Chronic stable angina treatment clopidogrel: Difference between revisions

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/* 2007 Chronic Angina Focused Update of the ACC/AHA 2002 Guidelines and the 1999 ACC/AHA/ACP–ASIM Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina (DO NOT EDIT)Fraker TD, Fihn SD, Gibbons RJ, Abrams J, Chatterjee K, Daley J et al...
 
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__NOTOC__
{{Chronic stable angina}}
{{Chronic stable angina}}


'''Editor-In-Chief:''' [[C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D.]] [mailto:mgibson@perfuse.org] Phone:617-632-7753; '''Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' {{CZ}}; [[John Fani Srour, M.D.]]; Jinhui Wu, M.D.; [[Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan]], M.B.B.S.
'''Editor-In-Chief:''' [[C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D.]] [mailto:charlesmichaelgibson@gmail.com] Phone:617-632-7753; '''Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' {{CZ}}; [[John Fani Srour, M.D.]]; [[WikiDoc Scholars#WikiDoc Scholars with Distinction|Jinhui Wu, M.D.]]; [[Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan|Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan, M.B.B.S.]]


==Overview==
==Overview==
Thienopyridines such as [[clopidogrel]] and [[ticlopidine]] selectively inhibit ADP-induced platelet aggregation and are used in patients with significant risk of arterial thrombosis as an alternative to [[aspirin]].
Thienopyridines, such as [[clopidogrel]] and [[ticlopidine]], selectively inhibit ADP-induced platelet aggregation and are used as an alternative to [[aspirin]] in patients with significant risk of arterial thrombosis.


==Mechanisms of benefit==
==Clopidogrel==
*[[Clopidogrel]] is a thienopyridine derivative which prevents adenosine diphosphate–mediated activation of platelets by selectively and irreversibly inhibiting the binding of [[adenosine diphosphate]] to its platelet receptors and thereby blocking adenosine diphosphate–dependent activation of the [[glycoprotein IIb/IIIa]] complex.
===Mechanisms of Benefit===
*[[Clopidogrel]] is a thienopyridine derivative which prevents adenosine diphosphate–mediated activation of platelets by selectively and irreversibly inhibiting the binding of [[adenosine diphosphate]] to its platelet receptors and thereby, blocking adenosine diphosphate–dependent activation of the [[glycoprotein IIb/IIIa]] complex.


*[[Ticlopidine]], another thienopyridine derivative, decreases platelet function in patients with stable angina but, unlike [[aspirin]], has not been shown to decrease adverse cardiovascular events.
*[[Ticlopidine]], another thienopyridine derivative, decreases platelet function in patients with stable angina but, unlike [[aspirin]], has not been shown to decrease adverse cardiovascular events.


==Indication==
===Indication===
[[Clopidogrel]] is used in patients with contraindication to aspirin or [[aspirin]] intolerance.
[[Clopidogrel]] is used in patients with contraindication to aspirin or [[aspirin]] intolerance.


==Drug interactions==
===Drug Interactions===
*Use of [[warfarin]] in conjunction with [[aspirin]] and/or [[clopidogrel]] is associated with an increased risk of bleeding and hence close monitoring is required.  
*Use of [[warfarin]] in conjunction with [[aspirin]] and/or [[clopidogrel]] is associated with an increased risk of bleeding and therefore, close monitoring is required.  


*Atorvastatin via ADP mediated platelet activation inhibits [[clopidogrel]].<ref name="pmid12515739">Lau WC, Waskell LA, Watkins PB, Neer CJ, Horowitz K, Hopp AS et al. (2003) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12515739 Atorvastatin reduces the ability of clopidogrel to inhibit platelet aggregation: a new drug-drug interaction.] ''Circulation'' 107 (1):32-7. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/12515739 12515739]</ref> However, this inhibition is not observed with low dose atorvastatin (10mg).<ref name="pmid15023882">Mitsios JV, Papathanasiou AI, Rodis FI, Elisaf M, Goudevenos JA, Tselepis AD (2004) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15023882 Atorvastatin does not affect the antiplatelet potency of clopidogrel when it is administered concomitantly for 5 weeks in patients with acute coronary syndromes.] ''Circulation'' 109 (11):1335-8. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000124581.18191.15 DOI:10.1161/01.CIR.0000124581.18191.15] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/15023882 15023882]</ref>
*Atorvastatin via ADP mediated platelet activation inhibits [[clopidogrel]].<ref name="pmid12515739">Lau WC, Waskell LA, Watkins PB, Neer CJ, Horowitz K, Hopp AS et al. (2003) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12515739 Atorvastatin reduces the ability of clopidogrel to inhibit platelet aggregation: a new drug-drug interaction.] ''Circulation'' 107 (1):32-7. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/12515739 12515739]</ref> However, this inhibition is not observed with low dose atorvastatin (10mg).<ref name="pmid15023882">Mitsios JV, Papathanasiou AI, Rodis FI, Elisaf M, Goudevenos JA, Tselepis AD (2004) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15023882 Atorvastatin does not affect the antiplatelet potency of clopidogrel when it is administered concomitantly for 5 weeks in patients with acute coronary syndromes.] ''Circulation'' 109 (11):1335-8. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000124581.18191.15 DOI:10.1161/01.CIR.0000124581.18191.15] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/15023882 15023882]</ref>
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*Clopidogrel is metabolized via CYP-3A4, hence drugs that inhibit ([[erythromycin]]) or induce ([[rifampicin]]) CYP-34A alter the plasma levels of [[clopidogrel]].<ref name="pmid12515739">Lau WC, Waskell LA, Watkins PB, Neer CJ, Horowitz K, Hopp AS et al. (2003) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12515739 Atorvastatin reduces the ability of clopidogrel to inhibit platelet aggregation: a new drug-drug interaction.] ''Circulation'' 107 (1):32-7. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/12515739 12515739]</ref>
*Clopidogrel is metabolized via CYP-3A4, hence drugs that inhibit ([[erythromycin]]) or induce ([[rifampicin]]) CYP-34A alter the plasma levels of [[clopidogrel]].<ref name="pmid12515739">Lau WC, Waskell LA, Watkins PB, Neer CJ, Horowitz K, Hopp AS et al. (2003) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12515739 Atorvastatin reduces the ability of clopidogrel to inhibit platelet aggregation: a new drug-drug interaction.] ''Circulation'' 107 (1):32-7. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/12515739 12515739]</ref>


==Adverse effects==
===Adverse Effects===
*'''Clopidogrel:'''
*Clopidogrel:
:*Gastrointestinal bleed
:*Gastrointestinal bleed
:*Active bleeding
:*Active bleeding


*'''Ticlopidine:'''
*Ticlopidine:
:*[[Neutropenia]]
:*[[Neutropenia]]
:*[[Thrombocytopenia]]
:*[[Thrombocytopenia]]


==Supportive trial data==
===Supportive Trial Data===
*The '''CAPRIE''' trial, <ref name="pmid8918275"> (1996) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8918275 A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). CAPRIE Steering Committee.] ''Lancet'' 348 (9038):1329-39. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/8918275 8918275]</ref> involving 19,185 patients showed a modest difference in the effectiveness between [[clopidogrel]] and [[aspirin]].The relative risk reduction of 8.7% favours [[clopidogrel]] therapy among patients with established [[atherosclerotic]] vascular disease in reducing the combined risk of [[ischemic stroke]], [[myocardial infarction]] and vascular death.
*The ''CAPRIE'' trial, a randomized blinded study of 19,185 patients with [[atherosclerotic|atherosclerotic vascular disease]] assessing the efficacy of clopidogrel versus aspirin therapies, showed a modest difference in the effectiveness between [[clopidogrel]] and [[aspirin]]. There was a relative risks reduction of 8.7% in favor of [[clopidogrel]] therapy among patients with established [[atherosclerotic]] vascular disease in reducing the combined risk of [[ischemic stroke]], [[myocardial infarction]] and vascular death.<ref name="pmid8918275"> (1996) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8918275 A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). CAPRIE Steering Committee.] ''Lancet'' 348 (9038):1329-39. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/8918275 8918275]</ref>


*The '''CURE trial''', <ref name="pmid11519503">Yusuf S, Zhao F, Mehta SR, Chrolavicius S, Tognoni G, Fox KK et al. (2001) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11519503 Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation.] ''N Engl J Med'' 345 (7):494-502. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa010746 DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa010746] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/11519503 11519503]</ref> involving 12,562 patients demonstrated the efficacy and safety of adding [[clopidogrel]] (a loading dose of 300 mg, followed by 75 mg daily) to [[aspirin]] in the long-term management of patients with [[acute coronary syndromes]] without ST-segment elevation.
*The ''CURE'' trial, a randomized placebo controlled studying involving 12,562 who received either clopidogrel or placebo in addition to aspirin for 3-12 months after the first 24 hours of onset of symptoms, demonstrated the efficacy and safety of adding [[clopidogrel]] (a loading dose of 300 mg, followed by 75 mg daily) to [[aspirin]] in the long-term management of patients with [[acute coronary syndromes]] without ST-segment elevation.<ref name="pmid11519503">Yusuf S, Zhao F, Mehta SR, Chrolavicius S, Tognoni G, Fox KK et al. (2001) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11519503 Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation.] ''N Engl J Med'' 345 (7):494-502. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa010746 DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa010746] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/11519503 11519503]</ref>


*The '''CHARISMA''' trial, <ref name="pmid21205234">Hankey GJ, Johnston SC, Easton JD, Hacke W, Mas JL, Brennan D et al. (2011) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21205234 Effect of clopidogrel plus ASA vs. ASA early after TIA and ischaemic stroke: a substudy of the CHARISMA trial.] ''Int J Stroke'' 6 (1):3-9. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4949.2010.00535.x DOI:10.1111/j.1747-4949.2010.00535.x] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/21205234 21205234]</ref> a randomized placebo controlled study involving 2,163 patients reported dual anti platelet therapy with [[clopidogrel]] plus [[aspirin]] was not significantly effective in comparison to aspirin alone in reducing the rate of [[myocardial infarction]], [[stroke]], or cardiovascular death in patients with established vascular disease or at high risk for developing vascular disease.
*The ''CHARISMA'' trial, a randomized placebo controlled study involving 2,163 patients, reported dual anti platelet therapy with [[clopidogrel]] plus [[aspirin]] was not significantly effective in comparison to aspirin alone in reducing the rate of [[myocardial infarction]], [[stroke]], or cardiovascular death in patients with established vascular disease or at high risk for developing vascular disease.<ref name="pmid21205234">Hankey GJ, Johnston SC, Easton JD, Hacke W, Mas JL, Brennan D et al. (2011) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21205234 Effect of clopidogrel plus ASA vs. ASA early after TIA and ischaemic stroke: a substudy of the CHARISMA trial.] ''Int J Stroke'' 6 (1):3-9. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4949.2010.00535.x DOI:10.1111/j.1747-4949.2010.00535.x] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/21205234 21205234]</ref>


==ACC/AHA Guidelines- Pharmacotherapy to Prevent MI and Death and Reduce Symptoms (DO NOT EDIT)<ref name="pmid10351980">Gibbons RJ, Chatterjee K, Daley J, Douglas JS, Fihn SD, Gardin JM et al. (1999) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10351980 ACC/AHA/ACP-ASIM guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina: executive summary and recommendations. A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Patients with Chronic Stable Angina).] ''Circulation'' 99 (21):2829-48. [http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/99/21/2829.full.pdf] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/10351980 10351980]</ref><ref name="pmid12515758">Gibbons RJ, Abrams J, Chatterjee K, Daley J, Deedwania PC, Douglas JS et al. (2003) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12515758 ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for the management of patients with chronic stable angina--summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina).] ''Circulation'' 107 (1):149-58.[http://content.onlinejacc.org/cgi/reprint/41/1/159.pdf] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/12515758 12515758]</ref><ref name="pmid17998462">Fraker TD, Fihn SD, Gibbons RJ, Abrams J, Chatterjee K, Daley J et al. (2007)[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17998462 2007 chronic angina focused update of the ACC/AHA 2002 Guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines Writing Group to develop the focused update of the 2002 Guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina.] ''Circulation'' 116 (23):2762-72.[http://content.onlinejacc.org/cgi/reprint/50/23/2264.pdf] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/17998462 17998462]</ref>==
==2012 Chronic Angina Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina (DO NOT EDIT))<ref name="pmid23166210">{{cite journal| author=Fihn SD, Gardin JM, Abrams J, Berra K, Blankenship JC, Dallas AP et al.| title=2012 ACCF/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines, and the American College of Physicians, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. | journal=Circulation | year= 2012 | volume= 126 | issue= 25 | pages= 3097-137 | pmid=23166210 | doi=10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182776f83 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23166210  }} </ref>==
{{cquote|
===Class I===
'''1.''' Use of [[warfarin]] in conjunction with [[aspirin]] and/or [[clopidogrel]] is associated with an increased risk of bleeding and should be monitored closely. ''(Level of Evidence: B)''


===Class IIa===
===Clopidogrel (DO NOT EDIT))<ref name="pmid23166210">{{cite journal| author=Fihn SD, Gardin JM, Abrams J, Berra K, Blankenship JC, Dallas AP et al.| title=2012 ACCF/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines, and the American College of Physicians, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. | journal=Circulation | year= 2012 | volume= 126 | issue= 25 | pages= 3097-137 | pmid=23166210 | doi=10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182776f83 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23166210  }} </ref><ref name="pmid17998462">Fraker TD, Fihn SD, Gibbons RJ, Abrams J, Chatterjee K, Daley J et al. (2007)[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17998462 2007 chronic angina focused update of the ACC/AHA 2002 Guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines Writing Group to develop the focused update of the 2002 Guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina.] ''Circulation'' 116 (23):2762-72.[http://content.onlinejacc.org/cgi/reprint/50/23/2264.pdf] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/17998462 17998462]</ref><ref name="pmid10351980">Gibbons RJ, Chatterjee K, Daley J, Douglas JS, Fihn SD, Gardin JM et al. (1999) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10351980 ACC/AHA/ACP-ASIM guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina: executive summary and recommendations. A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Patients with Chronic Stable Angina).] ''Circulation'' 99 (21):2829-48. [http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/99/21/2829.full.pdf] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/10351980 10351980]</ref>===
'''1.''' [[Clopidogrel]] when [[aspirin]] is absolutely contraindicated. ''(Level of Evidence: B)''}}


==ESC Guidelines- Pharmacological therapy to improve prognosis in patients with stable angina (DO NOT EDIT)<ref name="pmid16735367">{{cite journal| author=Fox K, Garcia MA, Ardissino D, Buszman P, Camici PG, Crea F et al.| title=Guidelines on the management of stable angina pectoris: executive summary: The Task Force on the Management of Stable Angina Pectoris of the European Society of Cardiology. | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 2006 | volume= 27 | issue= 11 | pages= 1341-81 | pmid=16735367 | doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehl001 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16735367}}</ref>==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' Treatment with clopidogrel is reasonable when aspirin is contraindicated in patients with SIHD ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}


{{cquote|
{| class="wikitable"
===Class IIa===
|-
'''1.''' [[Clopidogrel]] as an alternative antiplatelet agent in
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"| [[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIb]]
patients with stable angina who cannot take [[Chronic stable angina treatment aspirin|aspirin]] (e.g. aspirin allergic). ''(Level of Evidence: A)''}}
|-
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' Treatment with aspirin 75 to 162 mg daily and clopidogrel 75 mg daily might be reasonable in certain high-risk patients with SIHD''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}


==Vote on and Suggest Revisions to the Current Guidelines==
==ESC Guidelines- Pharmacological Therapy to Improve Prognosis in Patients with Stable Angina (DO NOT EDIT)<ref name="pmid16735367">{{cite journal| author=Fox K, Garcia MA, Ardissino D, Buszman P, Camici PG, Crea F et al.| title=Guidelines on the management of stable angina pectoris: executive summary: The Task Force on the Management of Stable Angina Pectoris of the European Society of Cardiology. | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 2006 | volume= 27 | issue= 11 | pages= 1341-81 | pmid=16735367 | doi=10.1093/eurheartj</ref>==
*[[The Living Guidelines: Chronic Stable Angina Pectoris | The Chronic Stable Angina Living Guidelines: Vote on current recommendations and suggest revisions to the guidelines]]


==Sources==
===Clopidogrel (DO NOT EDIT)<ref name="pmid16735367">{{cite journal| author=Fox K, Garcia MA, Ardissino D, Buszman P, Camici PG, Crea F et al.| title=Guidelines on the management of stable angina pectoris: executive summary: The Task Force on the Management of Stable Angina Pectoris of the European Society of Cardiology. | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 2006 | volume= 27 | issue= 11 | pages= 1341-81 | pmid=16735367 | doi=10.1093/eurheartj</ref>===
*Guidelines on the management of stable angina pectoris: The Task Force on the Management of Stable Angina Pectoris of the European Society of Cardiology <ref name="pmid16735367">{{cite journal| author=Fox K, Garcia MA, Ardissino D, Buszman P, Camici PG, Crea F et al.| title=Guidelines on the management of stable angina pectoris: executive summary: The Task Force on the Management of Stable Angina Pectoris of the European Society of Cardiology. | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 2006 | volume= 27 | issue= 11 | pages= 1341-81 | pmid=16735367 | doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehl001 | pmc= |url=url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16735367 [http://www.escardio.org/guidelines-surveys/esc-guidelines/GuidelinesDocuments/guidelines-angina-FT.pdf]}} </ref>


*The ACC/AHA/ACP–ASIM Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina <ref name="pmid10351980">Gibbons RJ, Chatterjee K, Daley J, Douglas JS, Fihn SD, Gardin JM et al. (1999) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10351980 ACC/AHA/ACP-ASIM guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina: executive summary and recommendations. A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Patients with Chronic Stable Angina).] ''Circulation'' 99 (21):2829-48. [http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/99/21/2829.full.pdf] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/10351980 10351980]</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"| [[European society of cardiology#Classes of Recommendations|Class IIa]]
|-
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' [[Clopidogrel]] as an alternative antiplatelet agent inpatients with stable angina who cannot take [[Chronic stable angina treatment aspirin|aspirin]] (e.g. aspirin allergic). ''([[European society of cardiology#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}


*TheACC/AHA 2002 Guideline Update for the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina <ref name="pmid12515758">Gibbons RJ, Abrams J, Chatterjee K, Daley J, Deedwania PC, Douglas JS et al. (2003) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12515758 ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for the management of patients with chronic stable angina--summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina).] ''Circulation'' 107 (1):149-58.[http://content.onlinejacc.org/cgi/reprint/41/1/159.pdf] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/12515758 12515758]</ref>
==Concomitant use of Proton Pump Inhibitors and Thienopyridines==
 
===ACC/AHA Guidelines- ACCF/ACG/AHA 2010 Expert Consensus Document on the Concomitant Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors and Thienopyridines<ref name="pmid21060077">{{cite journal| author=Abraham NS, Hlatky MA, Antman EM, Bhatt DL, Bjorkman DJ, Clark CB et al.| title=ACCF/ACG/AHA 2010 Expert Consensus Document on the concomitant use of proton pump inhibitors and thienopyridines: a focused update of the ACCF/ACG/AHA 2008 expert consensus document on reducing the gastrointestinal risks of antiplatelet therapy and NSAID use: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Expert Consensus Documents. | journal=Circulation | year= 2010 | volume= 122 | issue= 24 | pages= 2619-33 | pmid=21060077 | doi=10.1161/CIR.0b013e318202f701 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21060077  }} </ref> (DO NOT EDIT)===
*The 2007 Chronic Angina Focused Update of the ACC/AHA 2002 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina <ref name="pmid17998462">Fraker TD, Fihn SD, Gibbons RJ, Abrams J, Chatterjee K, Daley J et al. (2007)[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17998462 2007 chronic angina focused update of the ACC/AHA 2002 Guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines Writing Group to develop the focused update of the 2002 Guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina.] ''Circulation'' 116 (23):2762-72.[http://content.onlinejacc.org/cgi/reprint/50/23/2264.pdf] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/17998462 17998462]</ref>
{{cquote|
:# Clopidogrel reduces major CV events compared with placebo or aspirin.
:# Dual antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel and aspirin, compared with aspirin alone, reduces major CV events in patients with established ischemic heart disease, and it reduces coronary stent thrombosis but is not routinely recommended for patients with prior ischemic stroke because of the risk of bleeding.
:# Clopidogrel alone, aspirin alone, and their combination are all associated with increased risk of GI bleeding.
:# Patients with prior GI bleeding are at highest risk for recurrent bleeding on antiplatelet therapy. Other clinical characteristics that increase the risk of GI bleeding include advanced age; concurrent use of anticoagulants, steroids, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) including aspirin; and Helicobacter pylori infection. The risk of GI bleeding increases as the number of risk factors increases.
:# Use of a PPI or histamine H2 receptor antagonist (H2RA) reduces the risk of upper GI bleeding compared with no therapy. PPIs reduce upper GI bleeding to a greater degree than do H2RAs.
:# PPIs are recommended to reduce GI bleeding among patients with a history of upper GI bleeding. PPIs are appropriate in patients with multiple risk factors for GI bleeding who require antiplatelet therapy.
:# Routine use of either a PPI or an H2RA is not recommended for patients at lower risk of upper GI bleeding, who have much less potential to benefit from prophylactic therapy.
:# Clinical decisions regarding concomitant use of PPIs and thienopyridines must balance overall risks and benefits, considering both CV and GI complications.
:# Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies, using platelet assays as surrogate endpoints, suggest that concomitant use of clopidogrel and a PPI reduces the antiplatelet effects of clopidogrel. The strongest evidence for an interaction is between omeprazole and clopidogrel. It is not established that changes in these surrogate endpoints translate into clinically meaningful differences.
:# Observational studies and a single randomized clinical trial (RCT) have shown inconsistent effects on CV outcomes of concomitant use of thienopyridines and PPIs. A clinically important interaction cannot be excluded, particularly in certain subgroups, such as poor metabolizers of clopidogrel.
:# The role of either pharmacogenomic testing or platelet function testing in managing therapy with thienopyridines and PPIs has not yet been established.
}}


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
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Latest revision as of 18:52, 31 October 2016

Chronic stable angina Microchapters

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [3] Phone:617-632-7753; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [4]; John Fani Srour, M.D.; Jinhui Wu, M.D.; Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan, M.B.B.S.

Overview

Thienopyridines, such as clopidogrel and ticlopidine, selectively inhibit ADP-induced platelet aggregation and are used as an alternative to aspirin in patients with significant risk of arterial thrombosis.

Clopidogrel

Mechanisms of Benefit

  • Clopidogrel is a thienopyridine derivative which prevents adenosine diphosphate–mediated activation of platelets by selectively and irreversibly inhibiting the binding of adenosine diphosphate to its platelet receptors and thereby, blocking adenosine diphosphate–dependent activation of the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex.
  • Ticlopidine, another thienopyridine derivative, decreases platelet function in patients with stable angina but, unlike aspirin, has not been shown to decrease adverse cardiovascular events.

Indication

Clopidogrel is used in patients with contraindication to aspirin or aspirin intolerance.

Drug Interactions

  • Use of warfarin in conjunction with aspirin and/or clopidogrel is associated with an increased risk of bleeding and therefore, close monitoring is required.
  • Atorvastatin via ADP mediated platelet activation inhibits clopidogrel.[1] However, this inhibition is not observed with low dose atorvastatin (10mg).[2]

Adverse Effects

  • Clopidogrel:
  • Gastrointestinal bleed
  • Active bleeding
  • Ticlopidine:

Supportive Trial Data

  • The CURE trial, a randomized placebo controlled studying involving 12,562 who received either clopidogrel or placebo in addition to aspirin for 3-12 months after the first 24 hours of onset of symptoms, demonstrated the efficacy and safety of adding clopidogrel (a loading dose of 300 mg, followed by 75 mg daily) to aspirin in the long-term management of patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation.[4]
  • The CHARISMA trial, a randomized placebo controlled study involving 2,163 patients, reported dual anti platelet therapy with clopidogrel plus aspirin was not significantly effective in comparison to aspirin alone in reducing the rate of myocardial infarction, stroke, or cardiovascular death in patients with established vascular disease or at high risk for developing vascular disease.[5]

2012 Chronic Angina Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina (DO NOT EDIT))[6]

Clopidogrel (DO NOT EDIT))[6][7][8]

Class I
"1. Treatment with clopidogrel is reasonable when aspirin is contraindicated in patients with SIHD (Level of Evidence: B) "
Class IIb
"1. Treatment with aspirin 75 to 162 mg daily and clopidogrel 75 mg daily might be reasonable in certain high-risk patients with SIHD(Level of Evidence: B) "

ESC Guidelines- Pharmacological Therapy to Improve Prognosis in Patients with Stable Angina (DO NOT EDIT)[9]

Clopidogrel (DO NOT EDIT)[9]

Class IIa
"1. Clopidogrel as an alternative antiplatelet agent inpatients with stable angina who cannot take aspirin (e.g. aspirin allergic). (Level of Evidence: A) "

Concomitant use of Proton Pump Inhibitors and Thienopyridines

ACC/AHA Guidelines- ACCF/ACG/AHA 2010 Expert Consensus Document on the Concomitant Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors and Thienopyridines[10] (DO NOT EDIT)

“
  1. Clopidogrel reduces major CV events compared with placebo or aspirin.
  2. Dual antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel and aspirin, compared with aspirin alone, reduces major CV events in patients with established ischemic heart disease, and it reduces coronary stent thrombosis but is not routinely recommended for patients with prior ischemic stroke because of the risk of bleeding.
  3. Clopidogrel alone, aspirin alone, and their combination are all associated with increased risk of GI bleeding.
  4. Patients with prior GI bleeding are at highest risk for recurrent bleeding on antiplatelet therapy. Other clinical characteristics that increase the risk of GI bleeding include advanced age; concurrent use of anticoagulants, steroids, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) including aspirin; and Helicobacter pylori infection. The risk of GI bleeding increases as the number of risk factors increases.
  5. Use of a PPI or histamine H2 receptor antagonist (H2RA) reduces the risk of upper GI bleeding compared with no therapy. PPIs reduce upper GI bleeding to a greater degree than do H2RAs.
  6. PPIs are recommended to reduce GI bleeding among patients with a history of upper GI bleeding. PPIs are appropriate in patients with multiple risk factors for GI bleeding who require antiplatelet therapy.
  7. Routine use of either a PPI or an H2RA is not recommended for patients at lower risk of upper GI bleeding, who have much less potential to benefit from prophylactic therapy.
  8. Clinical decisions regarding concomitant use of PPIs and thienopyridines must balance overall risks and benefits, considering both CV and GI complications.
  9. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies, using platelet assays as surrogate endpoints, suggest that concomitant use of clopidogrel and a PPI reduces the antiplatelet effects of clopidogrel. The strongest evidence for an interaction is between omeprazole and clopidogrel. It is not established that changes in these surrogate endpoints translate into clinically meaningful differences.
  10. Observational studies and a single randomized clinical trial (RCT) have shown inconsistent effects on CV outcomes of concomitant use of thienopyridines and PPIs. A clinically important interaction cannot be excluded, particularly in certain subgroups, such as poor metabolizers of clopidogrel.
  11. The role of either pharmacogenomic testing or platelet function testing in managing therapy with thienopyridines and PPIs has not yet been established.
 ”

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lau WC, Waskell LA, Watkins PB, Neer CJ, Horowitz K, Hopp AS et al. (2003) Atorvastatin reduces the ability of clopidogrel to inhibit platelet aggregation: a new drug-drug interaction. Circulation 107 (1):32-7. PMID: 12515739
  2. ↑ Mitsios JV, Papathanasiou AI, Rodis FI, Elisaf M, Goudevenos JA, Tselepis AD (2004) Atorvastatin does not affect the antiplatelet potency of clopidogrel when it is administered concomitantly for 5 weeks in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 109 (11):1335-8. DOI:10.1161/01.CIR.0000124581.18191.15 PMID: 15023882
  3. ↑ (1996) A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). CAPRIE Steering Committee. Lancet 348 (9038):1329-39. PMID: 8918275
  4. ↑ Yusuf S, Zhao F, Mehta SR, Chrolavicius S, Tognoni G, Fox KK et al. (2001) Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation. N Engl J Med 345 (7):494-502. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa010746 PMID: 11519503
  5. ↑ Hankey GJ, Johnston SC, Easton JD, Hacke W, Mas JL, Brennan D et al. (2011) Effect of clopidogrel plus ASA vs. ASA early after TIA and ischaemic stroke: a substudy of the CHARISMA trial. Int J Stroke 6 (1):3-9. DOI:10.1111/j.1747-4949.2010.00535.x PMID: 21205234
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Fihn SD, Gardin JM, Abrams J, Berra K, Blankenship JC, Dallas AP; et al. (2012). "2012 ACCF/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines, and the American College of Physicians, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons". Circulation. 126 (25): 3097–137. doi:10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182776f83. PMID 23166210.
  7. ↑ Fraker TD, Fihn SD, Gibbons RJ, Abrams J, Chatterjee K, Daley J et al. (2007)2007 chronic angina focused update of the ACC/AHA 2002 Guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines Writing Group to develop the focused update of the 2002 Guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina. Circulation 116 (23):2762-72.[1] PMID: 17998462
  8. ↑ Gibbons RJ, Chatterjee K, Daley J, Douglas JS, Fihn SD, Gardin JM et al. (1999) ACC/AHA/ACP-ASIM guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina: executive summary and recommendations. A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Patients with Chronic Stable Angina). Circulation 99 (21):2829-48. [2] PMID: 10351980
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 {{cite journal| author=Fox K, Garcia MA, Ardissino D, Buszman P, Camici PG, Crea F et al.| title=Guidelines on the management of stable angina pectoris: executive summary: The Task Force on the Management of Stable Angina Pectoris of the European Society of Cardiology. | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 2006 | volume= 27 | issue= 11 | pages= 1341-81 | pmid=16735367 | doi=10.1093/eurheartj
  10. ↑ Abraham NS, Hlatky MA, Antman EM, Bhatt DL, Bjorkman DJ, Clark CB; et al. (2010). "ACCF/ACG/AHA 2010 Expert Consensus Document on the concomitant use of proton pump inhibitors and thienopyridines: a focused update of the ACCF/ACG/AHA 2008 expert consensus document on reducing the gastrointestinal risks of antiplatelet therapy and NSAID use: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Expert Consensus Documents". Circulation. 122 (24): 2619–33. doi:10.1161/CIR.0b013e318202f701. PMID 21060077.

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