Helicobacter pylori infection epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
''[[H. pylori]]'' inhabits more than 50% of world's population, especially in developing countries. The [[prevalence]] of [[infection]] increases with age. The [[prevalence]] of ''[[H. pylori]]'' is higher in developing countries than that in developed countries. In the United States, ''[[H. pylori]]'' infection is a common disease that tends to affect African Americans, Hispanics, and the elderly compared to whites. | |||
==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ||
'''Prevalence''' | '''Prevalence''' | ||
*H.pylori inhabits more than 50% of world's population especially in developing countries.<ref name="pmid8282253">{{cite journal| author=| title=Epidemiology of, and risk factors for, Helicobacter pylori infection among 3194 asymptomatic subjects in 17 populations. The EUROGAST Study Group. | journal=Gut | year= 1993 | volume= 34 | issue= 12 | pages= 1672-6 | pmid=8282253 | doi= | pmc=1374460 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8282253 }} </ref> | *''[[H. pylori]]'' inhabits more than 50% of world's population especially in developing countries.<ref name="pmid8282253">{{cite journal| author=| title=Epidemiology of, and risk factors for, Helicobacter pylori infection among 3194 asymptomatic subjects in 17 populations. The EUROGAST Study Group. | journal=Gut | year= 1993 | volume= 34 | issue= 12 | pages= 1672-6 | pmid=8282253 | doi= | pmc=1374460 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8282253 }} </ref> | ||
'''Age''' | '''Age''' | ||
*All age groups may develop ''[[H. pylori]]'' infection | |||
*All age groups may develop H.pylori infection | *The [[prevalence]] of [[infection]] increases with age.<ref name="pmid2549098">{{cite journal| author=Mégraud F, Brassens-Rabbé MP, Denis F, Belbouri A, Hoa DQ| title=Seroepidemiology of Campylobacter pylori infection in various populations. | journal=J Clin Microbiol | year= 1989 | volume= 27 | issue= 8 | pages= 1870-3 | pmid=2549098 | doi= | pmc=267687 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2549098 }} </ref> | ||
*The prevalence of infection increases with age.<ref name="pmid2549098">{{cite journal| author=Mégraud F, Brassens-Rabbé MP, Denis F, Belbouri A, Hoa DQ| title=Seroepidemiology of Campylobacter pylori infection in various populations. | journal=J Clin Microbiol | year= 1989 | volume= 27 | issue= 8 | pages= 1870-3 | pmid=2549098 | doi= | pmc=267687 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2549098 }} </ref> | |||
*About 30%-50% of H.pylori infections are acquired during childhood which increases to 90% during adulthood in developing countries.<ref name="pmid19298340">{{cite journal| author=Cheng H, Hu F, Zhang L, Yang G, Ma J, Hu J et al.| title=Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and identification of risk factors in rural and urban Beijing, China. | journal=Helicobacter | year= 2009 | volume= 14 | issue= 2 | pages= 128-33 | pmid=19298340 | doi=10.1111/j.1523-5378.2009.00668.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19298340 }} </ref> | *About 30%-50% of H.pylori infections are acquired during childhood which increases to 90% during adulthood in developing countries.<ref name="pmid19298340">{{cite journal| author=Cheng H, Hu F, Zhang L, Yang G, Ma J, Hu J et al.| title=Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and identification of risk factors in rural and urban Beijing, China. | journal=Helicobacter | year= 2009 | volume= 14 | issue= 2 | pages= 128-33 | pmid=19298340 | doi=10.1111/j.1523-5378.2009.00668.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19298340 }} </ref> | ||
*H.pylori infection in developed countries is less common in children and reaches | *''[[H. pylori]]'' infection in developed countries is less common in children and reaches up to 60% with increasing age.<ref name="pmid11849122">{{cite journal| author=Go MF| title=Review article: natural history and epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection. | journal=Aliment Pharmacol Ther | year= 2002 | volume= 16 Suppl 1 | issue= | pages= 3-15 | pmid=11849122 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11849122 }} </ref> | ||
*In united states, 20% of adolescents are infected with H.pylori when compared to 90% in by 5 years of age in developing countries.<ref name="pmid12814771">{{cite journal| author=Frenck RW, Clemens J| title=Helicobacter in the developing world. | journal=Microbes Infect | year= 2003 | volume= 5 | issue= 8 | pages= 705-13 | pmid=12814771 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12814771 }} </ref> | *In united states, 20% of [[adolescents]] are infected with ''[[H. pylori]]'' when compared to 90% in by 5 years of age in developing countries.<ref name="pmid12814771">{{cite journal| author=Frenck RW, Clemens J| title=Helicobacter in the developing world. | journal=Microbes Infect | year= 2003 | volume= 5 | issue= 8 | pages= 705-13 | pmid=12814771 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12814771 }} </ref> | ||
*Children differ from adults with respect to ''[[H. pylori]]'' infection in following terms of:<ref name="pmid18779740">{{cite journal| author=Elitsur Y, Dementieva Y, Rewalt M, Lawrence Z| title=Helicobacter pylori infection rate decreases in symptomatic children: a retrospective analysis of 13 years (1993-2005) from a gastroenterology clinic in West Virginia. | journal=J Clin Gastroenterol | year= 2009 | volume= 43 | issue= 2 | pages= 147-51 | pmid=18779740 | doi=10.1097/MCG.0b013e318157e4e7 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18779740 }} </ref><ref name="pmid21558964">{{cite journal| author=Koletzko S, Jones NL, Goodman KJ, Gold B, Rowland M, Cadranel S et al.| title=Evidence-based guidelines from ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN for Helicobacter pylori infection in children. | journal=J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr | year= 2011 | volume= 53 | issue= 2 | pages= 230-43 | pmid=21558964 | doi=10.1097/MPG.0b013e3182227e90 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21558964 }} </ref> | |||
:*[[Prevalence]] of [[infection]] | |||
:*High rate of [[antibiotic resistance]] | |||
:*The near-absence of [[gastric malignancies]] | |||
:*Age specific problems with diagnostic tests and medications | |||
'''Gender''' | '''Gender''' | ||
*Males are more commonly affected with H.pylori infection than females.<ref name="pmid17089189">{{cite journal |vauthors=de Martel C, Parsonnet J |title=Helicobacter pylori infection and gender: a meta-analysis of population-based prevalence surveys |journal=Dig. Dis. Sci. |volume=51 |issue=12 |pages=2292–301 |year=2006 |pmid=17089189 |doi=10.1007/s10620-006-9210-5 |url=}}</ref> | *Males are more commonly affected with ''[[H. pylori]]'' infection than females.<ref name="pmid17089189">{{cite journal |vauthors=de Martel C, Parsonnet J |title=Helicobacter pylori infection and gender: a meta-analysis of population-based prevalence surveys |journal=Dig. Dis. Sci. |volume=51 |issue=12 |pages=2292–301 |year=2006 |pmid=17089189 |doi=10.1007/s10620-006-9210-5 |url=}}</ref> | ||
'''Race''' | '''Race''' | ||
*In United States, H.pylori infection is a common disease that tends to affect African Americans, Hispanics, and the elderly compared to | *In United States, ''[[H. pylori]]'' infection is a common disease that tends to affect African Americans, Hispanics, and the elderly compared to Whites.<ref name="EverhartKruszon‐Moran2000">{{cite journal|last1=Everhart|first1=James E.|last2=Kruszon‐Moran|first2=Deanna|last3=Perez‐Perez|first3=Guillermo I.|last4=Tralka|first4=Tommie Sue|last5=McQuillan|first5=Geraldine|title=Seroprevalence and Ethnic Differences inHelicobacter pyloriInfection among Adults in the United States|journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases|volume=181|issue=4|year=2000|pages=1359–1363|issn=0022-1899|doi=10.1086/315384}}</ref> | ||
'''Developing countries''' | '''Developing countries''' | ||
*The prevalence of H.pylori is higher in developing countries than that in developed countries.{{cite journal | | *The prevalence of ''[[H. pylori]]'' is higher in developing countries than that in developed countries.<ref name="pmid19636185">{{cite journal| author=Salih BA| title=Helicobacter pylori infection in developing countries: the burden for how long? | journal=Saudi J Gastroenterol | year= 2009 | volume= 15 | issue= 3 | pages= 201-7 | pmid=19636185 | doi=10.4103/1319-3767.54743 | pmc=2841423 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19636185 }} </ref> | ||
*H.pylori infection is common in southern and eastern Europe, Mexico, South America, Africa, most Asian countries, and aboriginal people in North America.<ref name="pmid18622470">{{cite journal| author=Kawakami E, Machado RS, Ogata SK, Langner M| title=Decrease in prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection during a 10-year period in Brazilian children. | journal=Arq Gastroenterol | year= 2008 | volume= 45 | issue= 2 | pages= 147-51 | pmid=18622470 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18622470 }} </ref><ref name="pmid21896079">{{cite journal| author=Goh KL, Chan WK, Shiota S, Yamaoka Y| title=Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection and public health implications. | journal=Helicobacter | year= 2011 | volume= 16 Suppl 1 | issue= | pages= 1-9 | pmid=21896079 | doi=10.1111/j.1523-5378.2011.00874.x | pmc=3719046 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21896079 }} </ref> | |||
'''Developed countries''' | '''Developed countries''' | ||
*The prevalence of H.pylori is declining in United States. | *The prevalence of ''[[H. pylori]]'' is declining in the United States. | ||
*It is estimated that 30%-40% of the US population is infected with ''[[H. pylori]]''.<ref name="pmid11030073">{{cite journal| author=Everhart JE| title=Recent developments in the epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori. | journal=Gastroenterol Clin North Am | year= 2000 | volume= 29 | issue= 3 | pages= 559-78 | pmid=11030073 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11030073 }} </ref><ref name="pmid10809031">{{cite journal| author=Peterson WL, Fendrick AM, Cave DR, Peura DA, Garabedian-Ruffalo SM, Laine L| title=Helicobacter pylori-related disease: guidelines for testing and treatment. | journal=Arch Intern Med | year= 2000 | volume= 160 | issue= 9 | pages= 1285-91 | pmid=10809031 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10809031 }} </ref> | |||
*In United states, approximately 25% of children between 6-19 years old are infected.<ref name="pmid8896521">{{cite journal |vauthors=Staat MA, Kruszon-Moran D, McQuillan GM, Kaslow RA |title=A population-based serologic survey of Helicobacter pylori infection in children and adolescents in the United States |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=174 |issue=5 |pages=1120–3 |year=1996 |pmid=8896521 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | *In United states, approximately 25% of children between 6-19 years old are infected.<ref name="pmid8896521">{{cite journal |vauthors=Staat MA, Kruszon-Moran D, McQuillan GM, Kaslow RA |title=A population-based serologic survey of Helicobacter pylori infection in children and adolescents in the United States |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=174 |issue=5 |pages=1120–3 |year=1996 |pmid=8896521 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
*The [[incidence]] rates are high in Japan, Columbia, Costa Rica and China, and comparatively low in the United States. | |||
==Helicobacter pylori Infection Globally== | |||
Prevalence of ''[[H. pylori]]'' infection globally<ref name="pmid21961099">{{cite journal| author=Hunt RH, Xiao SD, Megraud F, Leon-Barua R, Bazzoli F, van der Merwe S et al.| title=Helicobacter pylori in developing countries. World Gastroenterology Organisation Global Guideline. | journal=J Gastrointestin Liver Dis | year= 2011 | volume= 20 | issue= 3 | pages= 299-304 | pmid=21961099 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21961099 }} </ref> | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Country | |||
! colspan="2" |Prevalence per 100,000 | |||
|- | |||
!Children | |||
!Adult | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="2" |Africa | |||
|Ethiopia | |||
|48,000 | |||
|>95,000 | |||
|- | |||
|Nigeria | |||
|82,000 | |||
|91,000 | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="2" |Central America | |||
|Gautemala | |||
|51,000 | |||
|65,000 | |||
|- | |||
|Mexico | |||
|43,000 | |||
|90,000 | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="2" |North America | |||
|Canada | |||
|7100 | |||
|23,000 | |||
|- | |||
|USA and Canada | |||
| | |||
|30,000 | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="3" |South America | |||
|Bolivia | |||
|54,000 | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|Brazil | |||
|30,000 | |||
|82,000 | |||
|- | |||
|Chile | |||
|36,000 | |||
|>70,000 | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="8" |Asia | |||
|Bangladesh | |||
|60,000 | |||
|>90,000 | |||
|- | |||
|Hong Kong | |||
|13,000 | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|India | |||
|22,000 | |||
|>80,000 | |||
|- | |||
|Japan | |||
| | |||
|>70,000 | |||
|- | |||
|Siberia | |||
|30,000 | |||
|85,000 | |||
|- | |||
|South Korea | |||
|56,000 | |||
|40,600 | |||
|- | |||
|Sri Lanka | |||
|67,000 | |||
|72,000 | |||
|- | |||
|Taiwan | |||
|11,000 | |||
|>50,000 | |||
|- | |||
|Australia | |||
|Australia | |||
| | |||
|20,000 | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="11" |Europe | |||
|Eastern | |||
| | |||
|70,000 | |||
|- | |||
|Albania | |||
| | |||
|70700 | |||
|- | |||
|Bulgaria | |||
|61,700 | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|Czech Republic | |||
| | |||
|42,000 | |||
|- | |||
|Estonia | |||
| | |||
|60,000 | |||
|- | |||
|Germany | |||
| | |||
|48,800 | |||
|- | |||
|Iceland | |||
| | |||
|36,000 | |||
|- | |||
|Netherlands | |||
|12000 | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|Serbia | |||
|36,400 | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|Sweden | |||
| | |||
|11,000 | |||
|- | |||
|Switzerland | |||
| | |||
|11,900 | |||
|- | |||
|Middle East | |||
|Egypt | |||
|50,000 | |||
|90,000 | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|Libya | |||
|50,000 | |||
|94,000 | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|Saudi Arabia | |||
|40,000 | |||
|80,000 | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|Turkey | |||
|64,000 | |||
|80,000 | |||
|} | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
Latest revision as of 03:26, 24 January 2017
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Yamuna Kondapally, M.B.B.S[2]
Overview
H. pylori inhabits more than 50% of world's population, especially in developing countries. The prevalence of infection increases with age. The prevalence of H. pylori is higher in developing countries than that in developed countries. In the United States, H. pylori infection is a common disease that tends to affect African Americans, Hispanics, and the elderly compared to whites.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Prevalence
Age
- All age groups may develop H. pylori infection
- The prevalence of infection increases with age.[2]
- About 30%-50% of H.pylori infections are acquired during childhood which increases to 90% during adulthood in developing countries.[3]
- H. pylori infection in developed countries is less common in children and reaches up to 60% with increasing age.[4]
- In united states, 20% of adolescents are infected with H. pylori when compared to 90% in by 5 years of age in developing countries.[5]
- Children differ from adults with respect to H. pylori infection in following terms of:[6][7]
- Prevalence of infection
- High rate of antibiotic resistance
- The near-absence of gastric malignancies
- Age specific problems with diagnostic tests and medications
Gender
Race
- In United States, H. pylori infection is a common disease that tends to affect African Americans, Hispanics, and the elderly compared to Whites.[9]
Developing countries
- The prevalence of H. pylori is higher in developing countries than that in developed countries.[10]
- H.pylori infection is common in southern and eastern Europe, Mexico, South America, Africa, most Asian countries, and aboriginal people in North America.[11][12]
Developed countries
- The prevalence of H. pylori is declining in the United States.
- It is estimated that 30%-40% of the US population is infected with H. pylori.[13][14]
- In United states, approximately 25% of children between 6-19 years old are infected.[15]
- The incidence rates are high in Japan, Columbia, Costa Rica and China, and comparatively low in the United States.
Helicobacter pylori Infection Globally
Prevalence of H. pylori infection globally[16]
| Country | Prevalence per 100,000 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Children | Adult | ||
| Africa | Ethiopia | 48,000 | >95,000 |
| Nigeria | 82,000 | 91,000 | |
| Central America | Gautemala | 51,000 | 65,000 |
| Mexico | 43,000 | 90,000 | |
| North America | Canada | 7100 | 23,000 |
| USA and Canada | 30,000 | ||
| South America | Bolivia | 54,000 | |
| Brazil | 30,000 | 82,000 | |
| Chile | 36,000 | >70,000 | |
| Asia | Bangladesh | 60,000 | >90,000 |
| Hong Kong | 13,000 | ||
| India | 22,000 | >80,000 | |
| Japan | >70,000 | ||
| Siberia | 30,000 | 85,000 | |
| South Korea | 56,000 | 40,600 | |
| Sri Lanka | 67,000 | 72,000 | |
| Taiwan | 11,000 | >50,000 | |
| Australia | Australia | 20,000 | |
| Europe | Eastern | 70,000 | |
| Albania | 70700 | ||
| Bulgaria | 61,700 | ||
| Czech Republic | 42,000 | ||
| Estonia | 60,000 | ||
| Germany | 48,800 | ||
| Iceland | 36,000 | ||
| Netherlands | 12000 | ||
| Serbia | 36,400 | ||
| Sweden | 11,000 | ||
| Switzerland | 11,900 | ||
| Middle East | Egypt | 50,000 | 90,000 |
| Libya | 50,000 | 94,000 | |
| Saudi Arabia | 40,000 | 80,000 | |
| Turkey | 64,000 | 80,000 | |
References
- ↑ "Epidemiology of, and risk factors for, Helicobacter pylori infection among 3194 asymptomatic subjects in 17 populations. The EUROGAST Study Group". Gut. 34 (12): 1672–6. 1993. PMC 1374460. PMID 8282253.
- ↑ Mégraud F, Brassens-Rabbé MP, Denis F, Belbouri A, Hoa DQ (1989). "Seroepidemiology of Campylobacter pylori infection in various populations". J Clin Microbiol. 27 (8): 1870–3. PMC 267687. PMID 2549098.
- ↑ Cheng H, Hu F, Zhang L, Yang G, Ma J, Hu J; et al. (2009). "Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and identification of risk factors in rural and urban Beijing, China". Helicobacter. 14 (2): 128–33. doi:10.1111/j.1523-5378.2009.00668.x. PMID 19298340.
- ↑ Go MF (2002). "Review article: natural history and epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection". Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 16 Suppl 1: 3–15. PMID 11849122.
- ↑ Frenck RW, Clemens J (2003). "Helicobacter in the developing world". Microbes Infect. 5 (8): 705–13. PMID 12814771.
- ↑ Elitsur Y, Dementieva Y, Rewalt M, Lawrence Z (2009). "Helicobacter pylori infection rate decreases in symptomatic children: a retrospective analysis of 13 years (1993-2005) from a gastroenterology clinic in West Virginia". J Clin Gastroenterol. 43 (2): 147–51. doi:10.1097/MCG.0b013e318157e4e7. PMID 18779740.
- ↑ Koletzko S, Jones NL, Goodman KJ, Gold B, Rowland M, Cadranel S; et al. (2011). "Evidence-based guidelines from ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN for Helicobacter pylori infection in children". J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 53 (2): 230–43. doi:10.1097/MPG.0b013e3182227e90. PMID 21558964.
- ↑ de Martel C, Parsonnet J (2006). "Helicobacter pylori infection and gender: a meta-analysis of population-based prevalence surveys". Dig. Dis. Sci. 51 (12): 2292–301. doi:10.1007/s10620-006-9210-5. PMID 17089189.
- ↑ Everhart, James E.; Kruszon‐Moran, Deanna; Perez‐Perez, Guillermo I.; Tralka, Tommie Sue; McQuillan, Geraldine (2000). "Seroprevalence and Ethnic Differences inHelicobacter pyloriInfection among Adults in the United States". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 181 (4): 1359–1363. doi:10.1086/315384. ISSN 0022-1899.
- ↑ Salih BA (2009). "Helicobacter pylori infection in developing countries: the burden for how long?". Saudi J Gastroenterol. 15 (3): 201–7. doi:10.4103/1319-3767.54743. PMC 2841423. PMID 19636185.
- ↑ Kawakami E, Machado RS, Ogata SK, Langner M (2008). "Decrease in prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection during a 10-year period in Brazilian children". Arq Gastroenterol. 45 (2): 147–51. PMID 18622470.
- ↑ Goh KL, Chan WK, Shiota S, Yamaoka Y (2011). "Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection and public health implications". Helicobacter. 16 Suppl 1: 1–9. doi:10.1111/j.1523-5378.2011.00874.x. PMC 3719046. PMID 21896079.
- ↑ Everhart JE (2000). "Recent developments in the epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori". Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 29 (3): 559–78. PMID 11030073.
- ↑ Peterson WL, Fendrick AM, Cave DR, Peura DA, Garabedian-Ruffalo SM, Laine L (2000). "Helicobacter pylori-related disease: guidelines for testing and treatment". Arch Intern Med. 160 (9): 1285–91. PMID 10809031.
- ↑ Staat MA, Kruszon-Moran D, McQuillan GM, Kaslow RA (1996). "A population-based serologic survey of Helicobacter pylori infection in children and adolescents in the United States". J. Infect. Dis. 174 (5): 1120–3. PMID 8896521.
- ↑ Hunt RH, Xiao SD, Megraud F, Leon-Barua R, Bazzoli F, van der Merwe S; et al. (2011). "Helicobacter pylori in developing countries. World Gastroenterology Organisation Global Guideline". J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 20 (3): 299–304. PMID 21961099.