Microbiological Characteristics

Natural Reservoir

  • In the environment, Listeria monocytogenes is commonly found in soil, water, vegetation and fecal material.
  • Animals may be asymptomatic carriers of Listeria.[1]
  • L. monocytogenes has been associated with foods such as raw milk, pasteurized fluid milk, cheeses (particularly soft-ripened varieties), ice cream, raw vegetables, fermented raw-meat sausages, raw and cooked poultry, raw meats, and raw and smoked fish.[3]
  • Listeria has the ability to grow at temperatures as low as 0°C, allows its multiplication in refrigerated foods. At refrigerated temperature such as 4°C, the amount of ferric iron in the environment promotes the growth of L. monocytogenes.[4]

Gallery

Electron micrograph of a Listeria bacterium in tissue.Adapted from Public Health Image Library (PHIL), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.[5]
Electron micrograph of a Listeria bacterium in tissue.Adapted from Public Health Image Library (PHIL), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.[5]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Risk assessment of Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat foods" (PDF).
  2. ↑ M. D. Collins, S. Wallbanks, D. J. Lane, J. Shah, R. Nietupskin, J. Smida, M. Dorsch and E. Stackebrandt. Phylogenetic Analysis of the Genus Listeria Based on Reverse Transcriptase Sequencing of 16S rRNA. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. April 1991 vol. 41 no. 2 240–246
  3. ↑ Fleming, D. W., S. L. Cochi, K. L. MacDonald, J. Brondum, P. S. Hayes, B. D. Plikaytis, M. B. Holmes, A. Audurier, C. V. Broome, and A. L. Reingold. 1985. Pasteurized milk as a vehicle of infection in an outbreak of listeriosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 312:404-407.
  4. ↑ Dykes, G. A., Dworaczek (Kubo), M. 2002. Influence of interactions between temperature, ferric ammonium citrate and glycine betaine on the growth of Listeria monocytogenes in a defined medium. Lett Appl Microbiol. 35(6):538-42.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Public Health Image Library (PHIL), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention".
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