Neutrophilia: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | |||
'''Neutrophilia''' (also called '''neutrophil leukocytosis''' or occasionally '''neutrocytosis''') is [[leukocytosis]] of [[neutrophil granulocyte|neutrophils]], that is, a high number of neutrophil granulocytes in the [[blood]].<ref>{{DorlandsDict|six/000072202|neutrophilia}}</ref> | |||
A "left shift" refers to the presence of increased proportions of younger, less well differentiated neutrophils and neutrophil-precursor cells in the blood. This generally reflects early or premature release of [[myeloid cells]] from the [[bone marrow]], the site where neutrophils are generated. A severe neutrophilia with left shift is referred to as a [[leukemoid reaction]]. The [[leukocyte alkaline phosphatase]] (LAP) score, which refers to the amount of [[alkaline phosphatase]] per neutrophil, will increase. In a severe infection, toxic granulation changes happen to the neutrophils. | |||
This can resemble [[Pelger-Huet anomaly]].<ref name="pmid16724080">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mohamed IS, Wynn RJ, Cominsky K, etal |title=White blood cell left shift in a neonate: a case of mistaken identity |journal=J Perinatol |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=378–80 |date=June 2006 |pmid=16724080 |doi=10.1038/sj.jp.7211513}}</ref><ref name="pmid8377874">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shmuely H, Pitlik SD, Inbal A, Rosenfeld JB |title=Pelger-Huët anomaly mimicking 'shift to the left' |journal=Neth J Med |volume=42 |issue=5–6 |pages=168–70 |date=June 1993 |pmid=8377874 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |||
==Historical Perspective== | |||
==Classification== | |||
==Pathophysiology== | |||
==Causes== | |||
Neutrophil are the primary [[white blood cell]]s that respond to a [[bacteria]]l [[infection]], so the most common cause of neutrophilia is a bacterial infection, especially [[pyogenic infection]]s.<ref name=Kumar12-6>Table 12-6 in: {{cite book |author=Mitchell, Richard Sheppard |author2=Kumar, Vinay |author3=Abbas, Abul K |author4=Fausto, Nelson |title=Robbins Basic Pathology|publisher=Saunders |location=Philadelphia |year= |pages= |isbn=1-4160-2973-7 |oclc= |doi=}} 8th edition.</ref> | |||
Neutrophils are also increased in any acute [[inflammation]], so will be raised after a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]],<ref name=Kumar12-6/> other [[infarct]] or [[burn]]s.<ref name=Kumar12-6/> | |||
Some drugs, such as [[prednisone]], have the same effect as [[cortisol]] and adrenaline ([[epinephrine]]), causing marginated neutrophils to enter the blood stream. [[Anxiety|Nervousness]] will very slightly raise the neutrophil count because of this effect. | |||
A neutrophilia might also be the result of a [[Malignant|malignancy]]. [[Chronic myelogenous leukemia]] (CML or chronic myeloid leukaemia) is a disease where the blood cells proliferate out of control. These cells may be neutrophils. Neutrophilia can also be caused by [[appendicitis]] and [[splenectomy]].<ref name=bloodandcancerclinic>{{cite web|title=bloodandcancerclinic|url=http://www.bloodandcancerclinic.com/neutrophilia.php|accessdate=10 April 2013}}</ref> | |||
Primary neutrophilia can additionally be a result of [[Leukocyte adhesion deficiency]].<ref>https://www.orpha.net/data/patho/GB/uk-LeucocyteAdhesionDeficiency.pdf</ref> | |||
==Differentiating {{PAGENAME}} from Other Diseases== | |||
==Epidemiology and Demographics== | |||
==Risk Factors== | |||
==Screening== | |||
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis== | |||
===Natural History=== | |||
===Complications=== | |||
===Prognosis=== | |||
==Diagnosis== | |||
===Diagnostic Criteria=== | |||
===History and Symptoms=== | |||
===Physical Examination=== | |||
===Laboratory Findings=== | |||
===Imaging Findings=== | |||
===Other Diagnostic Studies=== | |||
==Treatment== | |||
===Medical Therapy=== | |||
===Surgery=== | |||
===Prevention=== | |||
== See also == | |||
*[[Granulocytosis]] (often used as synonym) | |||
*[[Neutropenia]] (having too few neutrophils) | |||
*[[Absolute neutrophil count]] | |||
==References== | |||
{{reflist|2}} | |||
[[Category:Hematology]] | |||
Latest revision as of 20:21, 23 June 2016
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Neutrophilia (also called neutrophil leukocytosis or occasionally neutrocytosis) is leukocytosis of neutrophils, that is, a high number of neutrophil granulocytes in the blood.[1]
A "left shift" refers to the presence of increased proportions of younger, less well differentiated neutrophils and neutrophil-precursor cells in the blood. This generally reflects early or premature release of myeloid cells from the bone marrow, the site where neutrophils are generated. A severe neutrophilia with left shift is referred to as a leukemoid reaction. The leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) score, which refers to the amount of alkaline phosphatase per neutrophil, will increase. In a severe infection, toxic granulation changes happen to the neutrophils.
This can resemble Pelger-Huet anomaly.[2][3]
Historical Perspective
Classification
Pathophysiology
Causes
Neutrophil are the primary white blood cells that respond to a bacterial infection, so the most common cause of neutrophilia is a bacterial infection, especially pyogenic infections.[4]
Neutrophils are also increased in any acute inflammation, so will be raised after a heart attack,[4] other infarct or burns.[4]
Some drugs, such as prednisone, have the same effect as cortisol and adrenaline (epinephrine), causing marginated neutrophils to enter the blood stream. Nervousness will very slightly raise the neutrophil count because of this effect.
A neutrophilia might also be the result of a malignancy. Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML or chronic myeloid leukaemia) is a disease where the blood cells proliferate out of control. These cells may be neutrophils. Neutrophilia can also be caused by appendicitis and splenectomy.[5]
Primary neutrophilia can additionally be a result of Leukocyte adhesion deficiency.[6]
Differentiating Neutrophilia from Other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk Factors
Screening
Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis
Natural History
Complications
Prognosis
Diagnosis
Diagnostic Criteria
History and Symptoms
Physical Examination
Laboratory Findings
Imaging Findings
Other Diagnostic Studies
Treatment
Medical Therapy
Surgery
Prevention
See also
- Granulocytosis (often used as synonym)
- Neutropenia (having too few neutrophils)
- Absolute neutrophil count
References
- ↑ Template:DorlandsDict
- ↑ Mohamed IS, Wynn RJ, Cominsky K, et al. (June 2006). "White blood cell left shift in a neonate: a case of mistaken identity". J Perinatol. 26 (6): 378–80. doi:10.1038/sj.jp.7211513. PMID 16724080.
- ↑ Shmuely H, Pitlik SD, Inbal A, Rosenfeld JB (June 1993). "Pelger-Huët anomaly mimicking 'shift to the left'". Neth J Med. 42 (5–6): 168–70. PMID 8377874.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Table 12-6 in: Mitchell, Richard Sheppard; Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K; Fausto, Nelson. Robbins Basic Pathology. Philadelphia: Saunders. ISBN 1-4160-2973-7. 8th edition.
- ↑ "bloodandcancerclinic". Retrieved 10 April 2013.
- ↑ https://www.orpha.net/data/patho/GB/uk-LeucocyteAdhesionDeficiency.pdf