Acute respiratory distress syndrome causes: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
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{{Acute respiratory distress syndrome}}
{{Acute respiratory distress syndrome}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{AO}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{AO}}, {{BShaller}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
ARDS may result from a wide variety of direct and indirect insults to the lung. The most common cause of ARDS is [[sepsis]], followed by [[aspiration pneumonia|aspiration pneumonitis]] and [[transfusion-related acute lung injury|transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI)]].<ref name="pmid7091520">{{cite journal| author=Pepe PE, Potkin RT, Reus DH, Hudson LD, Carrico CJ| title=Clinical predictors of the adult respiratory distress syndrome. | journal=Am J Surg | year= 1982 | volume= 144 | issue= 1 | pages= 124-30 | pmid=7091520 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7091520  }} </ref> Certain medical comorbidities (e.g., [[chronic liver disease|chronic liver]] or [[chronic kidney disease|chronic kidney disease]], [[alcoholism]], [[HIV|infection with the human immunodeficiency virus]], prior [[organ transplantation]]) predispose to the development of ARDS, and the risk for developing ARDS increases along with the number of acute insults sustained by the patient (e.g., [[pneumonia]] and [[pancreatitis]] versus [[pancreatitis]] alone).
ARDS may be caused by either direct or indirect insults to the lung. Common causes of ARDS include [[pneumonia]], [[sepsis]], [[aspiration pneumonia|aspiration of gastric contents]], and [[transfusion-related acute lung injury|transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI)]].


==Causes==
==Causes==
===Life Threatening Causes===
===Life Threatening Causes===
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.  This is a life-threatening condition with majority of patients requiring mechanical ventilation.
ARDS is a life-threatening condition and must be treated as such irrespective of the causes. Life-threatening conditions may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.


==Causes==
===Common Causes===
ARDS may occur as the result of either a ''direct'' or ''indirect'' insult to the lungs:
ARDS may occur as the result of either a direct or indirect insult to the lungs:<ref name="pmid7091520">{{cite journal| author=Pepe PE, Potkin RT, Reus DH, Hudson LD, Carrico CJ| title=Clinical predictors of the adult respiratory distress syndrome. | journal=Am J Surg | year= 1982 | volume= 144 | issue= 1 | pages= 124-30 | pmid=7091520 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7091520  }} </ref><ref>The ARDS Definition Task Force*. “Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: The Berlin Definition.” JAMA 307, no. 23 (June 20, 2012): 2526–33. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.5669.</ref><ref>Wheeler, Arthur P., and Gordon R. Bernard. “Acute Lung Injury and the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Clinical Review.” Lancet (London, England) 369, no. 9572 (May 5, 2007): 1553–64. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60604-7.</ref><ref>Sweeney, Rob Mac, and Daniel F. McAuley. “Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.” Lancet (London, England), April 28, 2016. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00578-X.</ref><ref>Fowler, A. A., R. F. Hamman, J. T. Good, K. N. Benson, M. Baird, D. J. Eberle, T. L. Petty, and T. M. Hyers. “Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Risk with Common Predispositions.” Annals of Internal Medicine 98, no. 5 Pt 1 (May 1983): 593–97.</ref>
*'''Direct insult'''
:*Pneumonia
:*[[Chemical pneumonitis|Aspiration pneumonitis]]
:*Toxin inhalation
:*Smoke inhalation
:*Fat embolism
:*Amniotic fluid embolism
:*[[Drowning|Near-drowning]] (fresh water drowning more often than salt water drowning)
:*Physical trauma to the lungs (e.g., [[lung contusion]])
*'''Indirect insult''':  
:*[[Sepsis]]
:*[[TRALI|massive blood transfusion]]
:*[[Adverse drug reaction]]s and [[toxic exposures]] (e.g., [[acetylsalicylic acid]] overdose, [[narcotic]] overdose)
:*Extrapulmonary traumatic injury (e.g., [[head trauma]])
:*[[Pancreatitis]]
:*[[Burns]]
:*[[Cardiopulmonary bypass]]


[[Sepsis]] is the most common cause of ARDS, followed by [[aspiration pneumonitis]] and [[transfusion-related acute lung injury]]<ref name="pmid7091520">{{cite journal| author=Pepe PE, Potkin RT, Reus DH, Hudson LD, Carrico CJ| title=Clinical predictors of the adult respiratory distress syndrome. | journal=Am J Surg | year= 1982 | volume= 144 | issue= 1 | pages= 124-30 | pmid=7091520 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7091520  }} </ref>
* '''Direct insult'''
Certain medical comorbidities (e.g., [[chronic liver disease|chronic liver]] or [[chronic kidney disease|kidney disease]], [[alcoholism]], [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|infection with the human immunodeficiency virus]], [[organ transplantation|prior organ transplantation]]) predispose to the development of ARDS, and the risk for developing ARDS increases along with the number of acute insults (e.g., pneumonia and pancreatitis versus pancreatitis alone).
:* [[Pneumonia]] (bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic)
:* [[Aspiration pneumonia|Aspiration of of gastric contents]]
:* [[Acute inhalation injury|Inhalational injury]] (e.g., [[smoke inhalation]], toxic gas inhalation)
:* [[Fat embolism]]
:* [[Amniotic fluid embolism]]
:* [[Drowning|Drowning]]
:* [[Pulmonary contusion]]
:* [[Pulmonary hemorrhage|Alveolar hemorrhage]]
:* [[Reperfusion]] ([[Thoracentesis|pleural effusion drainage]], [[embolectomy]])
:* [[Lung transplantation]]
:* [[Ventilator-associated lung injury]]
* '''Indirect insult''':
:* Severe [[sepsis]]
:* Major [[trauma]] (e.g., [[head trauma]], [[polytrauma]])
:* Multiple [[transfusion]]s or [[TRALI|transfusion-associated acute lung injury (TRALI)]]
:* [[Drug overdose]] (e.g., [[acetylsalicylic acid]] overdose, [[heroin]] overdose)
:* [[Pancreatitis]]
:* Severe [[burns]]
:* [[Shock]]
:* [[Cardiopulmonary bypass]]
:* [[Disseminated intravascular coagulation]]


===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===
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|-
|-
|bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
|bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Mercury|Mercury inhalation]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Mercury poisoning|Mercury inhalation]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  [[Acetylsalicylic acid]], [[ado-trastuzumab emtansine]], [[afatinib]], [[amiodarone]], [[crizotinib]], [[cytarabine]], [[cytomegalovirus immune globulin]], [[docetaxel]], [[filgrastim]], [[follitropin]], [[gemcitabine]], [[mitomycin]], [[nitrofurantoin]], [[sorafenib]], [[tbo-filgrastim]], [[urofollitropin]]
|bgcolor="Beige"|  [[Acetylsalicylic acid]], [[ado-trastuzumab emtansine]], [[afatinib]], [[amiodarone]], [[crizotinib]], [[cytarabine]], [[cytomegalovirus immune globulin]], [[docetaxel]], [[filgrastim]], [[Gonadotropin preparations|follitropin]], [[gemcitabine]], [[mitomycin]], [[nitrofurantoin]], [[sorafenib]], [[tbo-filgrastim]], [[urofollitropin]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Eosinophilic pneumonia|Acute eosinophilic pneumonia]], [[Smoke inhalation|inhalation injury]], [[drowning|near-drowning]], [[Burn|surface burns]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Eosinophilic pneumonia|Acute eosinophilic pneumonia]], [[Acute inhalation injury|inhalation injury]], [[drowning|near-drowning]], [[Burn|surface burns]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Traumatic brain injury (TBI)]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Traumatic brain injury|Traumatic brain injury (TBI)]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Pulmonary contusion]], [[polytrauma]], [[Physical trauma|severe trauma]], [[traumatic brain injury (TBI)]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Pulmonary contusion]], [[polytrauma]], [[Physical trauma|severe trauma]], [[Traumatic brain injury|traumatic brain injury (TBI)]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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*[[Fat embolism]]
*[[Fat embolism]]
*[[Filgastrim]]
*[[Filgastrim]]
*[[Follitropin]]
*[[Gonadotropin preparations|Follitropin]]
*[[Gemcitabine]]
*[[Gemcitabine]]
*[[Heroin|Heroin overdose]]
*[[Heroin|Heroin overdose]]
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[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
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Latest revision as of 17:02, 14 July 2016

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ayokunle Olubaniyi, M.B,B.S [2], Brian Shaller, M.D. [3]

Overview

ARDS may be caused by either direct or indirect insults to the lung. Common causes of ARDS include pneumonia, sepsis, aspiration of gastric contents, and transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI).

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

ARDS is a life-threatening condition and must be treated as such irrespective of the causes. Life-threatening conditions may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Common Causes

ARDS may occur as the result of either a direct or indirect insult to the lungs:[1][2][3][4][5]

  • Direct insult
  • Indirect insult:

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning Mercury inhalation
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis[6]
Drug Side Effect Acetylsalicylic acid, ado-trastuzumab emtansine, afatinib, amiodarone, crizotinib, cytarabine, cytomegalovirus immune globulin, docetaxel, filgrastim, follitropin, gemcitabine, mitomycin, nitrofurantoin, sorafenib, tbo-filgrastim, urofollitropin
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental Acute eosinophilic pneumonia, inhalation injury, near-drowning, surface burns
Gastroenterologic Aspiration of gastric contents, pancreatitis
Genetic No underlying causes
Hematologic Bone marrow transplantation, massive blood transfusion
Iatrogenic Bone marrow transplantation, cardiopulmonary bypass, massive blood transfusion, oxygen toxicity
Infectious Disease Acute eosinophilic pneumonia, ehrlichiosis, leptospirosis, malaria, miliary tuberculosis, pneumonia (bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic), sepsis, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic Fat embolism, polytrauma
Neurologic Traumatic brain injury (TBI)
Nutritional/Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic Amniotic fluid embolism
Oncologic No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity Acetylsalicylic acid, heroin, naloxone
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary Acute eosinophilic pneumonia, aspiration of gastric contents, Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP), decompression sickness, fat embolism, lung transplantation, pneumonia
Renal/Electrolyte Uremia
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Anaphylaxis, bone marrow transplantation, leukoagglutin reactions
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Pulmonary contusion, polytrauma, severe trauma, traumatic brain injury (TBI)
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. ↑ Pepe PE, Potkin RT, Reus DH, Hudson LD, Carrico CJ (1982). "Clinical predictors of the adult respiratory distress syndrome". Am J Surg. 144 (1): 124–30. PMID 7091520.
  2. ↑ The ARDS Definition Task Force*. “Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: The Berlin Definition.” JAMA 307, no. 23 (June 20, 2012): 2526–33. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.5669.
  3. ↑ Wheeler, Arthur P., and Gordon R. Bernard. “Acute Lung Injury and the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Clinical Review.” Lancet (London, England) 369, no. 9572 (May 5, 2007): 1553–64. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60604-7.
  4. ↑ Sweeney, Rob Mac, and Daniel F. McAuley. “Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.” Lancet (London, England), April 28, 2016. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00578-X.
  5. ↑ Fowler, A. A., R. F. Hamman, J. T. Good, K. N. Benson, M. Baird, D. J. Eberle, T. L. Petty, and T. M. Hyers. “Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Risk with Common Predispositions.” Annals of Internal Medicine 98, no. 5 Pt 1 (May 1983): 593–97.
  6. ↑ de Prost N, Mekontso-Dessap A, Valeyrie-Allanore L, Van Nhieu JT, Duong TA, Chosidow O; et al. (2014). "Acute respiratory failure in patients with toxic epidermal necrolysis: clinical features and factors associated with mechanical ventilation". Crit Care Med. 42 (1): 118–28. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e31829eb94f. PMID 23989174.
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