The electrocardiogram: Difference between revisions
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{{CMG}}; '''Assistant Editor | {{CMG}}; '''Assistant Editor-in-Chief:''' [[User:Rim Halaby|Rim Halaby]] | ||
==Fundamentals of EKG== | ==Fundamentals of EKG== | ||
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===Abnormal Findings on the EKG=== | ===Abnormal Findings on the EKG=== | ||
*[[Delta wave]] | |||
*[[H wave]] | |||
*[[K wave]] | |||
*[[Low QRS voltage]] | |||
*[[Nonspecific ST-segment and T-wave changes]] | |||
*[[NSSTW changes]] | |||
*[[Osborn wave]] | |||
*[[P wave alternans]] | *[[P wave alternans]] | ||
*[[ | *[[Poor R wave progression]] | ||
*[[PR interval alternans]] | *[[PR interval alternans]] | ||
*[[QRS complex alternans]] | *[[QRS complex alternans]] | ||
*[[ | *[[QT prolongation]] | ||
*[[ | *[[Retrograde P wave]] | ||
* [[Sine wave pattern]] | |||
*[[T wave alternans]] | *[[T wave alternans]] | ||
*[[T wave inversion]] | *[[T wave inversion]] | ||
*[[Tombstone ST elevation]] | *[[Tombstone ST elevation]] | ||
*[[U wave]] | *[[U wave]] | ||
==Conduction System== | ==Conduction System== | ||
| Line 50: | Line 51: | ||
==Tachyarrhythmias== | ==Tachyarrhythmias== | ||
=== Atrial Arrhythmias === | === Atrial Arrhythmias === | ||
*[[Atrial fibrillation electrocardiogram|Atrial fibrillation]] | |||
*[[Atrial flutter electrocardiogram|Atrial flutter]] | |||
*[[Ectopic Atrial Rhythm|Ectopic atrial rhythm]] | |||
*[[Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia (MAT)|Multifocal atrial tachycardia (MAT)]] | |||
*[[Paroxysmal Atrial Tachycardia (PAT) with Block|Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia (PAT) with block]] | |||
*[[Premature Atrial Contractions (PACs)|Premature atrial contractions (PAC)]] | |||
*[[Sinus Tachycardia|Sinus tachycardia]] | *[[Sinus Tachycardia|Sinus tachycardia]] | ||
*[[Supraventricular tachycardia electrocardiogram|Supraventricular tachycardia]] | *[[Supraventricular tachycardia electrocardiogram|Supraventricular tachycardia]] | ||
*[[Wandering atrial pacemaker]] | *[[Wandering atrial pacemaker]] | ||
=== Ventricular Arrhythmias === | === Ventricular Arrhythmias === | ||
*[[ | *[[Accelerated idioventricular rhythm electrocardiogram|Accelerated idioventricular rhythm]] | ||
*[[Ventricular fibrillation | *[[Ventricular fibrillation electrocardiogram|Ventricular fibrillation]] | ||
*[[Ventricular Parasystole|Ventricular parasystole]] | *[[Ventricular Parasystole|Ventricular parasystole]] | ||
*[[Ventricular | *[[Ventricular tachycardia electrocardiogram|Ventricular tachycardia]] | ||
*[[Wide complex tachycardias]] | |||
*[[ | |||
==Bradycardia and Conduction Abnormalities== | ==Bradycardia and Conduction Abnormalities== | ||
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*[[Concealed conduction]] | *[[Concealed conduction]] | ||
*[[AV Junctional Rhythms|AV junctional rhythms]] | *[[AV Junctional Rhythms|AV junctional rhythms]] | ||
*[[Wolff-Parkinson-White | *[[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome EKG|Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]] | ||
*[[Left Bundle Branch Block|Left bundle branch block]] | *[[Left Bundle Branch Block|Left bundle branch block]] | ||
**[[LAHB|Left anterior hemi-block]] | **[[LAHB|Left anterior hemi-block]] | ||
**[[ | **[[Left posterior fascicular block electrocardiogram|Lefo posterior hemi-block]] | ||
*[[Right Bundle Branch Block|Right bundle branch block]] | *[[Right Bundle Branch Block|Right bundle branch block]] | ||
*[[Trifascicular block]] | *[[Trifascicular block]] | ||
| Line 140: | Line 138: | ||
*[[Hypercalcemia electrocardiogram|Hypercalcemia]] | *[[Hypercalcemia electrocardiogram|Hypercalcemia]] | ||
*[[Hypocalcemia electrocardiogram|Hypocalcemia]] | *[[Hypocalcemia electrocardiogram|Hypocalcemia]] | ||
==EKG Abnormalities in Normal Pregnancy (Physiological Changes)== | |||
*[[QRS axis and voltage|Left axis deviation]] | |||
*[[QRS axis and voltage|Right axis deviation]] | |||
*[[Q wave|Q wave in lead III]] | |||
*[[T wave inversion]] | |||
*[[QRS complex|Increased R/S ratio in V1 and V2]] | |||
*[[ST interval|ST-segment depression]] (usually after anesthesia for C-section) | |||
==Drug Effects on the EKG== | ==Drug Effects on the EKG== | ||
Latest revision as of 15:35, 8 February 2016
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Assistant Editor-in-Chief: Rim Halaby
Fundamentals of EKG
Basic Principles of Interpretation of an EKG
- Introduction to EKG
- How to read an EKG
- Normal sinus rhythm
- QRS axis and voltage
- Overall overview on electrocardiography
EKG Complexes
EKG Intervals
Abnormal Findings on the EKG
- Delta wave
- H wave
- K wave
- Low QRS voltage
- Nonspecific ST-segment and T-wave changes
- NSSTW changes
- Osborn wave
- P wave alternans
- Poor R wave progression
- PR interval alternans
- QRS complex alternans
- QT prolongation
- Retrograde P wave
- Sine wave pattern
- T wave alternans
- T wave inversion
- Tombstone ST elevation
- U wave
Conduction System
Tachyarrhythmias
Atrial Arrhythmias
- Atrial fibrillation
- Atrial flutter
- Ectopic atrial rhythm
- Multifocal atrial tachycardia (MAT)
- Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia (PAT) with block
- Premature atrial contractions (PAC)
- Sinus tachycardia
- Supraventricular tachycardia
- Wandering atrial pacemaker
Ventricular Arrhythmias
- Accelerated idioventricular rhythm
- Ventricular fibrillation
- Ventricular parasystole
- Ventricular tachycardia
- Wide complex tachycardias
Bradycardia and Conduction Abnormalities
- Sinus bradycardia
- First degree AV block
- Second degree AV block
- Complete or third-degree AV block
- Concealed conduction
- AV junctional rhythms
- Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
- Left bundle branch block
- Right bundle branch block
- Trifascicular block
EKG Findings in Diseases
Cardiac Hypertrophy and Dilatation
- Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH)
- Right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH)
- Biventricular hypertrophy
- Left atrial enlargement
- Right atrial enlargement
- Biatrial enlargement
Acute Myocardial Infarction
Pre-excitation Syndromes
Cardiomyopathies
Congenital Heart Diseases
- Dextrocardia
- Atrial septal defect
- Ventricular septal defect
- Tetralogy of Fallot
- The heart in conjoined twins
- Congenital heart block
Inherited Diseases
Other Heart Diseases
EKG in Other Disease States
EKG Abnormalities in Electrolyte Disturbances
EKG Abnormalities in Normal Pregnancy (Physiological Changes)
- Left axis deviation
- Right axis deviation
- Q wave in lead III
- T wave inversion
- Increased R/S ratio in V1 and V2
- ST-segment depression (usually after anesthesia for C-section)
Drug Effects on the EKG
- Adenosine
- Amiodarone
- β-blockers
- Bretylium
- Calcium channel blockers
- Digitalis
- Disopyramide
- Encainide
- Flecainide
- Lidocaine
- Lithium
- Phenothiazines
- Phenytoin
- Procainamide
- Propafenone
- Quinidine
- Tocainide
- Tricyclic antidepressants
Technical Issues and Potential Errors in Interpretation
- EKG Artifacts
- EKG lead placement errors
- EKG in a patient with a pacemaker
- EKG in athletes
- Persistent juvenile T-wave pattern
- Postprandial EKG changes