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/* 2012 ACC/AHA/HRS Guidelines for Device-Based Therapy of Cardiac Rhythm Abnormalities (DO NOT EDIT) Epstein AE, DiMarco JP, Ellenbogen KA, Estes NAM III, Freedman RA, Gettes LS, Gillinov AM, Gregoratos G, Hammill SC, Hayes DL, Hlatky MA, Newby LK, Pa...
 
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{{Tachycardia}}
{{Tachycardia}}
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==Overview==
==Overview==
Surgical methods of treatment for tachycardias include device-based treatment such as the implantation of a permanent [[pacemaker]]. There are guidelines on the indications for surgical therapy, depending on the type and severity of the tachycardia.


==Surgery==
==2012 ACC/AHA/HRS Guidelines for Device-Based Therapy of Cardiac Rhythm Abnormalities (DO NOT EDIT)<ref name="pmid23265327">{{cite journal |vauthors=Epstein AE, DiMarco JP, Ellenbogen KA, Estes NA, Freedman RA, Gettes LS, Gillinov AM, Gregoratos G, Hammill SC, Hayes DL, Hlatky MA, Newby LK, Page RL, Schoenfeld MH, Silka MJ, Stevenson LW, Sweeney MO, Tracy CM, Epstein AE, Darbar D, DiMarco JP, Dunbar SB, Estes NA, Ferguson TB, Hammill SC, Karasik PE, Link MS, Marine JE, Schoenfeld MH, Shanker AJ, Silka MJ, Stevenson LW, Stevenson WG, Varosy PD |title=2012 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused update incorporated into the ACCF/AHA/HRS 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society |journal=J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=e6–75 |year=2013 |pmid=23265327 |doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2012.11.007 |url=}}</ref><ref name="Epstein"> Epstein AE, DiMarco JP, Ellenbogen KA, Estes NAM III, Freedman RA, Gettes LS, Gillinov AM, Gregoratos G, Hammill SC, Hayes DL, Hlatky MA, Newby LK, Page RL, Schoenfeld MH, Silka MJ, Stevenson LW, Sweeney MO. ACC/AHA/HRS 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the ACC/AHA/NASPE 2002 Guideline Update for Implantation of Cardiac Pacemakers and Antiarrhythmia Devices). Circulation. 2008; 117: 2820–2840. PMID 18483207 </ref>==
===ACC / AHA Guidelines- Recommendations for Permanent Pacemakers That Automatically Detect and Pace to Terminate Tachycardias (DO NOT EDIT) <ref name="Epstein"> Epstein AE, DiMarco JP, Ellenbogen KA, Estes NAM III, Freedman RA, Gettes LS, Gillinov AM, Gregoratos G, Hammill SC, Hayes DL, Hlatky MA, Newby LK, Page RL, Schoenfeld MH, Silka MJ, Stevenson LW, Sweeney MO. ACC/AHA/HRS 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the ACC/AHA/NASPE 2002 Guideline Update for Implantation of Cardiac Pacemakers and Antiarrhythmia Devices). Circulation. 2008; 117: 2820–2840. PMID 18483207 </ref>===
===Permanent Pacemakers That Automatically Detect and Pace to Terminate Tachycardias (DO NOT EDIT)<ref name="Epstein"> Epstein AE, DiMarco JP, Ellenbogen KA, Estes NAM III, Freedman RA, Gettes LS, Gillinov AM, Gregoratos G, Hammill SC, Hayes DL, Hlatky MA, Newby LK, Page RL, Schoenfeld MH, Silka MJ, Stevenson LW, Sweeney MO. ACC/AHA/HRS 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the ACC/AHA/NASPE 2002 Guideline Update for Implantation of Cardiac Pacemakers and Antiarrhythmia Devices). Circulation. 2008; 117: 2820–2840. PMID 18483207 </ref>===
{{cquote|
{|class="wikitable"
====Class IIa====
|-
1. Permanent [[pacemaker|pacing]] is reasonable for symptomatic recurrent [[SVT]] that is reproducibly terminated by pacing when [[catheter ablation]] and/or drugs fail to control the [[arrhythmia]] or produce intolerable side effects. ''(Level of Evidence: C)''
|colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightCoral"| [[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class III]] (No Benefit)
|-
|bgcolor="LightCoral"| <nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' Permanent [[pacemaker|pacing]] is not indicated in the presence of an accessory pathway that has the capacity for rapid anterograde conduction. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}


====Class III====
{|class="wikitable"
1. Permanent [[pacemaker|pacing]] is not indicated in the presence of an accessory pathway that has the capacity for rapid anterograde conduction. ''(Level of Evidence: C)''}}
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"| [[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIa]]
|-
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' Permanent [[pacemaker|pacing]] is reasonable for symptomatic recurrent [[supraventricular tachycardia]] that is reproducibly terminated by pacing when [[catheter ablation]] and/or drugs fail to control the [[arrhythmia]] or produce intolerable side effects. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<ref name="pmid2578645">{{cite journal| author=Peters RW, Scheinman MM, Morady F, Jacobson L| title=Long-term management of recurrent paroxysmal tachycardia by cardiac burst pacing. | journal=Pacing Clin Electrophysiol | year= 1985 | volume= 8 | issue= 1 | pages= 35-44 | pmid=2578645 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2578645  }} </ref><ref name="pmid3687782">{{cite journal| author=Fisher JD, Johnston DR, Furman S, Mercando AD, Kim SG| title=Long-term efficacy of antitachycardia pacing for supraventricular and ventricular tachycardias. | journal=Am J Cardiol | year= 1987 | volume= 60 | issue= 16 | pages= 1311-6 | pmid=3687782 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3687782  }} </ref><ref name="pmid6204313">{{cite journal| author=Den Dulk K, Bertholet M, Brugada P, Bär FW, Demoulin JC, Waleffe A et al.| title=Clinical experience with implantable devices for control of tachyarrhythmias. | journal=Pacing Clin Electrophysiol | year= 1984 | volume= 7 | issue= 3 Pt 2 | pages= 548-56 | pmid=6204313 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6204313  }} </ref><ref name="pmid3728334">{{cite journal| author=Saksena S, Pantopoulos D, Parsonnet V, Rothbart ST, Hussain SM, Gielchinsky I| title=Usefulness of an implantable antitachycardia pacemaker system for supraventricular or ventricular tachycardia. | journal=Am J Cardiol | year= 1986 | volume= 58 | issue= 1 | pages= 70-4 | pmid=3728334 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3728334  }} </ref><ref name="pmid3605893">{{cite journal| author=Barold SS, Wyndham CR, Kappenberger LL, Abinader EG, Griffin JC, Falkoff MD| title=Implanted atrial pacemakers for paroxysmal atrial flutter. Long-term efficacy. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1987 | volume= 107 | issue= 2 | pages= 144-9 | pmid=3605893 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3605893  }} </ref><nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}


===ACC / AHA Guidelines- Recommendations for Permanent Pacemakers That Automatically Detect and Pace to Terminate Tachycardias (DO NOT EDIT) <ref name="Epstein"> Epstein AE, DiMarco JP, Ellenbogen KA, Estes NAM III, Freedman RA, Gettes LS, Gillinov AM, Gregoratos G, Hammill SC, Hayes DL, Hlatky MA, Newby LK, Page RL, Schoenfeld MH, Silka MJ, Stevenson LW, Sweeney MO. ACC/AHA/HRS 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the ACC/AHA/NASPE 2002 Guideline Update for Implantation of Cardiac Pacemakers and Antiarrhythmia Devices). Circulation. 2008; 117: 2820–2840. PMID 18483207 </ref>===
===Pacing to Prevent Tachycardia (DO NOT EDIT)<ref name="Epstein"> Epstein AE, DiMarco JP, Ellenbogen KA, Estes NAM III, Freedman RA, Gettes LS, Gillinov AM, Gregoratos G, Hammill SC, Hayes DL, Hlatky MA, Newby LK, Page RL, Schoenfeld MH, Silka MJ, Stevenson LW, Sweeney MO. ACC/AHA/HRS 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the ACC/AHA/NASPE 2002 Guideline Update for Implantation of Cardiac Pacemakers and Antiarrhythmia Devices). Circulation. 2008; 117: 2820–2840. PMID 18483207 </ref>===
{{cquote|
{|class="wikitable"
====Class I====
|-
1. Permanent [[pacemaker|pacing]] is indicated for sustained pause-dependent [[VT]], with or without [[QT prolongation]]. ''(Level of Evidence: C)''
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' Permanent [[pacemaker|pacing]] is indicated for sustained pause-dependent [[VT]], with or without [[QT prolongation]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<ref name="pmid3624666">{{cite journal| author=Eldar M, Griffin JC, Abbott JA, Benditt D, Bhandari A, Herre JM et al.| title=Permanent cardiac pacing in patients with the long QT syndrome. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 1987 | volume= 10 | issue= 3 | pages= 600-7 | pmid=3624666 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3624666  }} </ref><ref name="pmid1356115">{{cite journal| author=Eldar M, Griffin JC, Van Hare GF, Witherell C, Bhandari A, Benditt D et al.| title=Combined use of beta-adrenergic blocking agents and long-term cardiac pacing for patients with the long QT syndrome. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 1992 | volume= 20 | issue= 4 | pages= 830-7 | pmid=1356115 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1356115  }} </ref><nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}


====Class IIa====
{|class="wikitable"
1. Permanent [[pacemaker|pacing]] is reasonable for high-risk patients with congenital [[long-QT syndrome]]. ''(Level of Evidence: C)''
|-
|colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightCoral"| [[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class III]] (No Benefit)
|-
|bgcolor="LightCoral"| <nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' Permanent [[pacemaker|pacing]] is not indicated for frequent or complex ventricular ectopic activity without sustained [[VT]] in the absence of the [[long-QT syndrome]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<ref name="pmid2441367">{{cite journal| author=Fisher JD, Teichman SL, Ferrick A, Kim SG, Waspe LE, Martinez MR| title=Antiarrhythmic effects of VVI pacing at physiologic rates: a crossover controlled evaluation. | journal=Pacing Clin Electrophysiol | year= 1987 | volume= 10 | issue= 4 Pt 1 | pages= 822-30 | pmid=2441367 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2441367  }} </ref><nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|bgcolor="LightCoral"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' Permanent [[pacemaker|pacing]] is not indicated for [[torsade de pointes]] [[VT]] due to reversible causes. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])''<ref name="pmid1345816">{{cite journal| author=Moss AJ, Robinson J| title=Clinical features of the idiopathic long QT syndrome. | journal=Circulation | year= 1992 | volume= 85 | issue= 1 Suppl | pages= I140-4 | pmid=1345816 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1345816  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8890825">{{cite journal| author=Viskin S, Alla SR, Barron HV, Heller K, Saxon L, Kitzis I et al.| title=Mode of onset of torsade de pointes in congenital long QT syndrome. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 1996 | volume= 28 | issue= 5 | pages= 1262-8 | pmid=8890825 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8890825  }} </ref><nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}


====Class IIb====
{|class="wikitable"
1. Permanent [[pacemaker|pacing]] may be considered for prevention of symptomatic, drug-refractory, recurrent [[AF]] in patients with coexisting [[SND]]. ''(Level of Evidence: B)''
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"| [[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIa]]
|-
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' Permanent [[pacemaker|pacing]] is reasonable for high-risk patients with congenital [[long-QT syndrome]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<ref name="pmid3624666">{{cite journal| author=Eldar M, Griffin JC, Abbott JA, Benditt D, Bhandari A, Herre JM et al.| title=Permanent cardiac pacing in patients with the long QT syndrome. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 1987 | volume= 10 | issue= 3 | pages= 600-7 | pmid=3624666 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3624666  }} </ref><ref name="pmid1356115">{{cite journal| author=Eldar M, Griffin JC, Van Hare GF, Witherell C, Bhandari A, Benditt D et al.| title=Combined use of beta-adrenergic blocking agents and long-term cardiac pacing for patients with the long QT syndrome. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 1992 | volume= 20 | issue= 4 | pages= 830-7 | pmid=1356115 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1356115  }} </ref><nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}


====Class III====
{|class="wikitable"
1. Permanent [[pacemaker|pacing]] is not indicated for frequent or complex ventricular ectopic activity without sustained [[VT]] in the absence of the [[long-QT syndrome]]. ''(Level of Evidence: C)''
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"| [[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIb]]
|-
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' Permanent [[pacemaker|pacing]] may be considered for prevention of symptomatic, drug-refractory, recurrent [[atrial fibrillation]] in patients with coexisting [[SND]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<ref name="pmid8772757">{{cite journal| author=Saksena S, Prakash A, Hill M, Krol RB, Munsif AN, Mathew PP et al.| title=Prevention of recurrent atrial fibrillation with chronic dual-site right atrial pacing. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 1996 | volume= 28 | issue= 3 | pages= 687-94 | pmid=8772757 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8772757  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9727692">{{cite journal| author=Saksena S, Delfaut P, Prakash A, Kaushik RR, Krol RB| title=Multisite electrode pacing for prevention of atrial fibrillation. | journal=J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol | year= 1998 | volume= 9 | issue= 8 Suppl | pages= S155-62 | pmid=9727692 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9727692  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11011325">{{cite journal| author=Lamas GA, Lee K, Sweeney M, Leon A, Yee R, Ellenbogen K et al.| title=The mode selection trial (MOST) in sinus node dysfunction: design, rationale, and baseline characteristics of the first 1000 patients. | journal=Am Heart J | year= 2000 | volume= 140 | issue= 4 | pages= 541-51 | pmid=11011325 | doi=10.1067/mhj.2000.109652 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11011325  }} </ref><nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}


2. Permanent [[pacemaker|pacing]] is not indicated for [[torsade de pointes]] [[VT]] due to reversible causes. ''(Level of Evidence: A)''}}
==Sources==
 
===Sources===
* The ACC/AHA/HRS 2008 Guidelines for Device-Based Therapy of Cardiac Rhythm Abnormalities <ref name="Epstein"> Epstein AE, DiMarco JP, Ellenbogen KA, Estes NAM III, Freedman RA, Gettes LS, Gillinov AM, Gregoratos G, Hammill SC, Hayes DL, Hlatky MA, Newby LK, Page RL, Schoenfeld MH, Silka MJ, Stevenson LW, Sweeney MO. ACC/AHA/HRS 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the ACC/AHA/NASPE 2002 Guideline Update for Implantation of Cardiac Pacemakers and Antiarrhythmia Devices). Circulation. 2008; 117: 2820–2840. PMID 18483207 </ref>
* The ACC/AHA/HRS 2008 Guidelines for Device-Based Therapy of Cardiac Rhythm Abnormalities <ref name="Epstein"> Epstein AE, DiMarco JP, Ellenbogen KA, Estes NAM III, Freedman RA, Gettes LS, Gillinov AM, Gregoratos G, Hammill SC, Hayes DL, Hlatky MA, Newby LK, Page RL, Schoenfeld MH, Silka MJ, Stevenson LW, Sweeney MO. ACC/AHA/HRS 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the ACC/AHA/NASPE 2002 Guideline Update for Implantation of Cardiac Pacemakers and Antiarrhythmia Devices). Circulation. 2008; 117: 2820–2840. PMID 18483207 </ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]


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Latest revision as of 14:47, 31 October 2016

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Surgical methods of treatment for tachycardias include device-based treatment such as the implantation of a permanent pacemaker. There are guidelines on the indications for surgical therapy, depending on the type and severity of the tachycardia.

2012 ACC/AHA/HRS Guidelines for Device-Based Therapy of Cardiac Rhythm Abnormalities (DO NOT EDIT)[1][2]

Permanent Pacemakers That Automatically Detect and Pace to Terminate Tachycardias (DO NOT EDIT)[2]

Class III (No Benefit)
"1. Permanent pacing is not indicated in the presence of an accessory pathway that has the capacity for rapid anterograde conduction. (Level of Evidence: C)"
Class IIa
"1. Permanent pacing is reasonable for symptomatic recurrent supraventricular tachycardia that is reproducibly terminated by pacing when catheter ablation and/or drugs fail to control the arrhythmia or produce intolerable side effects. (Level of Evidence: C)[3][4][5][6][7]"

Pacing to Prevent Tachycardia (DO NOT EDIT)[2]

Class I
"1. Permanent pacing is indicated for sustained pause-dependent VT, with or without QT prolongation. (Level of Evidence: C)[8][9]"
Class III (No Benefit)
"1. Permanent pacing is not indicated for frequent or complex ventricular ectopic activity without sustained VT in the absence of the long-QT syndrome. (Level of Evidence: C)[10]"
"2. Permanent pacing is not indicated for torsade de pointes VT due to reversible causes. (Level of Evidence: A)[11][12]"
Class IIa
"1. Permanent pacing is reasonable for high-risk patients with congenital long-QT syndrome. (Level of Evidence: C)[8][9]"
Class IIb
"1. Permanent pacing may be considered for prevention of symptomatic, drug-refractory, recurrent atrial fibrillation in patients with coexisting SND. (Level of Evidence: B)[13][14][15]"

Sources

  • The ACC/AHA/HRS 2008 Guidelines for Device-Based Therapy of Cardiac Rhythm Abnormalities [2]

References

  1. ↑ Epstein AE, DiMarco JP, Ellenbogen KA, Estes NA, Freedman RA, Gettes LS, Gillinov AM, Gregoratos G, Hammill SC, Hayes DL, Hlatky MA, Newby LK, Page RL, Schoenfeld MH, Silka MJ, Stevenson LW, Sweeney MO, Tracy CM, Epstein AE, Darbar D, DiMarco JP, Dunbar SB, Estes NA, Ferguson TB, Hammill SC, Karasik PE, Link MS, Marine JE, Schoenfeld MH, Shanker AJ, Silka MJ, Stevenson LW, Stevenson WG, Varosy PD (2013). "2012 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused update incorporated into the ACCF/AHA/HRS 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society". J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 61 (3): e6–75. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2012.11.007. PMID 23265327.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Epstein AE, DiMarco JP, Ellenbogen KA, Estes NAM III, Freedman RA, Gettes LS, Gillinov AM, Gregoratos G, Hammill SC, Hayes DL, Hlatky MA, Newby LK, Page RL, Schoenfeld MH, Silka MJ, Stevenson LW, Sweeney MO. ACC/AHA/HRS 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the ACC/AHA/NASPE 2002 Guideline Update for Implantation of Cardiac Pacemakers and Antiarrhythmia Devices). Circulation. 2008; 117: 2820–2840. PMID 18483207
  3. ↑ Peters RW, Scheinman MM, Morady F, Jacobson L (1985). "Long-term management of recurrent paroxysmal tachycardia by cardiac burst pacing". Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 8 (1): 35–44. PMID 2578645.
  4. ↑ Fisher JD, Johnston DR, Furman S, Mercando AD, Kim SG (1987). "Long-term efficacy of antitachycardia pacing for supraventricular and ventricular tachycardias". Am J Cardiol. 60 (16): 1311–6. PMID 3687782.
  5. ↑ Den Dulk K, Bertholet M, Brugada P, Bär FW, Demoulin JC, Waleffe A; et al. (1984). "Clinical experience with implantable devices for control of tachyarrhythmias". Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 7 (3 Pt 2): 548–56. PMID 6204313.
  6. ↑ Saksena S, Pantopoulos D, Parsonnet V, Rothbart ST, Hussain SM, Gielchinsky I (1986). "Usefulness of an implantable antitachycardia pacemaker system for supraventricular or ventricular tachycardia". Am J Cardiol. 58 (1): 70–4. PMID 3728334.
  7. ↑ Barold SS, Wyndham CR, Kappenberger LL, Abinader EG, Griffin JC, Falkoff MD (1987). "Implanted atrial pacemakers for paroxysmal atrial flutter. Long-term efficacy". Ann Intern Med. 107 (2): 144–9. PMID 3605893.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Eldar M, Griffin JC, Abbott JA, Benditt D, Bhandari A, Herre JM; et al. (1987). "Permanent cardiac pacing in patients with the long QT syndrome". J Am Coll Cardiol. 10 (3): 600–7. PMID 3624666.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Eldar M, Griffin JC, Van Hare GF, Witherell C, Bhandari A, Benditt D; et al. (1992). "Combined use of beta-adrenergic blocking agents and long-term cardiac pacing for patients with the long QT syndrome". J Am Coll Cardiol. 20 (4): 830–7. PMID 1356115.
  10. ↑ Fisher JD, Teichman SL, Ferrick A, Kim SG, Waspe LE, Martinez MR (1987). "Antiarrhythmic effects of VVI pacing at physiologic rates: a crossover controlled evaluation". Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 10 (4 Pt 1): 822–30. PMID 2441367.
  11. ↑ Moss AJ, Robinson J (1992). "Clinical features of the idiopathic long QT syndrome". Circulation. 85 (1 Suppl): I140–4. PMID 1345816.
  12. ↑ Viskin S, Alla SR, Barron HV, Heller K, Saxon L, Kitzis I; et al. (1996). "Mode of onset of torsade de pointes in congenital long QT syndrome". J Am Coll Cardiol. 28 (5): 1262–8. PMID 8890825.
  13. ↑ Saksena S, Prakash A, Hill M, Krol RB, Munsif AN, Mathew PP; et al. (1996). "Prevention of recurrent atrial fibrillation with chronic dual-site right atrial pacing". J Am Coll Cardiol. 28 (3): 687–94. PMID 8772757.
  14. ↑ Saksena S, Delfaut P, Prakash A, Kaushik RR, Krol RB (1998). "Multisite electrode pacing for prevention of atrial fibrillation". J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 9 (8 Suppl): S155–62. PMID 9727692.
  15. ↑ Lamas GA, Lee K, Sweeney M, Leon A, Yee R, Ellenbogen K; et al. (2000). "The mode selection trial (MOST) in sinus node dysfunction: design, rationale, and baseline characteristics of the first 1000 patients". Am Heart J. 140 (4): 541–51. doi:10.1067/mhj.2000.109652. PMID 11011325.


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