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{{Drugbox
{{DrugProjectFormSinglePage
|authorTag={{MN}}
|genericName=Sugammadex
|aOrAn=a
|drugClass=modified gamma cyclodextrin
|indicationType=<nowiki></nowiki>
|indication=reversal of [[neuromuscular blockade]] induced by [[rocuronium bromide]] and [[vecuronium bromide]] in adults undergoing [[surgery]]
|adverseReactions=[[vomiting]], [[pain]], [[nausea]], [[hypotension]], and [[headache]] (≥10%)
|fdaLIADAdult=======Indications======
Sugammadex is indicated for the reversal of [[neuromuscular blockade]] induced by [[rocuronium bromide]] and [[vecuronium bromide]] in adults undergoing [[surgery]].
 
======Dosage======
Sugammadex injection, for [[intravenous]] use, should be administered by trained healthcare providers familiar with the use, actions, characteristics, and complications of [[neuromuscular blocking agents]] (NMBA) and [[neuromuscular block reversal agents]].
 
Doses and timing of Sugammadex administration should be based on monitoring for twitch responses and the extent of spontaneous recovery that has occurred.
 
Administer Sugammadex intravenously as a single [[bolus]] injection. The bolus injection may be given over 10 seconds, into an existing intravenous line. Sugammadex has only been administered as a single bolus injection in clinical trials.
 
From the time of Sugammadex administration until complete recovery of [[neuromuscular function]], monitor the patient to assure adequate [[ventilation]] and maintenance of a patent [[airway]]. Satisfactory recovery should be determined through assessment of [[skeletal muscle]] tone and respiratory measurements in addition to the response to [[peripheral nerve]] stimulation.
 
The recommended dose of Sugammadex does not depend on the [[anesthetic]] regimen.
 
:*'''Recommended Dosing'''
Sugammadex can be used to reverse different levels of [[rocuronium]]- or [[vecuronium]]-induced [[neuromuscular blockade]].
 
::*For [[rocuronium]] and [[vecuronium]]:
 
:::*A dose of 4 mg/kg Sugammadex is recommended if spontaneous recovery of the [[twitch]] response has reached 1 to 2 post-tetanic counts (PTC) and there are no twitch responses to train-of-four (TOF) stimulation following [[rocuronium]]- or [[vecuronium]]-induced [[neuromuscular blockade]].
:::*A dose of 2 mg/kg Sugammadex is recommended if spontaneous recovery has reached the reappearance of the second [[twitch]] (T2) in response to TOF stimulation following rocuronium- or vecuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade.
 
::*For [[rocuronium]] only:
 
:::*A dose of 16 mg/kg Sugammadex is recommended if there is a clinical need to reverse [[neuromuscular blockade]] soon (approximately 3 minutes) after administration of a single dose of 1.2 mg/kg of rocuronium. The efficacy of the 16 mg/kg dose of Sugammadex following administration of [[vecuronium]] has not been studied.
 
Sugammadex dosing is based on actual body weight.
 
:*'''Drug Compatibility'''
May inject Sugammadex into the ''intravenous'' line of a running infusion with the following intravenous solutions:
 
::*0.9% [[sodium chloride]]
::*5% [[dextrose]]
::*0.45% sodium chloride and 2.5% dextrose
::*5% dextrose in 0.9% sodium chloride
::*isolyte P with 5% dextrose
::*[[Ringer's lactate solution]]
::*[[Ringer's solution]]
 
Ensure the infusion line is adequately flushed (e.g., with 0.9% [[sodium chloride]]) between administration of Sugammadex and other drugs.
 
Do not mix Sugammadex with other products except those listed above.
 
Sugammadex is physically incompatible with [[verapamil]], [[ondansetron]], and [[ranitidine]].
 
Visually inspect [[parenteral]] drug products for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever the solution and container permit.
|offLabelAdultGuideSupport=There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use</i> of Sugammadex in adult patients.
|offLabelAdultNoGuideSupport=There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use</i> of Sugammadex in adult patients.
|fdaLIADPed=The safety and efficacy of Sugammadex in pediatric patients have not been established.
|offLabelPedGuideSupport=There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use</i> of Sugammadex in pediatric patients.
|offLabelPedNoGuideSupport=There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use</i> of Sugammadex in pediatric patients.
|contraindications=Sugammadex is contraindicated in patients with known [[hypersensitivity]] to Sugammadex or any of its components. Hypersensitivity reactions that occurred varied from isolated [[skin reaction]]s to serious systemic reactions (i.e., [[anaphylaxis]], [[anaphylactic shock]]) and have occurred in patients with no prior exposure to Sugammadex.
 
|warnings=======[[Anaphylaxis]] and [[Hypersensitivity]]======
Clinicians should be prepared for the possibility of drug hypersensitivity reactions (including anaphylactic reactions) and take the necessary precautions.
 
Potentially serious hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylaxis, have occurred in patients treated with Sugammadex. The nature and frequency of anaphylaxis and hypersensitivity associated with Sugammadex administration were evaluated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, repeat-dose study in which 375 subjects were randomized to receive 3 doses of Sugammadex IV with a 5 week washout period: 151 subjects received 4 mg/kg, 148 received 16 mg/kg and 76 received placebo. The frequency of anaphylaxis for the 299 healthy volunteers treated with [[intravenous]] Sugammadex was 0.3% (n=1 in the Sugammadex 16 mg/kg group on the first dose). Signs and symptoms included [[conjunctival edema]], [[urticaria]], [[erythema]], [[swelling]] of the [[uvula]] and reduction in [[peak expiratory flow]] within 5 minutes of dose administration. The most common hypersensitivity adverse reactions reported were [[nausea]], [[pruritus]] and [[urticaria]] and showed a dose response relationship, occurring more frequently in the 16 mg/kg group compared to the 4 mg/kg and [[placebo]] groups.
 
Anaphylaxis has also been reported in the post-marketing setting, including at doses less than 16 mg/kg. The most commonly described clinical features in reports of anaphylaxis were [[dermatologic symptoms]] (including [[urticaria]], [[rash]], [[erythema]], [[flushing]] and [[skin eruption]]); and clinically important [[hypotension]] often requiring the use of [[vasopressors]] for [[circulatory support]]. In addition prolonged hospitalization and/or the use of additional [[respiratory support]] until full recovery (re-[[intubation]], prolonged intubation, manual or [[mechanical ventilation]]) have been noted in a number of the anaphylaxis reports.
 
======Marked [[Bradycardia]]======
Cases of marked bradycardia, some of which have resulted in [[cardiac arrest]], have been observed within minutes after the administration of Sugammadex. Patients should be closely monitored for [[hemodynamic]] changes during and after reversal of [[neuromuscular blockade]]. Treatment with [[anticholinergic agents]], such as [[atropine]], should be administered if clinically significant bradycardia is observed.
 
======Respiratory Function Monitoring During Recovery======
[[Ventilatory support]] is mandatory for patients until adequate spontaneous respiration is restored and the ability to maintain a patent [[airway]] is assured. Even if recovery from [[neuromuscular blockade]] is complete, other drugs used in the peri- and post-operative period could depress respiratory function and therefore ventilatory support might still be required.
 
Should neuromuscular blockade persist after Sugammadex administration or recur following [[extubation]], take appropriate steps to provide adequate ventilation.
 
======Risk of Prolonged [[Neuromuscular Blockade]]======
In [[clinical trial]]s, a small number of patients experienced a delayed or minimal response to the administration of Sugammadex. Thus, it is important to monitor ventilation until recovery occurs.
 
======Waiting Times for Re-Administration of [[Neuromuscular Blocking Agents]] for [[Intubation]] Following Reversal with Sugammadex======
A minimum waiting time is necessary before administration of a [[steroidal]] neuromuscular blocking agent after administration of Sugammadex.
 
:*'''Table 1: Re-administration of Rocuronium or Vecuronium after Reversal (up to 4 mg/kg Sugammadex)'''
[[File:table1_su.png|thumb|none|400px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
 
When [[rocuronium]] 1.2 mg/kg is administered within 30 minutes after reversal with Sugammadex, the onset of [[neuromuscular blockade]] may be delayed up to approximately 4 minutes and the duration of neuromuscular blockade may be shortened up to approximately 15 minutes.
 
The recommended waiting time in patients with mild or moderate [[renal impairment]] for re-use of 0.6 mg/kg rocuronium or 0.1 mg/kg [[vecuronium]] after reversal with up to 4 mg/kg Sugammadex should be 24 hours. If a shorter waiting time is required, the rocuronium dose for a new neuromuscular blockade should be 1.2 mg/kg.
 
For re-administration of rocuronium or administration of vecuronium after reversal of rocuronium with 16 mg/kg Sugammadex, a waiting time of 24 hours is suggested.
 
If neuromuscular blockade is required before the recommended waiting time has elapsed, use a [[nonsteroidal neuromuscular blocking agent]]. The onset of a [[depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent]] might be slower than expected, because a substantial fraction of postjunctional [[nicotinic receptors]] can still be occupied by the neuromuscular blocking agent.
 
======Interactions Potentially Affecting the Efficacy of Other Drugs======
Due to the administration of Sugammadex, certain drugs, including [[hormonal contraceptives]], could become less effective due to a lowering of the (free) [[plasma concentration]]s. In this situation, consider the re-administration of the other drug, the administration of a therapeutically equivalent drug (preferably from a different chemical class), and/or non-pharmacological interventions as appropriate.
 
======Risk of Recurrence of Neuromuscular Blockade Due to Displacement Interactions======
Recurrence of neuromuscular blockade may occur due to displacement of [[rocuronium]] or [[vecuronium]] from Sugammadex by other drugs. In this situation the patient may require [[mechanical ventilation]]. Administration of the drug which caused displacement should be stopped in case of an infusion. The risk of displacement reactions will be the highest in the time period equivalent to 3 times the [[half-life]] of Sugammadex.
 
======Risk of Recurrence of Neuromuscular Blockade with Lower Than Recommended Dosing======
The use of lower than recommended doses of Sugammadex may lead to an increased risk of recurrence of neuromuscular blockade after initial reversal and is not recommended.
 
======Risk of Recurrence of [[Neuromuscular Blockade]] Due to the Administration of Drugs that Potentiate Neuromuscular Blockade======
When drugs which potentiate neuromuscular blockade are used in the [[post-operative]] phase, special attention should be paid to the possibility of recurrence of neuromuscular blockade. Refer to the package insert for [[rocuronium]] or [[vecuronium]] for a list of the specific drugs which potentiate neuromuscular blockade. In case recurrence of neuromuscular blockade is observed, the patient may require mechanical ventilation.
 
======Risk of [[Coagulopathy]] and [[Bleeding]]======
Sugammadex doses up to 16 mg/kg were associated with increases in the [[coagulation]] parameters [[activated partial thromboplastin time]] (aPTT) and [[prothrombin]] time/[[international normalized ratio]] [PT(INR)] of up to 25% for up to 1 hour in healthy volunteers.
 
In patients undergoing major [[orthopedic surgery]] of the lower extremity who were concomitantly treated with [[heparin]] or [[low molecular weight heparin]] for [[thromboprophylaxis]], increases in [[aPTT]] and PT([[INR]]) of 5.5% and 3.0%, respectively, were observed in the hour following Sugammadex 4 mg/kg administration. This clinical trial did not demonstrate an increased [[blood loss]] or [[anemia]] incidence with Sugammadex compared with usual treatment. The rate of adjudicated bleeding events within 24 hours was 2.9% for Sugammadex and 4.1% for usual care. The rate of post-operative anemia was 21% for Sugammadex and 22% for usual care. The mean 24-hour drainage volume was 0.46 L for Sugammadex and 0.48 L for usual care. The need for any post-operative transfusion was 37% for Sugammadex and 39% for usual care.
 
[[In vitro]] experiments demonstrated additional [[aPTT]] and PT([[INR]]) prolongations for Sugammadex in combination with [[vitamin K antagonists]], [[unfractionated heparin]], [[low molecular weight heparinoids]], [[rivaroxaban]], and [[dabigatran]] up to ~25% and ~50% at [[Cmax]] levels of Sugammadex corresponding to 4 mg/kg and 16 mg/kg doses, respectively.
 
Since bleeding risk has been studied systematically with only [[heparin]] and [[low molecular weight heparin]] [[thromboprophylaxis]] and 4 mg/kg doses of Sugammadex coagulation parameters should be carefully monitored in patients with known [[coagulopathies]], being treated with therapeutic [[anticoagulation]], receiving [[thromboprophylaxis]] drugs other than [[heparin]] and [[low molecular weight heparin]], or receiving thromboprophylaxis drugs and who then receive a dose of 16 mg/kg Sugammadex.
 
======[[Renal Impairment]]======
Sugammadex is not recommended for use in patients with severe renal impairment, including those requiring [[dialysis]]. With regard to the recommended waiting time for re-administration in patients with mild or moderate renal impairment, see Waiting Times for Re-administration of [[Neuromuscular Blocking Agent]]s for [[Intubation]] Following Reversal with Sugammadex.
 
======Light [[Anesthesia]]======
When [[neuromuscular blockade]] was reversed intentionally in the middle of anesthesia in clinical trials, e.g., when investigating urgent reversal, signs of light anesthesia were noted occasionally (movement, coughing, grimacing and suckling of the [[tracheal tube]]).
 
======Reversal after [[Rocuronium]] or [[Vecuronium]] Administration in the [[ICU]]======
Sugammadex has not been studied for reversal following rocuronium or vecuronium administration in the ICU.
 
======Reversal of [[Neuromuscular Blocking Agent]]s Other Than Rocuronium or Vecuronium======
Do not use BRIDION to reverse blockade induced by nonsteroidal neuromuscular blocking agents such as succinylcholine or benzylisoquinolinium compounds.
 
Do not use Sugammadex to reverse [[neuromuscular blockade]] induced by steroidal neuromuscular blocking agents other than rocuronium or vecuronium.
|clinicalTrials=Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.
 
The data described below reflect 2914 subjects exposed to 2, 4, or 16 mg/kg Sugammadex and 544 to [[placebo]] in pooled Phase 1-3 studies. The population was 18 to 92 years old, 47% male and 53% female, 34% ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) Class 1, 51% ASA Class 2, and 14% ASA Class 3, and 82% Caucasian. Most subjects received a single dose of Sugammadex 2 mg/kg or 4 mg/kg.
 
Adverse reactions reported in ≥10% of patients at a 2, 4, or 16 mg/kg Sugammadex dose with a rate higher than the placebo rate are: [[vomiting]], pain, nausea, [[hypotension]], and [[headache]].
 
All adverse reactions occurring in ≥2% of subjects treated with Sugammadex and more often than placebo for adult subjects who received [[anesthesia]] and/or [[neuromuscular blocking agent]] in pooled Phase 1 to 3 studies are presented in Table 2.
 
 
:*'''Table 2: Percent of Subject Exposures in Pooled Phase 1 to 3 Studies with Adverse Reactions Incidence ≥ 2%'''
[[File:table2_su.png|thumb|none|400px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
 
 
:*[[Anaphylaxis]] and [[Hypersensitivity]]
 
Hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylaxis, have occurred in both premarketing clinical trials and in post-marketing spontaneous reports. In a dedicated hypersensitivity study in healthy volunteers, the frequency of anaphylaxis was 0.3%. These reactions varied from isolated [[skin reactions]] to serious systemic reactions (i.e., [[anaphylaxis]], [[anaphylactic shock]]) and have occurred in patients with no prior exposure to Sugammadex.
 
Symptoms associated with these reactions can include: [[flushing]], [[urticaria]], [[erythematous rash]], (severe) [[hypotension]], [[tachycardia]], swelling of tongue, swelling of [[pharynx]], [[bronchospasm]] and pulmonary obstructive events. Severe hypersensitivity reactions can be fatal.
 
A randomized, double-blind study examined the incidence of drug hypersensitivity reactions in healthy volunteers given up to 3 doses of [[placebo]] (N=76), Sugammadex 4 mg/kg (N=151) or Sugammadex 16 mg/kg (N=148). Reports of suspected [[hypersensitivity]] were adjudicated by a blinded committee. The incidence of adjudicated hypersensitivity was 1%, 7% and 9% in the placebo, Sugammadex 4 mg/kg and Sugammadex 16 mg/kg groups, respectively. There were no reports of [[anaphylaxis]] after placebo or Sugammadex 4 mg/kg. There was a single case of adjudicated [[anaphylaxis]] after the first dose of Sugammadex 16 mg/kg. The frequency of anaphylaxis for the 299 healthy volunteers treated with [[intravenous]] Sugammadex was 0.3%. There was no evidence of increased frequency or severity of hypersensitivity with repeat dosing.
 
In a previous study of similar design, there were three adjudicated cases of anaphylaxis, all after Sugammadex 16 mg/kg (incidence 1% in the 298 healthy volunteers treated with Sugammadex).
 
:*Recurrence of [[Neuromuscular Blockade]]
 
In clinical studies with subjects treated with [[rocuronium]] or [[vecuronium]], where Sugammadex was administered using a dose labeled for the depth of neuromuscular blockade (N=2022), an incidence of <1% was observed for recurrence of neuromuscular blockade as based on neuromuscular monitoring or clinical evidence.
 
:*[[Bronchospasm]]
 
In one dedicated clinical trial and in post-marketing data, in patients with a history of pulmonary complications, bronchospasm was reported as a possibly related adverse event.
|postmarketing=The following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of Sugammadex. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.
 
:*Cardiac Disorders: Cases of marked [[bradycardia]] and bradycardia with [[cardiac arrest]] have been observed within minutes after administration of Sugammadex. Other [[cardiac rhythm]] abnormalities have included [[atrial fibrillation]], [[atrioventricular block]], cardiac/[[cardiorespiratory arrest]], [[ST segment]] changes, [[supraventricular tachycardia]]/[[extrasystole]]s, [[tachycardia]], [[ventricular fibrillation]], and [[ventricular tachycardia]].
 
:*General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions: Cases of Sugammadex not having the intended effect.
 
:*Immune System Disorders: [[Hypersensitivity]] events including [[anaphylactic shock]], [[anaphylactic reaction]], [[anaphylactoid reaction]], and Type 1 hypersensitivity have been reported.
 
:*Respiratory, Thoracic, and Mediastinal Disorders: Events of [[laryngospasm]], [[dyspnea]], [[wheezing]], [[pulmonary edema]], and [[respiratory arrest]] have been reported.
|drugInteractions=:*'''Summary'''
The information reported in the next sections is based on binding affinity between Sugammadex and other drugs, preclinical experiments, clinical studies and simulations of a [[pharmacokinetic]]-[[pharmacodynamic]] (PK-PD) model. Based on these considerations, no clinically significant pharmacodynamic interactions with other drugs are expected, with the exception of [[toremifene]] and [[hormonal contraceptives]].
 
:*'''Interactions Potentially Affecting the Efficacy of Sugammadex '''
::*[[Toremifene]]
 
For toremifene, which has a relatively high binding affinity for Sugammadex and for which relatively high [[plasma concentration]]s might be present, some displacement of [[vecuronium]] or [[rocuronium]] from the complex with Sugammadex could occur. The recovery to TOF ratio to 0.9 could therefore be delayed in patients who have received toremifene on the same day of surgery.
 
:*'''Interaction Potentially Affecting the Efficacy of [[Hormonal Contraceptives]]'''
[[In vitro]] binding studies indicate that Sugammadex may bind to [[progestogen]], thereby decreasing progestogen exposure. Therefore, the administration of a [[bolus]] dose of Sugammadex is considered to be equivalent to missing dose(s) of [[oral contraceptives]] containing an [[estrogen]] or [[progestogen]]. If an oral contraceptive is taken on the same day that Sugammadex is administered, the patient must use an additional, non-hormonal contraceptive method or back-up method of [[contraception]] (such as condoms and [[spermicides]]) for the next 7 days.
 
In the case of non-oral hormonal contraceptives, the patient must use an additional, non-hormonal contraceptive method or back-up method of contraception (such as condoms and spermicides) for the next 7 days.
 
:*'''Interference with Laboratory Tests'''
Sugammadex may interfere with the serum [[progesterone]] assay. Interference with this test was observed at Sugammadex [[plasma concentration]]s of 100 mcg/mL, which may be observed for up to 30 minutes after a 16 mg/kg dose.
|FDAPregCat=N
|useInPregnancyFDA=:*Risk Summary
 
There are no data on Sugammadex use in pregnant women to inform any drug-associated risks. In animal reproduction studies, there was no evidence of [[teratogenicity]] following daily [[intravenous]] administration of Sugammadex to rats and rabbits during [[organogenesis]] at exposures of up to 6 and 8 times, respectively, the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of 16 mg/kg. However, there was an increase in the incidence of incomplete [[ossification]] of the sternebra and reduced fetal body weights in the rabbit study at 8 times the MRHD, which is a dose level in which maternal toxicity was also observed. In a pre- and postnatal development study, Sugammadex treatment resulted in an increase in early postnatal loss, which correlated with maternal behavior (increased incidence of pup [[cannibalism]]), at exposures equivalent to the MRHD and higher. The background risk of major birth defects and [[miscarriage]] for the indicated population are unknown. However, the background risk in the U.S. general population of major birth defects is 2-4% and of [[miscarriage]] is 15-20% of clinically recognized pregnancies.
 
:*Data
 
::*Animal Data
 
In an embryofetal development study in rats, pregnant animals received daily [[intravenous]] administration of Sugammadex at 0, 20, 100, and 500 mg/kg (0.2, 1, and 6-times the MRHD of 16 mg/kg/day, respectively, based on [[AUC]] comparison) during [[organogenesis]] (Gestational Days 6 - 17). No treatment-related maternal and embryofetal changes were observed.
 
In another embryofetal development study, pregnant New Zealand white rabbits received daily intravenous administration of Sugammadex at 0, 20, 65, 200 mg/kg (0.6, 2, and 8 times the MRHD, respectively, based on [[AUC]] comparison) during [[organogenesis]] (Gestational Days 6-18). Fetal body weight decreases (10 and 14%, respectively) were observed in the offspring at maternal doses of 65 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg. In addition, incomplete [[ossification]] of sternebra, and unossified 1st [[metacarpal]] were noted at a maternal dose of 200 mg/kg/day. Maternal toxicity was also observed at 200 mg/kg. Considering the observed effects of Sugammadex on bone, it is possible that these findings may be attributable to drug. There was no evidence of [[teratogenicity]] at any dose.
 
In a prenatal and postnatal development study, pregnant rats were administered Sugammadex [[intravenously]] at 0, 30, 120, and 500 mg/kg (0.3, 1, and 6 times the MRHD, respectively, based on [[AUC]] comparison) from Gestational Day (GD) 6 to Postnatal Day (PND) 21 (corresponding to the beginning of [[organogenesis]] through parturition and subsequent pup weaning). [[Postnatal loss]] during PND 1-4 was noted across control litters and treated litters from dams receiving Sugammadex as a result of pup cannibalization by dams. Overall incidence of affected litters was 2, 1, 4, and 3 litters, respectively, at 0, 30, 120, or 500 mg/kg/day. The reason for the increased cannibalization is not known. An effect of Sugammadex on [[steroidal hormones]] and/or [[pheromones]] cannot be ruled out. In addition, there were no drug-related effects on parturition in rats during evaluations for prenatal or postnatal development.
|useInNursing=:*Risk Summary
 
No data are available regarding the presence of Sugammadex in human milk, the effects of Sugammadex on the breast fed infant, or the effects of Sugammadex on milk production. However, Sugammadex is present in rat milk. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother's clinical need for Sugammadex and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed infant from Sugammadex or from the underlying maternal condition.
 
:*Data
 
In a milk excretion study in rat dams following single intravenous dose of 20 mg/kg Sugammadex on Postnatal Day 9, the maximum drug level was achieved at about 30 minutes after dosing with a ratio of milk to plasma level approximately 1:1. The oral exposure via milk did not induce effects on survival, body weight and physical or the behavioral developmental parameters monitored in rats in the prenatal and postnatal development studies.
|useInPed=The safety and efficacy of Sugammadex in pediatric patients have not been established.
 
:*Juvenile Animal Studies
 
In a bone deposition study, Sugammadex concentrations were significantly higher in juvenile rats compared to adult rats (13% vs. 3% of the administered dose, respectively) following a single [[intravenous]] (IV) dose at 30 mg/kg (0.3 times the MRHD based on adult [[AUC]] comparison).
 
In a juvenile animal bone [[toxicity]] study, 7-day old rats were dosed intravenously once daily for 28 days with 0, 30, 120, and 500 mg/kg Sugammadex (approximately 0.1, 0.6, and 3 times the MRHD, respectively, by adult AUC comparison). Sugammadex at 120 and 500 mg/kg decreased [[ulna]] and [[femur]] bone lengths by approximately 3%, which did not recover after an 8-week treatment-free period. Reversible whitish discoloration and disturbance of enamel formation were also observed in the incisors at these dose levels. In molars, this effect was only observed at 500 mg/kg. The no-observed-effect-level (NOEL) was 30 mg/kg.
 
In a second juvenile animal bone [[toxicity]] study, 7-day old rats were dosed once weekly for 8 weeks with 0, 7.5, 30, and 120 mg/kg (up to 1.2 times the MRHD of 16 mg/kg based on adult [[AUC]] comparison). No adverse effects on bone or teeth were noted.
|useInGeri=Sugammadex has been administered in a dedicated clinical study to a total 102 geriatric patients that compared the time to recovery from [[neuromuscular blockade]] induced by [[rocuronium]] (0.6 mg/kg) following administration of 2 mg/kg Sugammadex given at the reappearance of T2 in 65-74 year-olds (N=62) and ≥75 year-olds (N=40) compared with 18-64 year-olds (N=48). The median time to recovery of the TOF (T4/T1) ratio to 0.9 in 18-64 year-olds was 2.2 minutes; in 65-74 year-olds it was 2.5 minutes, and in ≥75 year-olds it was 3.6 minutes. For time to recovery from neuromuscular blockade induced by rocuronium following administration of 4 mg/kg Sugammadex given at 1-2 PTCs, results across clinical trials revealed a median recovery of 2.5 minutes for geriatric patients (≥65 years, N=63) versus 2.0 minutes, for adults aged 18-64 years (N=359). Hence no dose adjustment is necessary in geriatric patients with normal organ function.
 
This drug is known to be substantially excreted by the [[kidney]], and the risk of adverse reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired [[renal function]]. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection, and it may be useful to monitor renal function.
|useInRenalImpair=This drug is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney. Effect of mild or moderate [[renal impairment]] ([[creatine clearance]] ≥30 and ≤80 mL/min) on Sugammadex PK and PD was obtained from a study in elderly patients. Although clearance of drug decreased in elderly subjects with mild and moderate renal impairment, there was no significant difference in the ability of Sugammadex to reverse the [[pharmacodynamic]] effect of [[rocuronium]]. Hence, no dosage adjustment is necessary for mild and moderate renal impairment. Sugammadex is not recommended for use in patients with severe renal impairment ([[creatine clearance]] <30 mL/min) due to insufficient safety information combined with the prolonged and increased overall exposure in these patients.
|useInHepaticImpair=Sugammadex is not metabolized nor excreted by the liver; therefore, dedicated trials in patients with [[hepatic impairment]] have not been conducted. Exercise caution when administering Sugammadex to patients with hepatic impairment accompanied by [[coagulopathy]] or severe [[edema]].
|useInReproPotential=:*Contraception
Upon administration of Sugammadex, the efficacy of [[hormonal contraceptives]] may be reduced for up to 7 days. Advise female patients of reproductive potential using hormonal contraceptives to use an additional, non-hormonal contraceptive for the next 7 days following Sugammadex administration.
|othersTitle=Cardiac Patients
|useInOthers=One trial of 76 patients who were diagnosed with or have a history of [[cardiac disease]] (e.g., patients with [[ischemic heart disease]], [[chronic heart failure]], or [[arrhythmia]]) of primarily NYHA (New York Heart Association) Class II investigated time to recovery from [[neuromuscular blockade]] induced by [[rocuronium]] 0.6 mg/kg following administration of 2 mg/kg or 4 mg/kg Sugammadex given at the reappearance of T2. The trial showed that the median time to recovery of the T4/T1 ratio to 0.9 was 1.7 minutes and 1.3 minutes, respectively, in the 2 mg/kg and 4 mg/kg Sugammadex dose groups. This is similar to the median values observed in the other trials; therefore, no dosage adjustment is necessary.
|othersTitle=Pulmonary Patients
|useInOthers=One trial of 77 patients who were diagnosed with or have a history of pulmonary complications investigated the time to recovery from [[neuromuscular blockade]] induced by [[rocuronium]] (0.6 mg/kg) following administration of 2 mg/kg or 4 mg/kg Sugammadex given at the first signs of recovery (reappearance of T2). The trial showed that for these patients the median time to recovery of the T4/T1 ratio to 0.9 was 2.1 minutes after a dose of 2 mg/kg Sugammadex and 1.9 minutes after a dose of 4 mg/kg Sugammadex. This is similar to the median values observed in the other trials; therefore, no dosage adjustment is necessary.
 
|administration=Sugammadex injection, for [[intravenous]] use, should be administered by trained healthcare providers familiar with the use, actions, characteristics, and complications of [[neuromuscular blocking agents]] (NMBA) and [[neuromuscular block reversal agents]].
 
Doses and timing of Sugammadex administration should be based on monitoring for twitch responses and the extent of spontaneous recovery that has occurred.
 
Administer Sugammadex intravenously as a single [[bolus]] injection. The bolus injection may be given over 10 seconds, into an existing intravenous line. Sugammadex has only been administered as a single bolus injection in clinical trials.
 
From the time of Sugammadex administration until complete recovery of [[neuromuscular function]], monitor the patient to assure adequate [[ventilation]] and maintenance of a patent [[airway]]. Satisfactory recovery should be determined through assessment of [[skeletal muscle]] tone and respiratory measurements in addition to the response to [[peripheral nerve]] stimulation.
 
The recommended dose of Sugammadex does not depend on the [[anesthetic]] regimen.
|overdose=
In premarketing clinical trials, one case of accidental overdose with 40 mg/kg Sugammadex was reported without significant effects.
 
Sugammadex can be removed using [[hemodialysis]] with a high-flux filter, but not with a low-flux filter. Based upon clinical studies, Sugammadex concentrations in plasma are reduced with a high-flux filter by about 70% after a 3- to 6-hour [[dialysis]] session.
|drugBox={{Drugbox2
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| Watchedfields = changed
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 470472707
| verifiedrevid = 470472707
| IUPAC_name =   
| IUPAC_name =   
| image = Sugammadex sodium.png
| image = su1.png
| image2 = Sugammadex sodium 3D front view.png
| image2 = su2.png


<!--Clinical data-->
<!--Clinical data-->
Line 16: Line 252:
| legal_AU = <!-- Unscheduled / S2 / S3 / S4 / S5 / S6 / S7 / S8 / S9 -->
| legal_AU = <!-- Unscheduled / S2 / S3 / S4 / S5 / S6 / S7 / S8 / S9 -->
| legal_CA = <!--            / Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII -->
| legal_CA = <!--            / Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII -->
| legal_UK = <!-- GSL        / P      / POM / CD / Class A, B, C -->
| legal_UK = POM
| legal_US = <!-- OTC                  / Rx-only / Schedule I, II, III, IV, V -->
| legal_US = Rx-only
| legal_status =   
| legal_status =   
| routes_of_administration = Intravenous
| routes_of_administration = Intravenous
Line 26: Line 262:
| metabolism =   
| metabolism =   
| elimination_half-life =   
| elimination_half-life =   
| excretion =
| excretion =


<!--Identifiers-->
<!--Identifiers-->
Line 34: Line 270:
| ATC_suffix = AB35
| ATC_suffix = AB35
| PubChem = 6918584
| PubChem = 6918584
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}}
| ChEBI = 90952
| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}
| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}
| DrugBank =   
| DrugBank =   
Line 47: Line 285:
| molecular_weight = 2178 g/mol
| molecular_weight = 2178 g/mol
|  smiles = [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].O=C([O-])CCSC[C@H]8O[C@@H]7O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O[C@@H]1CSCCC(=O)[O-])O[C@H]2[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O[C@@H]2CSCCC(=O)[O-])O[C@H]3[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O[C@@H]3CSCCC(=O)[O-])O[C@H]4[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O[C@@H]4CSCCC(=O)[O-])O[C@@H]9[C@H](O[C@H](O[C@H]5[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O[C@@H]5CSCCC(=O)[O-])O[C@H]6[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O[C@@H]6CSCCC([O-])=O)O[C@H]8[C@H](O)[C@H]7O)[C@H](O)[C@H]9O)CSCCC(=O)[O-]
|  smiles = [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].O=C([O-])CCSC[C@H]8O[C@@H]7O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O[C@@H]1CSCCC(=O)[O-])O[C@H]2[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O[C@@H]2CSCCC(=O)[O-])O[C@H]3[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O[C@@H]3CSCCC(=O)[O-])O[C@H]4[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O[C@@H]4CSCCC(=O)[O-])O[C@@H]9[C@H](O[C@H](O[C@H]5[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O[C@@H]5CSCCC(=O)[O-])O[C@H]6[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O[C@@H]6CSCCC([O-])=O)O[C@H]8[C@H](O)[C@H]7O)[C@H](O)[C@H]9O)CSCCC(=O)[O-]
|  InChI = 1/C72H112O48S8.8Na/c73-33(74)1-9-121-17-25-57-41(89)49(97)65(105-25)114-58-26(18-122-10-2-34(75)76)107-67(51(99)43(58)91)116-60-28(20-124-12-4-36(79)80)109-69(53(101)45(60)93)118-62-30(22-126-14-6-38(83)84)111-71(55(103)47(62)95)120-64-32(24-128-16-8-40(87)88)112-72(56(104)48(64)96)119-63-31(23-127-15-7-39(85)86)110-70(54(102)46(63)94)117-61-29(21-125-13-5-37(81)82)108-68(52(100)44(61)92)115-59-27(19-123-11-3-35(77)78)106-66(113-57)50(98)42(59)90;;;;;;;;/h25-32,41-72,89-104H,1-24H2,(H,73,74)(H,75,76)(H,77,78)(H,79,80)(H,81,82)(H,83,84)(H,85,86)(H,87,88);;;;;;;;/q;8*+1/p-8/t25-,26-,27-,28-,29-,30-,31-,32-,41-,42-,43-,44-,45-,46-,47-,48-,49-,50-,51-,52-,53-,54-,55-,56-,57-,58-,59-,60-,61-,62-,63-,64-,65-,66-,67-,68-,69-,70-,71-,72-;;;;;;;;/m1......../s1
|  InChIKey = KMGKABOMYQLLDJ-HYEGWRPHBL
|  StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}
|  StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/C72H112O48S8.8Na/c73-33(74)1-9-121-17-25-57-41(89)49(97)65(105-25)114-58-26(18-122-10-2-34(75)76)107-67(51(99)43(58)91)116-60-28(20-124-12-4-36(79)80)109-69(53(101)45(60)93)118-62-30(22-126-14-6-38(83)84)111-71(55(103)47(62)95)120-64-32(24-128-16-8-40(87)88)112-72(56(104)48(64)96)119-63-31(23-127-15-7-39(85)86)110-70(54(102)46(63)94)117-61-29(21-125-13-5-37(81)82)108-68(52(100)44(61)92)115-59-27(19-123-11-3-35(77)78)106-66(113-57)50(98)42(59)90;;;;;;;;/h25-32,41-72,89-104H,1-24H2,(H,73,74)(H,75,76)(H,77,78)(H,79,80)(H,81,82)(H,83,84)(H,85,86)(H,87,88);;;;;;;;/q;8*+1/p-8/t25-,26-,27-,28-,29-,30-,31-,32-,41-,42-,43-,44-,45-,46-,47-,48-,49-,50-,51-,52-,53-,54-,55-,56-,57-,58-,59-,60-,61-,62-,63-,64-,65-,66-,67-,68-,69-,70-,71-,72-;;;;;;;;/m1......../s1
| StdInChI = 1S/C72H112O48S8.8Na/c73-33(74)1-9-121-17-25-57-41(89)49(97)65(105-25)114-58-26(18-122-10-2-34(75)76)107-67(51(99)43(58)91)116-60-28(20-124-12-4-36(79)80)109-69(53(101)45(60)93)118-62-30(22-126-14-6-38(83)84)111-71(55(103)47(62)95)120-64-32(24-128-16-8-40(87)88)112-72(56(104)48(64)96)119-63-31(23-127-15-7-39(85)86)110-70(54(102)46(63)94)117-61-29(21-125-13-5-37(81)82)108-68(52(100)44(61)92)115-59-27(19-123-11-3-35(77)78)106-66(113-57)50(98)42(59)90;;;;;;;;/h25-32,41-72,89-104H,1-24H2,(H,73,74)(H,75,76)(H,77,78)(H,79,80)(H,81,82)(H,83,84)(H,85,86)(H,87,88);;;;;;;;/q;8*+1/p-8/t25-,26-,27-,28-,29-,30-,31-,32-,41-,42-,43-,44-,45-,46-,47-,48-,49-,50-,51-,52-,53-,54-,55-,56-,57-,58-,59-,60-,61-,62-,63-,64-,65-,66-,67-,68-,69-,70-,71-,72-;;;;;;;;/m1......../s1
Line 55: Line 291:
}}
}}


__Notoc__
|mechAction=
{{SI}}
Sugammadex is a modified gamma cyclodextrin. It forms a complex with the [[neuromuscular blocking agent]]s [[rocuronium]] and [[vecuronium]], and it reduces the amount of neuromuscular blocking agent available to bind to [[nicotinic cholinergic receptor]]s in the [[neuromuscular junction]]. This results in the reversal of neuromuscular blockade induced by rocuronium and vecuronium.
{{CMG}}
|structre=
Sugammadex injection, for intravenous use, contains sugammadex sodium, a modified gamma cyclodextrin chemically designated as 6A,6B,6C,6D,6E,6F,6G,6H-Octakis-S-(2-carboxyethyl)-6A,6B,6C,6D,6E,6F,6G,6H-octathio-γ-cyclodextrin sodium salt (1:8) with a molecular weight of 2178.01. The structural formula is:
 
[[File:su3.png|thumb|none|400px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
 
Sugammadex is supplied as a sterile, non-pyrogenic aqueous solution that is clear, colorless to slightly yellow-brown for [[intravenous]] injection only. Each mL contains 100 mg sugammadex, which is equivalent to 108.8 mg sugammadex sodium. The aqueous solution is adjusted to a [[pH]] of between 7 and 8 with [[hydrochloric acid]] and/or [[sodium hydroxide]]. The [[osmolality]] of the product is between 300 and 500 mOsmol/kg.
 
Sugammadex may contain up to 7 mg/mL of the mono OH-derivative of Sugammadex. This derivative is chemically designated as 6A,6B,6C,6D,6E,6F,6G-Heptakis-S-(2-carboxyethyl)-6A,6B,6C,6D,6E,6F,6G-heptathio-γ-cyclodextrin sodium salt (1:7) with a molecular weight of 2067.90. The structural formula is:
 
[[File:su4.png|thumb|none|400px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
 
|PD=
Sugammadex has been administered in doses ranging from 0.5 mg/kg to 16 mg/kg in dose response trials of [[rocuronium]]-induced blockade (0.6, 0.9, 1 and 1.2 mg/kg with and without maintenance doses) and [[vecuronium]]-induced blockade (0.1 mg/kg with or without maintenance doses) at different time points/depths of block. In these trials a clear dose-response relationship was observed.
 
Sugammadex may contain up to 7% of the mono OH-derivative of Sugammadex. In preclinical pharmacology studies, the mono OH-derivative was demonstrated to have ~50% of the affinity as Sugammadex for [[rocuronium]] and [[vecuronium]] and that product with up to 7% of the mono OH-derivative has nearly similar efficacy in reversing rocuronium- or vecuronium-induced blockade.
 
Although Sugammadex has greatest affinity for [[aminosteroid neuromuscular blocking agent]]s such as rocuronium and vecuronium, plasma levels of endogenous or exogenous compounds with a similar steroidal structure, such as some [[hormones]], [[hormonal contraceptives]], and [[pheromones]] may also be reduced following administration of Sugammadex.
 
:*[[Cardiac Electrophysiology]]


==Overview==
At a dose 2 times the maximum recommended dose, Sugammadex does not prolong the [[QTc interval]] to any clinically relevant extent.
|PK=
The Sugammadex [[pharmacokinetic]] parameters were calculated from the total sum of non-complex-bound and complex-bound concentrations of Sugammadex. Pharmacokinetic parameters as [[clearance]] and [[volume of distribution]] are assumed to be the same for non-complex-bound and complex-bound Sugammadex in anesthetized patients.


'''Sugammadex ''' ('''Org 25969''', tradename '''Bridion''') is an agent for reversal of [[neuromuscular blocking drugs|neuromuscular blockade]] by the agent [[rocuronium]] in [[general anaesthesia]]. It is the first [[selective relaxant binding agent]] (SRBA) .
:*[[Distribution]]


==History==
The observed steady-state [[volume of distribution]] of Sugammadex is approximately 11 to 14 liters in adult patients with normal [[renal function]] (based on conventional, non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis). Neither Sugammadex nor the complex of Sugammadex and [[rocuronium]] binds to [[plasma proteins]] or [[erythrocytes]], as was shown [[in vitro]] using male human plasma and whole blood. Sugammadex exhibits linear kinetics in the dosage range of 1 to 16 mg/kg when administered as an IV [[bolus]] dose.
Sugammadex was discovered at the [[Newhouse Research Site|Newhouse research site]] in [[Scotland]].<ref>Naguib M (2007). "Sugammadex: another milestone in clinical neuromuscular pharmacology.". ''Anesth Analg'' '''104'''(3): 575–81. PMID 17312211</ref>  These scientists who discovered Sugammadex worked for the pharmaceutical company Organon.  Organon was acquired by Schering-Plough in 2007; Schering-Plough merged with Merck in 2009. Sugammadex is now owned and sold by Merck.


On January 3, 2008, Schering-Plough submitted a [[New Drug Application]] to the US [[Food and Drug Administration]] for sugammadex, but the FDA rejected the application on August 2008.<ref>{{cite press release
In nonclinical drug distribution studies, Sugammadex is retained in sites of active mineralization, such as bone and teeth, with a mean [[half-life]] of 172 and 8 days, respectively.
  | title = U.S. FDA Issues Action Letter for Sugammadex
  | publisher = [[Schering-Plough]]
  | date = 2008-08-01
  | url = http://www.schering-plough.com/schering_plough/news/release.jsp?releaseID=1182475
  | accessdate = 2008-08-02
}}</ref>
It was approved for use in the [[European Union]] on July 29, 2008.<ref>{{cite press release
  | title = BRIDION(R) (sugammadex) Injection - First and Only Selective Relaxant Binding Agent - Approved in European Union
  | publisher = [[Schering-Plough]]
  | date = 2008-07-29
  | url = http://www.schering-plough.com/schering_plough/news/release.jsp?releaseID=1180933
  | accessdate = 2008-08-02
}}</ref>


==Mechanism of action ==
:*[[Metabolism]]
Sugammadex is a modified γ-[[cyclodextrin]], with a lipophilic core and a hydrophilic periphery. This gamma cyclodextrin has been modified from its natural state by placing eight carboxyl thio ether groups at the sixth carbon positions.  These extensions extend the cavity size allowing greater encapsulation of the rocuronium molecule. These negatively charged extensions electrostatically bind to the quaternary nitrogen of the target as well as contribute to the aqueous nature of the cyclodextrin. Sugammadex's binding encapsulation of rocuronium is one of the strongest among cyclodextrins and their guest molecules. The rocuronium molecule (a modified [[steroid]]) bound within sugammadex's lipophilic core, is rendered unavailable to bind to the [[acetylcholine receptor]] at the [[neuromuscular junction]]. <div class="thumb tleft" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #CCCCCC; margin:0em;">
{|border="0" width=475px border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font-size: 85%; border: 1px solid #CCCCCC; margin: 0.3em;"
|[[Image:Sugammadex encaps rocuronium.jpg|300px|Schematic diagram of sugammadex encapsulating a rocuronium molecule]]
||
|[[Image:Sugammadex sodium 3D three quarters view.png|left|160px]]
|}
<div style="border: none; width:480px;"><div class="thumbcaption">Left: Schematic of a sugammadex molecule encapsulating a rocuronium molecule.<br>Right: [[Space-filling model]] of a sugammadex sodium molecule in the same orientation.</div></div></div>


<!--Table adapted from DNA article, feel free to replace with cleaner one-->
In clinical studies, no [[metabolites]] of Sugammadex have been observed and only renal excretion of the unchanged product was observed as the route of elimination.


The main advantage of sugammadex is reversal of neuromuscular blockade without relying on inhibition of [[acetylcholinesterase]]. Therefore it does not cause the autonomic instability produced by anticholinesterases such as [[neostigmine]], and [[antimuscarinic]] agents such as [[atropine]] do not need to be co-administered. Its administration is therefore associated with much greater cardiovascular and autonomic stability than the traditional reversal agents.
:*[[Elimination]]


In addition, when a fast onset and short duration of muscle relaxant is required, there has been little choice previously apart from the use of [[suxamethonium]]. However, suxamethonium is not ideal, as it has some undesirable side effects, such as anaphylaxis, increasing serum potassium levels and other cardiovascular properties. Since, in high doses, rocuronium has a reasonably rapid onset and now can be reversed with sugammadex, it can potentially be used instead.
In adult anesthetized patients with normal [[renal function]], the elimination half-life (t1/2) of Sugammadex is about 2 hours and the estimated [[plasma clearance]] is about 88 mL/min (based on compartmental [[pharmacokinetic]] analysis). A mass balance study demonstrated that >90% of the dose was excreted within 24 hours. Ninety-six percent (96%) of the dose was excreted in urine, of which at least 95% could be attributed to unchanged Sugammadex. Excretion via feces or expired air was less than 0.02% of the dose. Administration of Sugammadex to healthy volunteers resulted in increased renal elimination of [[rocuronium]] in complex.


'Recurarisation', a phenomenon of recurrence of neuromuscular block, may occur where the reversal agents wear off before a neuromuscular blocking drug is completely cleared. This is very unusual with all but the longest acting neuromuscular blocking drugs (such as [[gallamine]], [[pancuronium]] or [[tubocurarine]]). It has been demonstrated to occur only rarely with sugammadex, and only when insufficient doses were administered.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Miller R |title=Sugammadex: an opportunity to change the practice of anesthesiology? |journal=Anesth Analg |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=477–8 |year=2007 |pmid=17312188 |doi=10.1213/01.ane.0000255645.64583.e8}}</ref>  The underlying mechanism is thought to be related to redistribution of relaxant after reversal. It may occur for a limited range of sugammadex doses which are sufficient for complex formation with relaxant in the central compartment, but insufficient for additional relaxant returning to central from peripheral compartments.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Eleveld DJ |title=A Temporary Decrease in Twitch Response During Reversal of Rocuronium-Induced Muscle Relaxation with a Small Dose of Sugammadex |journal=Anesth Analg |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=582–4 |year=2008 |pmid=17312212  |doi=10.1213/01.ane.0000250617.79166.7f |last2=Kuizenga |first2=K |last3=Proost |first3=JH |last4=Wierda |first4=JM}}</ref>
:*Patients with [[Renal Impairment]]


Sugammadex also has some affinity for other aminosteroid neuromuscular blocking agents such as [[vecuronium]] and [[pancuronium]]. Though sugammadex's affinity for vecuronium is lower than its affinity for rocuronium, reversal of vecuronium is still effective because fewer vecuronium molecules are present in vivo for equivalent blockade.  Vecuronium is approximately seven times more potent than rocuronium and overall requires fewer molecules to induce blockade. Sugammadex encapsulates with a 1:1 ratio and therefore will adequately reverse vecuronium as there are fewer molecules to bind compared to rocuronium.<ref>Welliver M (2006). "New drug sugammadex; A selective relaxant binding agent". ''AANA J'' '''74'''(5): 357–363. PMID 17048555</ref> Shallow Pancuronium blockade has been successfully reversed by sugammadex in phase III clinical trials.<ref>Decoopman M (2007). "Reversal of pancuronium-induced block by the selective relaxant binding agent sugammadex". ''Eur J Anaesthesiol.'' 24(Suppl 39)'':110-111.</ref>
Sugammadex is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney. The [[half-life]] of Sugammadex in patients with mild, moderate and severe renal impairment is 4, 6, and 19 hours, respectively.


==Efficacy==
In one study, exposure to Sugammadex was prolonged, leading to 17-fold higher overall exposure in patients with severe renal impairment. Low concentrations of sugammadex are detectable for at least 48 hours post-dose in patients with severe renal impairment.
A study was carried out in Europe looking at its suitability in [[rapid sequence induction]]. It found that sugammadex provides a rapid and dose-dependent reversal of neuromuscular blockade induced by high-dose [[rocuronium]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Pühringer FK, Rex C, Sielenkämper AW, ''et al.'' |title=Reversal of profound, high-dose rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade by sugammadex at two different time points: an international, multicenter, randomized, dose-finding, safety assessor-blinded, phase II trial |journal=Anesthesiology |volume=109 |issue=2 |pages=188–97 |date=August 2008 |pmid=18648227 |doi=10.1097/ALN.0b013e31817f5bc7 }}</ref>


A Cochrane systematic review on sugammadex has been recently published by Abrishami et al. This review article included 18 randomized controlled trials on the efficacy and safety of sugammadex. The trials included a total of 1321 patients. The review concluded that "sugammadex was shown to be more effective than placebo (no medication) or neostigmine in reversing muscle relaxation caused by neuromuscular blockade during surgery and is relatively safe. Serious complications occurred in less than 1% of the patients who received sugammadex. The results of this review article (especially the safety results) need to be confirmed by future trials on larger patient populations".<ref>{{cite journal |author=Abrishami A, Ho J, Wong J, Yin L, Chung F. |editor1-last=Abrishami |editor1-first=Amir|title=Sugammadex, a selective reversal medication for preventing postoperative residual neuromuscular blockade |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=4 |pages=CD007362 |date=October 2009 |pmid=19821409  |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD007362.pub2}}</ref>
In a second study comparing subjects with moderate or severe renal impairment to subjects with normal renal function, Sugammadex [[clearance]] progressively decreased and t1/2 was progressively prolonged with declining [[renal function]]. Exposure was 2-fold and 5-fold higher in subjects with moderate and severe renal impairment, respectively. Sugammadex concentrations were no longer detectable beyond 7 days post-dose in subjects with severe renal impairment.


==Tolerability==
:*Age: Geriatric Population
Sugammadex was generally well tolerated in clinical trials in surgical patients or healthy volunteers.  In pooled analyses, the tolerability profile of sugammadex was generally similar to that of placebo or neostigmine plus [[glycopyrrolate]].<ref name="sugamma">Yang LPH, Keam SJ.[http://adisonline.com/drugs/abstract/2009/69070/Sugammadex__A_Review_of_its_Use_in_Anaesthetic.8.aspx].Drugs 2009;69(7):919-942. {{doi|10.2165/00003495-200969070-00008}}.</ref>


==References==
Geriatric patients may have mild or moderate [[renal impairment]]. Population [[pharmacokinetic]] analysis indicated that, beyond the effects of a decreased [[creatinine clearance]], increased age has limited impact on Sugammadex PK parameters.
{{reflist}}


{{Antidotes}}
:*Sex


[[Category:Anesthesia]]
No [[pharmacokinetic]] differences between male and female subjects were observed.
[[Category:Polysaccharides]]
 
:*Race
 
In a study in healthy Japanese and Caucasian subjects no clinically relevant differences in [[pharmacokinetic]] parameters were observed. Limited data do not indicate differences in pharmacokinetic parameters in Black or African Americans.
 
|nonClinToxic=======[[Carcinogenesis]], [[Mutagenesis]], Impairment of Fertility======
:*[[Carcinogenesis]]
 
Long-term animal studies to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of Sugammadex have not been conducted.
 
:*[[Mutagenesis]]
 
Sugammadex and its mono OH-derivative tested negatively in [[in vitro]] bacterial reverse mutation assays ([[Ames test]]), in vitro [[chromosomal aberration]] assays in human [[peripheral blood]] [[lymphocytes]], and in vivo [[micronucleus assays]] in mice and rats.
 
:*Impairment of [[Fertility]]
 
A fertility and early embryonic development study in Sprague-Dawley rats in which male rats were treated daily for 29 days prior to mating and through the mating period and female rats were treated daily for 14 days prior to mating to Day 5 post-coitum via [[intravenous]] administration of Sugammadex at 20, 100, and 500 mg/kg (0.2, 1, and 6 times the MRHD of 16 mg/kg, respectively, based on [[AUC]] comparison) did not show adverse effects on fertility.
 
======Animal [[Toxicology]] and/or [[Pharmacology]]======
Bone and teeth retention of Sugammadex occurred in rats after intravenous injection, with mean [[half-lives]] of 172 and 8 days, respectively. Sugammadex bound to [[hydroxyapatite]] in an [[in vitro]] study and distributed in the bone formation area where hydroxyapatite is present for [[mineralization]] in vivo.
 
In adult rat bone toxicity studies, a single dose of Sugammadex at 2000 mg/kg (approximately 24 times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of 16 mg/kg by [[AUC]] comparison) administered to adult rats caused a slight increase in bone resorption, but had no effect on teeth color. No adverse bone effects were seen following a single dose of Sugammadex at 500 mg/kg (4 times the MRHD dose of 16 mg/kg based on plasma AUC comparison).
 
In a bone repair study, adult rats were treated with intravenous Sugammadex weekly for 6 weeks at 0, 30, 120, and 500 mg/kg (approximately 0.4, 1, and 6 times the MRHD, respectively, by [[AUC]] comparison). Based on [[histological]] data, high dose animals with post-fracture treatment, showed a statistically significant increase in [[callus]] formation and decrease in bone formation, suggesting a potential for a slight delay in the [[bone healing process]]. However there were no statistically significant effects on bone volume or bone mineral density.
 
In juvenile animal studies, bone and teeth deposition was significantly higher in juvenile rats compared to adults. In addition, Sugammadex administered to juvenile rats daily for 4 weeks caused slight bone length decrease (approximately 3%), which did not recover after an 8-week treatment-free period, and reversible whitish discoloration of the teeth at a dose approximately 0.6 times the MRHD, while weekly administration for 8 weeks did not produce similar changes in bone and teeth at doses up to 1.2 times the MRHD.
|clinicalStudies=
:*'''Controlled Clinical Studies'''
::*Comparative Study of Sugammadex versus [[Neostigmine]] as a Reversal Agent for [[Neuromuscular Blockade]] Induced by [[Rocuronium]] or [[Vecuronium]] at Reappearance of T2 (Moderate Blockade)
 
A multicenter, randomized, parallel-group, active-controlled, safety-assessor blinded study comparing Sugammadex and [[neostigmine]] enrolled 189 patients (87 women and 102 men, 95% were ASA class 1 and 2 and 99% were Caucasian, median weights were 72 kg and 76 kg and median ages were 50 years and 51 years in the [[rocuronium]] and [[vecuronium]] groups, respectively). Patients were randomly assigned to the rocuronium or vecuronium group and underwent elective surgical procedures under [[general anesthesia]] that required [[endotracheal intubation]] and maintenance of [[neuromuscular blockade]]. The surgical procedures were mainly [[endocrine]], [[ocular]], ENT, abdominal ([[gynecological]], [[colorectal]], [[urological]]), [[orthopedic]], [[vascular]], or [[dermatological]]. At the reappearance of T2, after the last dose of rocuronium or vecuronium, 2 mg/kg Sugammadex or 50 mcg/kg neostigmine was administered in a randomized order as a single [[bolus]] injection. The time from start of administration of Sugammadex or neostigmine to recovery of the TOF (T4/T1) ratio to 0.9 was assessed. Generally, a T4/T1 ratio ≥0.9 correlates with recovery from neuromuscular blockade.
 
Return of the T4/T1 ratio to 0.9 after the reappearance of T2 was overall faster with Sugammadex 2 mg/kg as compared to neostigmine 50 mcg/kg in the setting of rocuronium or vecuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade (Figures 1 and 2).
 
 
:*'''Figure 1: Time (Minutes) from Administration of Sugammadex or Neostigmine at the Reappearance of T2 after Rocuronium to Recovery of the T4/T1 Ratio to 0.9'''
[[File:figure1_su.png|thumb|none|400px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
 
 
:*'''Figure 2: Time (Minutes) from Administration of Sugammadex or Neostigmine at the Reappearance of T2 after Vecuronium to Recovery of the T4/T1 Ratio to 0.9'''
[[File:figure2_su.png|thumb|none|400px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
 
 
::*Comparative Study of Sugammadex versus [[Neostigmine]] as a Reversal Agent for [[Neuromuscular Blockade]] Induced by [[Rocuronium]] or [[Vecuronium]] at 1 to 2 PTCs (Deep Blockade)
 
A multicenter, randomized, parallel-group, active-controlled, safety-assessor blinded study comparing Sugammadex and neostigmine enrolled 157 patients (86 women and 71 men; 8% ASA class 1, 71% class 2, and 21% class 3; 79% Caucasian; median weights of 81 kg and 84 kg, and median ages of 54 years and 56 years in the rocuronium and vecuronium groups, respectively). Patients were randomly assigned to the rocuronium or vecuronium group and underwent elective surgical procedures under [[general anesthesia]] that required [[endotracheal intubation]] and maintenance of [[neuromuscular blockade]]. The surgical procedures were mainly abdominal ([[gynecological]], [[colorectal]], [[urological]]), [[orthopedic]], [[reconstructive]], or [[neurological]]. At 1 to 2 PTCs, after the last dose of rocuronium or vecuronium, 4 mg/kg Sugammadex or 70 mcg/kg neostigmine was administered in a randomized order as a single [[bolus]] injection. The time from start of administration of Sugammadex or neostigmine to recovery of the TOF (T4/T1) ratio to 0.9 was assessed, although neostigmine was not expected to reverse neuromuscular blockade at a depth of 1 to 2 PTCs. Generally, a T4/T1 ratio ≥0.9 correlates with recovery from neuromuscular blockade.
 
Return of the T4/T1 ratio to 0.9 in patients with 1 to 2 PTCs with Sugammadex 4 mg/kg had a wider range of recovery times but the median time to recovery was comparable to the study of reversal at T2 (2.7 minutes with 25th and 75th percentiles of 2.1 and 4.3 minutes for rocuronium [N=37], and 3.3 minutes with 25th and 75th percentiles of 2.3 and 6.6 minutes for vecuronium [N=47]). There were 7 and 6 censored observations in the rocuronium and vecuronium groups, respectively.
 
::*Reversal of [[Neuromuscular Blockade]] 3 Minutes after [[Rocuronium]] 1.2 mg/kg
 
Time to recovery from neuromuscular blockade induced by [[succinylcholine]] compared with recovery from neuromuscular blockade induced by rocuronium followed 3 minutes later with Sugammadex was assessed in a multicenter, randomized, parallel-group, active-controlled, safety-assessor blinded study. The study was conducted in 110 patients (64 women and 46 men, ASA class 1 and 2, 78% were Caucasian, median weight was 70 kg, median age was 43 years). Patients underwent [[elective surgical]] procedures under [[general anesthesia]] that required [[endotracheal intubation]] and a short duration of [[neuromuscular relaxation]]. The [[laparoscopic]] or [[open surgical procedures]] were mainly [[gynecological]], [[orthopedic]], or [[reconstructive]]. Return of the first twitch in a TOF (T1) to 10% of baseline was compared between Sugammadex 16 mg/kg for reversal of rocuronium 1.2 mg/kg versus spontaneous recovery from succinylcholine 1 mg/kg.
 
Recovery to T1 of 10% of baseline (relative to the time of administration of rocuronium or succinylcholine) was overall faster in the rocuronium/Sugammadex group compared with succinylcholine alone (Table 3).
 
:*'''Table 3: Time (minutes) from Start of Administration of Rocuronium or Succinylcholine to Recovery of T1 to 10% of Baseline'''
[[File:table3_su.png|thumb|none|400px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
<SMALL>BRIDION: Sugammadex's Brand name</SMALL>
 
|howSupplied=
 
:*Sugammadex 2-mL single-dose vials containing 200 mg Sugammadex (100 mg/mL)
Box of 10                        NDC 0006-5423-12
:*Sugammadex 5-mL single-dose vials containing 500 mg Sugammadex (100 mg/mL)
Box of 10                        NDC 0006-5423-15
 
The packaging of this product is not made with natural rubber latex.
 
|storage=
Store at 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted to 15°C to 30°C (59°F to 86°F). Protect from light. When not protected from light, the vial should be used within 5 days.
 
|packLabel=[[File:su5.png|thumb|none|400px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
|fdaPatientInfo=
Advise females of reproductive potential using [[hormonal contraceptives]] that Sugammadex may reduce the contraceptive effect. Instruct females to use an additional, non-hormonal method of [[contraception]] for the next 7 days following Sugammadex administration
|brandNames=BRIDION®
}}

Latest revision as of 21:30, 25 January 2017

Sugammadex
Adult Indications & Dosage
Pediatric Indications & Dosage
Contraindications
Warnings & Precautions
Adverse Reactions
Drug Interactions
Use in Specific Populations
Administration & Monitoring
Overdosage
Pharmacology
Clinical Studies
How Supplied
Images
Patient Counseling Information
Precautions with Alcohol
Brand Names
Look-Alike Names

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Martin Nino [2]

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Overview

Sugammadex is a modified gamma cyclodextrin that is FDA approved for the of reversal of neuromuscular blockade induced by rocuronium bromide and vecuronium bromide in adults undergoing surgery. Common adverse reactions include vomiting, pain, nausea, hypotension, and headache (≥10%).

Adult Indications and Dosage

FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Adult)

Indications

Sugammadex is indicated for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade induced by rocuronium bromide and vecuronium bromide in adults undergoing surgery.

Dosage

Sugammadex injection, for intravenous use, should be administered by trained healthcare providers familiar with the use, actions, characteristics, and complications of neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBA) and neuromuscular block reversal agents.

Doses and timing of Sugammadex administration should be based on monitoring for twitch responses and the extent of spontaneous recovery that has occurred.

Administer Sugammadex intravenously as a single bolus injection. The bolus injection may be given over 10 seconds, into an existing intravenous line. Sugammadex has only been administered as a single bolus injection in clinical trials.

From the time of Sugammadex administration until complete recovery of neuromuscular function, monitor the patient to assure adequate ventilation and maintenance of a patent airway. Satisfactory recovery should be determined through assessment of skeletal muscle tone and respiratory measurements in addition to the response to peripheral nerve stimulation.

The recommended dose of Sugammadex does not depend on the anesthetic regimen.

  • Recommended Dosing

Sugammadex can be used to reverse different levels of rocuronium- or vecuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade.

  • A dose of 4 mg/kg Sugammadex is recommended if spontaneous recovery of the twitch response has reached 1 to 2 post-tetanic counts (PTC) and there are no twitch responses to train-of-four (TOF) stimulation following rocuronium- or vecuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade.
  • A dose of 2 mg/kg Sugammadex is recommended if spontaneous recovery has reached the reappearance of the second twitch (T2) in response to TOF stimulation following rocuronium- or vecuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade.
  • A dose of 16 mg/kg Sugammadex is recommended if there is a clinical need to reverse neuromuscular blockade soon (approximately 3 minutes) after administration of a single dose of 1.2 mg/kg of rocuronium. The efficacy of the 16 mg/kg dose of Sugammadex following administration of vecuronium has not been studied.

Sugammadex dosing is based on actual body weight.

  • Drug Compatibility

May inject Sugammadex into the intravenous line of a running infusion with the following intravenous solutions:

Ensure the infusion line is adequately flushed (e.g., with 0.9% sodium chloride) between administration of Sugammadex and other drugs.

Do not mix Sugammadex with other products except those listed above.

Sugammadex is physically incompatible with verapamil, ondansetron, and ranitidine.

Visually inspect parenteral drug products for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever the solution and container permit.

Off-Label Use and Dosage (Adult)

Guideline-Supported Use

There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Sugammadex in adult patients.

Non–Guideline-Supported Use

There is limited information regarding Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use of Sugammadex in adult patients.

Pediatric Indications and Dosage

FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric)

The safety and efficacy of Sugammadex in pediatric patients have not been established.

Off-Label Use and Dosage (Pediatric)

Guideline-Supported Use

There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Sugammadex in pediatric patients.

Non–Guideline-Supported Use

There is limited information regarding Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use of Sugammadex in pediatric patients.

Contraindications

Sugammadex is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to Sugammadex or any of its components. Hypersensitivity reactions that occurred varied from isolated skin reactions to serious systemic reactions (i.e., anaphylaxis, anaphylactic shock) and have occurred in patients with no prior exposure to Sugammadex.

Warnings

Anaphylaxis and Hypersensitivity

Clinicians should be prepared for the possibility of drug hypersensitivity reactions (including anaphylactic reactions) and take the necessary precautions.

Potentially serious hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylaxis, have occurred in patients treated with Sugammadex. The nature and frequency of anaphylaxis and hypersensitivity associated with Sugammadex administration were evaluated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, repeat-dose study in which 375 subjects were randomized to receive 3 doses of Sugammadex IV with a 5 week washout period: 151 subjects received 4 mg/kg, 148 received 16 mg/kg and 76 received placebo. The frequency of anaphylaxis for the 299 healthy volunteers treated with intravenous Sugammadex was 0.3% (n=1 in the Sugammadex 16 mg/kg group on the first dose). Signs and symptoms included conjunctival edema, urticaria, erythema, swelling of the uvula and reduction in peak expiratory flow within 5 minutes of dose administration. The most common hypersensitivity adverse reactions reported were nausea, pruritus and urticaria and showed a dose response relationship, occurring more frequently in the 16 mg/kg group compared to the 4 mg/kg and placebo groups.

Anaphylaxis has also been reported in the post-marketing setting, including at doses less than 16 mg/kg. The most commonly described clinical features in reports of anaphylaxis were dermatologic symptoms (including urticaria, rash, erythema, flushing and skin eruption); and clinically important hypotension often requiring the use of vasopressors for circulatory support. In addition prolonged hospitalization and/or the use of additional respiratory support until full recovery (re-intubation, prolonged intubation, manual or mechanical ventilation) have been noted in a number of the anaphylaxis reports.

Marked Bradycardia

Cases of marked bradycardia, some of which have resulted in cardiac arrest, have been observed within minutes after the administration of Sugammadex. Patients should be closely monitored for hemodynamic changes during and after reversal of neuromuscular blockade. Treatment with anticholinergic agents, such as atropine, should be administered if clinically significant bradycardia is observed.

Respiratory Function Monitoring During Recovery

Ventilatory support is mandatory for patients until adequate spontaneous respiration is restored and the ability to maintain a patent airway is assured. Even if recovery from neuromuscular blockade is complete, other drugs used in the peri- and post-operative period could depress respiratory function and therefore ventilatory support might still be required.

Should neuromuscular blockade persist after Sugammadex administration or recur following extubation, take appropriate steps to provide adequate ventilation.

Risk of Prolonged Neuromuscular Blockade

In clinical trials, a small number of patients experienced a delayed or minimal response to the administration of Sugammadex. Thus, it is important to monitor ventilation until recovery occurs.

Waiting Times for Re-Administration of Neuromuscular Blocking Agents for Intubation Following Reversal with Sugammadex

A minimum waiting time is necessary before administration of a steroidal neuromuscular blocking agent after administration of Sugammadex.

  • Table 1: Re-administration of Rocuronium or Vecuronium after Reversal (up to 4 mg/kg Sugammadex)
This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.

When rocuronium 1.2 mg/kg is administered within 30 minutes after reversal with Sugammadex, the onset of neuromuscular blockade may be delayed up to approximately 4 minutes and the duration of neuromuscular blockade may be shortened up to approximately 15 minutes.

The recommended waiting time in patients with mild or moderate renal impairment for re-use of 0.6 mg/kg rocuronium or 0.1 mg/kg vecuronium after reversal with up to 4 mg/kg Sugammadex should be 24 hours. If a shorter waiting time is required, the rocuronium dose for a new neuromuscular blockade should be 1.2 mg/kg.

For re-administration of rocuronium or administration of vecuronium after reversal of rocuronium with 16 mg/kg Sugammadex, a waiting time of 24 hours is suggested.

If neuromuscular blockade is required before the recommended waiting time has elapsed, use a nonsteroidal neuromuscular blocking agent. The onset of a depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent might be slower than expected, because a substantial fraction of postjunctional nicotinic receptors can still be occupied by the neuromuscular blocking agent.

Interactions Potentially Affecting the Efficacy of Other Drugs

Due to the administration of Sugammadex, certain drugs, including hormonal contraceptives, could become less effective due to a lowering of the (free) plasma concentrations. In this situation, consider the re-administration of the other drug, the administration of a therapeutically equivalent drug (preferably from a different chemical class), and/or non-pharmacological interventions as appropriate.

Risk of Recurrence of Neuromuscular Blockade Due to Displacement Interactions

Recurrence of neuromuscular blockade may occur due to displacement of rocuronium or vecuronium from Sugammadex by other drugs. In this situation the patient may require mechanical ventilation. Administration of the drug which caused displacement should be stopped in case of an infusion. The risk of displacement reactions will be the highest in the time period equivalent to 3 times the half-life of Sugammadex.

Risk of Recurrence of Neuromuscular Blockade with Lower Than Recommended Dosing

The use of lower than recommended doses of Sugammadex may lead to an increased risk of recurrence of neuromuscular blockade after initial reversal and is not recommended.

Risk of Recurrence of Neuromuscular Blockade Due to the Administration of Drugs that Potentiate Neuromuscular Blockade

When drugs which potentiate neuromuscular blockade are used in the post-operative phase, special attention should be paid to the possibility of recurrence of neuromuscular blockade. Refer to the package insert for rocuronium or vecuronium for a list of the specific drugs which potentiate neuromuscular blockade. In case recurrence of neuromuscular blockade is observed, the patient may require mechanical ventilation.

Risk of Coagulopathy and Bleeding

Sugammadex doses up to 16 mg/kg were associated with increases in the coagulation parameters activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and prothrombin time/international normalized ratio [PT(INR)] of up to 25% for up to 1 hour in healthy volunteers.

In patients undergoing major orthopedic surgery of the lower extremity who were concomitantly treated with heparin or low molecular weight heparin for thromboprophylaxis, increases in aPTT and PT(INR) of 5.5% and 3.0%, respectively, were observed in the hour following Sugammadex 4 mg/kg administration. This clinical trial did not demonstrate an increased blood loss or anemia incidence with Sugammadex compared with usual treatment. The rate of adjudicated bleeding events within 24 hours was 2.9% for Sugammadex and 4.1% for usual care. The rate of post-operative anemia was 21% for Sugammadex and 22% for usual care. The mean 24-hour drainage volume was 0.46 L for Sugammadex and 0.48 L for usual care. The need for any post-operative transfusion was 37% for Sugammadex and 39% for usual care.

In vitro experiments demonstrated additional aPTT and PT(INR) prolongations for Sugammadex in combination with vitamin K antagonists, unfractionated heparin, low molecular weight heparinoids, rivaroxaban, and dabigatran up to ~25% and ~50% at Cmax levels of Sugammadex corresponding to 4 mg/kg and 16 mg/kg doses, respectively.

Since bleeding risk has been studied systematically with only heparin and low molecular weight heparin thromboprophylaxis and 4 mg/kg doses of Sugammadex coagulation parameters should be carefully monitored in patients with known coagulopathies, being treated with therapeutic anticoagulation, receiving thromboprophylaxis drugs other than heparin and low molecular weight heparin, or receiving thromboprophylaxis drugs and who then receive a dose of 16 mg/kg Sugammadex.

Renal Impairment

Sugammadex is not recommended for use in patients with severe renal impairment, including those requiring dialysis. With regard to the recommended waiting time for re-administration in patients with mild or moderate renal impairment, see Waiting Times for Re-administration of Neuromuscular Blocking Agents for Intubation Following Reversal with Sugammadex.

Light Anesthesia

When neuromuscular blockade was reversed intentionally in the middle of anesthesia in clinical trials, e.g., when investigating urgent reversal, signs of light anesthesia were noted occasionally (movement, coughing, grimacing and suckling of the tracheal tube).

Reversal after Rocuronium or Vecuronium Administration in the ICU

Sugammadex has not been studied for reversal following rocuronium or vecuronium administration in the ICU.

Reversal of Neuromuscular Blocking Agents Other Than Rocuronium or Vecuronium

Do not use BRIDION to reverse blockade induced by nonsteroidal neuromuscular blocking agents such as succinylcholine or benzylisoquinolinium compounds.

Do not use Sugammadex to reverse neuromuscular blockade induced by steroidal neuromuscular blocking agents other than rocuronium or vecuronium.

Adverse Reactions

Clinical Trials Experience

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.

The data described below reflect 2914 subjects exposed to 2, 4, or 16 mg/kg Sugammadex and 544 to placebo in pooled Phase 1-3 studies. The population was 18 to 92 years old, 47% male and 53% female, 34% ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) Class 1, 51% ASA Class 2, and 14% ASA Class 3, and 82% Caucasian. Most subjects received a single dose of Sugammadex 2 mg/kg or 4 mg/kg.

Adverse reactions reported in ≥10% of patients at a 2, 4, or 16 mg/kg Sugammadex dose with a rate higher than the placebo rate are: vomiting, pain, nausea, hypotension, and headache.

All adverse reactions occurring in ≥2% of subjects treated with Sugammadex and more often than placebo for adult subjects who received anesthesia and/or neuromuscular blocking agent in pooled Phase 1 to 3 studies are presented in Table 2.


  • Table 2: Percent of Subject Exposures in Pooled Phase 1 to 3 Studies with Adverse Reactions Incidence ≥ 2%
This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.


Hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylaxis, have occurred in both premarketing clinical trials and in post-marketing spontaneous reports. In a dedicated hypersensitivity study in healthy volunteers, the frequency of anaphylaxis was 0.3%. These reactions varied from isolated skin reactions to serious systemic reactions (i.e., anaphylaxis, anaphylactic shock) and have occurred in patients with no prior exposure to Sugammadex.

Symptoms associated with these reactions can include: flushing, urticaria, erythematous rash, (severe) hypotension, tachycardia, swelling of tongue, swelling of pharynx, bronchospasm and pulmonary obstructive events. Severe hypersensitivity reactions can be fatal.

A randomized, double-blind study examined the incidence of drug hypersensitivity reactions in healthy volunteers given up to 3 doses of placebo (N=76), Sugammadex 4 mg/kg (N=151) or Sugammadex 16 mg/kg (N=148). Reports of suspected hypersensitivity were adjudicated by a blinded committee. The incidence of adjudicated hypersensitivity was 1%, 7% and 9% in the placebo, Sugammadex 4 mg/kg and Sugammadex 16 mg/kg groups, respectively. There were no reports of anaphylaxis after placebo or Sugammadex 4 mg/kg. There was a single case of adjudicated anaphylaxis after the first dose of Sugammadex 16 mg/kg. The frequency of anaphylaxis for the 299 healthy volunteers treated with intravenous Sugammadex was 0.3%. There was no evidence of increased frequency or severity of hypersensitivity with repeat dosing.

In a previous study of similar design, there were three adjudicated cases of anaphylaxis, all after Sugammadex 16 mg/kg (incidence 1% in the 298 healthy volunteers treated with Sugammadex).

In clinical studies with subjects treated with rocuronium or vecuronium, where Sugammadex was administered using a dose labeled for the depth of neuromuscular blockade (N=2022), an incidence of <1% was observed for recurrence of neuromuscular blockade as based on neuromuscular monitoring or clinical evidence.

In one dedicated clinical trial and in post-marketing data, in patients with a history of pulmonary complications, bronchospasm was reported as a possibly related adverse event.

Postmarketing Experience

The following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of Sugammadex. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.

  • General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions: Cases of Sugammadex not having the intended effect.

Drug Interactions

  • Summary

The information reported in the next sections is based on binding affinity between Sugammadex and other drugs, preclinical experiments, clinical studies and simulations of a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) model. Based on these considerations, no clinically significant pharmacodynamic interactions with other drugs are expected, with the exception of toremifene and hormonal contraceptives.

  • Interactions Potentially Affecting the Efficacy of Sugammadex

For toremifene, which has a relatively high binding affinity for Sugammadex and for which relatively high plasma concentrations might be present, some displacement of vecuronium or rocuronium from the complex with Sugammadex could occur. The recovery to TOF ratio to 0.9 could therefore be delayed in patients who have received toremifene on the same day of surgery.

In vitro binding studies indicate that Sugammadex may bind to progestogen, thereby decreasing progestogen exposure. Therefore, the administration of a bolus dose of Sugammadex is considered to be equivalent to missing dose(s) of oral contraceptives containing an estrogen or progestogen. If an oral contraceptive is taken on the same day that Sugammadex is administered, the patient must use an additional, non-hormonal contraceptive method or back-up method of contraception (such as condoms and spermicides) for the next 7 days.

In the case of non-oral hormonal contraceptives, the patient must use an additional, non-hormonal contraceptive method or back-up method of contraception (such as condoms and spermicides) for the next 7 days.

  • Interference with Laboratory Tests

Sugammadex may interfere with the serum progesterone assay. Interference with this test was observed at Sugammadex plasma concentrations of 100 mcg/mL, which may be observed for up to 30 minutes after a 16 mg/kg dose.

Use in Specific Populations

Pregnancy

Pregnancy Category (FDA): N

  • Risk Summary

There are no data on Sugammadex use in pregnant women to inform any drug-associated risks. In animal reproduction studies, there was no evidence of teratogenicity following daily intravenous administration of Sugammadex to rats and rabbits during organogenesis at exposures of up to 6 and 8 times, respectively, the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of 16 mg/kg. However, there was an increase in the incidence of incomplete ossification of the sternebra and reduced fetal body weights in the rabbit study at 8 times the MRHD, which is a dose level in which maternal toxicity was also observed. In a pre- and postnatal development study, Sugammadex treatment resulted in an increase in early postnatal loss, which correlated with maternal behavior (increased incidence of pup cannibalism), at exposures equivalent to the MRHD and higher. The background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population are unknown. However, the background risk in the U.S. general population of major birth defects is 2-4% and of miscarriage is 15-20% of clinically recognized pregnancies.

  • Data
  • Animal Data

In an embryofetal development study in rats, pregnant animals received daily intravenous administration of Sugammadex at 0, 20, 100, and 500 mg/kg (0.2, 1, and 6-times the MRHD of 16 mg/kg/day, respectively, based on AUC comparison) during organogenesis (Gestational Days 6 - 17). No treatment-related maternal and embryofetal changes were observed.

In another embryofetal development study, pregnant New Zealand white rabbits received daily intravenous administration of Sugammadex at 0, 20, 65, 200 mg/kg (0.6, 2, and 8 times the MRHD, respectively, based on AUC comparison) during organogenesis (Gestational Days 6-18). Fetal body weight decreases (10 and 14%, respectively) were observed in the offspring at maternal doses of 65 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg. In addition, incomplete ossification of sternebra, and unossified 1st metacarpal were noted at a maternal dose of 200 mg/kg/day. Maternal toxicity was also observed at 200 mg/kg. Considering the observed effects of Sugammadex on bone, it is possible that these findings may be attributable to drug. There was no evidence of teratogenicity at any dose.

In a prenatal and postnatal development study, pregnant rats were administered Sugammadex intravenously at 0, 30, 120, and 500 mg/kg (0.3, 1, and 6 times the MRHD, respectively, based on AUC comparison) from Gestational Day (GD) 6 to Postnatal Day (PND) 21 (corresponding to the beginning of organogenesis through parturition and subsequent pup weaning). Postnatal loss during PND 1-4 was noted across control litters and treated litters from dams receiving Sugammadex as a result of pup cannibalization by dams. Overall incidence of affected litters was 2, 1, 4, and 3 litters, respectively, at 0, 30, 120, or 500 mg/kg/day. The reason for the increased cannibalization is not known. An effect of Sugammadex on steroidal hormones and/or pheromones cannot be ruled out. In addition, there were no drug-related effects on parturition in rats during evaluations for prenatal or postnatal development.
Pregnancy Category (AUS): There is no Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) guidance on usage of Sugammadex in women who are pregnant.

Labor and Delivery

There is no FDA guidance on use of Sugammadex during labor and delivery.

Nursing Mothers

  • Risk Summary

No data are available regarding the presence of Sugammadex in human milk, the effects of Sugammadex on the breast fed infant, or the effects of Sugammadex on milk production. However, Sugammadex is present in rat milk. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother's clinical need for Sugammadex and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed infant from Sugammadex or from the underlying maternal condition.

  • Data

In a milk excretion study in rat dams following single intravenous dose of 20 mg/kg Sugammadex on Postnatal Day 9, the maximum drug level was achieved at about 30 minutes after dosing with a ratio of milk to plasma level approximately 1:1. The oral exposure via milk did not induce effects on survival, body weight and physical or the behavioral developmental parameters monitored in rats in the prenatal and postnatal development studies.

Pediatric Use

The safety and efficacy of Sugammadex in pediatric patients have not been established.

  • Juvenile Animal Studies

In a bone deposition study, Sugammadex concentrations were significantly higher in juvenile rats compared to adult rats (13% vs. 3% of the administered dose, respectively) following a single intravenous (IV) dose at 30 mg/kg (0.3 times the MRHD based on adult AUC comparison).

In a juvenile animal bone toxicity study, 7-day old rats were dosed intravenously once daily for 28 days with 0, 30, 120, and 500 mg/kg Sugammadex (approximately 0.1, 0.6, and 3 times the MRHD, respectively, by adult AUC comparison). Sugammadex at 120 and 500 mg/kg decreased ulna and femur bone lengths by approximately 3%, which did not recover after an 8-week treatment-free period. Reversible whitish discoloration and disturbance of enamel formation were also observed in the incisors at these dose levels. In molars, this effect was only observed at 500 mg/kg. The no-observed-effect-level (NOEL) was 30 mg/kg.

In a second juvenile animal bone toxicity study, 7-day old rats were dosed once weekly for 8 weeks with 0, 7.5, 30, and 120 mg/kg (up to 1.2 times the MRHD of 16 mg/kg based on adult AUC comparison). No adverse effects on bone or teeth were noted.

Geriatic Use

Sugammadex has been administered in a dedicated clinical study to a total 102 geriatric patients that compared the time to recovery from neuromuscular blockade induced by rocuronium (0.6 mg/kg) following administration of 2 mg/kg Sugammadex given at the reappearance of T2 in 65-74 year-olds (N=62) and ≥75 year-olds (N=40) compared with 18-64 year-olds (N=48). The median time to recovery of the TOF (T4/T1) ratio to 0.9 in 18-64 year-olds was 2.2 minutes; in 65-74 year-olds it was 2.5 minutes, and in ≥75 year-olds it was 3.6 minutes. For time to recovery from neuromuscular blockade induced by rocuronium following administration of 4 mg/kg Sugammadex given at 1-2 PTCs, results across clinical trials revealed a median recovery of 2.5 minutes for geriatric patients (≥65 years, N=63) versus 2.0 minutes, for adults aged 18-64 years (N=359). Hence no dose adjustment is necessary in geriatric patients with normal organ function.

This drug is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of adverse reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection, and it may be useful to monitor renal function.

Gender

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Sugammadex with respect to specific gender populations.

Race

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Sugammadex with respect to specific racial populations.

Renal Impairment

This drug is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney. Effect of mild or moderate renal impairment (creatine clearance ≥30 and ≤80 mL/min) on Sugammadex PK and PD was obtained from a study in elderly patients. Although clearance of drug decreased in elderly subjects with mild and moderate renal impairment, there was no significant difference in the ability of Sugammadex to reverse the pharmacodynamic effect of rocuronium. Hence, no dosage adjustment is necessary for mild and moderate renal impairment. Sugammadex is not recommended for use in patients with severe renal impairment (creatine clearance <30 mL/min) due to insufficient safety information combined with the prolonged and increased overall exposure in these patients.

Hepatic Impairment

Sugammadex is not metabolized nor excreted by the liver; therefore, dedicated trials in patients with hepatic impairment have not been conducted. Exercise caution when administering Sugammadex to patients with hepatic impairment accompanied by coagulopathy or severe edema.

Females of Reproductive Potential and Males

  • Contraception

Upon administration of Sugammadex, the efficacy of hormonal contraceptives may be reduced for up to 7 days. Advise female patients of reproductive potential using hormonal contraceptives to use an additional, non-hormonal contraceptive for the next 7 days following Sugammadex administration.

Immunocompromised Patients

There is no FDA guidance one the use of Sugammadex in patients who are immunocompromised.

Pulmonary Patients

One trial of 77 patients who were diagnosed with or have a history of pulmonary complications investigated the time to recovery from neuromuscular blockade induced by rocuronium (0.6 mg/kg) following administration of 2 mg/kg or 4 mg/kg Sugammadex given at the first signs of recovery (reappearance of T2). The trial showed that for these patients the median time to recovery of the T4/T1 ratio to 0.9 was 2.1 minutes after a dose of 2 mg/kg Sugammadex and 1.9 minutes after a dose of 4 mg/kg Sugammadex. This is similar to the median values observed in the other trials; therefore, no dosage adjustment is necessary.

Administration and Monitoring

Administration

Sugammadex injection, for intravenous use, should be administered by trained healthcare providers familiar with the use, actions, characteristics, and complications of neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBA) and neuromuscular block reversal agents.

Doses and timing of Sugammadex administration should be based on monitoring for twitch responses and the extent of spontaneous recovery that has occurred.

Administer Sugammadex intravenously as a single bolus injection. The bolus injection may be given over 10 seconds, into an existing intravenous line. Sugammadex has only been administered as a single bolus injection in clinical trials.

From the time of Sugammadex administration until complete recovery of neuromuscular function, monitor the patient to assure adequate ventilation and maintenance of a patent airway. Satisfactory recovery should be determined through assessment of skeletal muscle tone and respiratory measurements in addition to the response to peripheral nerve stimulation.

The recommended dose of Sugammadex does not depend on the anesthetic regimen.

Monitoring

There is limited information regarding Sugammadex Monitoring in the drug label.

IV Compatibility

There is limited information regarding the compatibility of Sugammadex and IV administrations.

Overdosage

In premarketing clinical trials, one case of accidental overdose with 40 mg/kg Sugammadex was reported without significant effects.

Sugammadex can be removed using hemodialysis with a high-flux filter, but not with a low-flux filter. Based upon clinical studies, Sugammadex concentrations in plasma are reduced with a high-flux filter by about 70% after a 3- to 6-hour dialysis session.

Pharmacology

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Sugammadex
Systematic (IUPAC) name
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Identifiers
CAS number 343306-79-6
ATC code V03AB35
PubChem 6918584
Chemical data
Formula Template:OrganicBox atomTemplate:OrganicBox atomTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBox atomTemplate:OrganicBox atomTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBox atomTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBox 
Mol. mass 2178 g/mol
SMILES eMolecules & PubChem
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability ?
Metabolism ?
Half life ?
Excretion ?
Therapeutic considerations
Licence data

EU

Pregnancy cat.

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Legal status

POM(UK) [[Prescription drug|Template:Unicode-only]](US)

Routes Intravenous

Mechanism of Action

Sugammadex is a modified gamma cyclodextrin. It forms a complex with the neuromuscular blocking agents rocuronium and vecuronium, and it reduces the amount of neuromuscular blocking agent available to bind to nicotinic cholinergic receptors in the neuromuscular junction. This results in the reversal of neuromuscular blockade induced by rocuronium and vecuronium.

Structure

There is limited information regarding Sugammadex Structure in the drug label.

Pharmacodynamics

Sugammadex has been administered in doses ranging from 0.5 mg/kg to 16 mg/kg in dose response trials of rocuronium-induced blockade (0.6, 0.9, 1 and 1.2 mg/kg with and without maintenance doses) and vecuronium-induced blockade (0.1 mg/kg with or without maintenance doses) at different time points/depths of block. In these trials a clear dose-response relationship was observed.

Sugammadex may contain up to 7% of the mono OH-derivative of Sugammadex. In preclinical pharmacology studies, the mono OH-derivative was demonstrated to have ~50% of the affinity as Sugammadex for rocuronium and vecuronium and that product with up to 7% of the mono OH-derivative has nearly similar efficacy in reversing rocuronium- or vecuronium-induced blockade.

Although Sugammadex has greatest affinity for aminosteroid neuromuscular blocking agents such as rocuronium and vecuronium, plasma levels of endogenous or exogenous compounds with a similar steroidal structure, such as some hormones, hormonal contraceptives, and pheromones may also be reduced following administration of Sugammadex.

At a dose 2 times the maximum recommended dose, Sugammadex does not prolong the QTc interval to any clinically relevant extent.

Pharmacokinetics

The Sugammadex pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated from the total sum of non-complex-bound and complex-bound concentrations of Sugammadex. Pharmacokinetic parameters as clearance and volume of distribution are assumed to be the same for non-complex-bound and complex-bound Sugammadex in anesthetized patients.

The observed steady-state volume of distribution of Sugammadex is approximately 11 to 14 liters in adult patients with normal renal function (based on conventional, non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis). Neither Sugammadex nor the complex of Sugammadex and rocuronium binds to plasma proteins or erythrocytes, as was shown in vitro using male human plasma and whole blood. Sugammadex exhibits linear kinetics in the dosage range of 1 to 16 mg/kg when administered as an IV bolus dose.

In nonclinical drug distribution studies, Sugammadex is retained in sites of active mineralization, such as bone and teeth, with a mean half-life of 172 and 8 days, respectively.

In clinical studies, no metabolites of Sugammadex have been observed and only renal excretion of the unchanged product was observed as the route of elimination.

In adult anesthetized patients with normal renal function, the elimination half-life (t1/2) of Sugammadex is about 2 hours and the estimated plasma clearance is about 88 mL/min (based on compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis). A mass balance study demonstrated that >90% of the dose was excreted within 24 hours. Ninety-six percent (96%) of the dose was excreted in urine, of which at least 95% could be attributed to unchanged Sugammadex. Excretion via feces or expired air was less than 0.02% of the dose. Administration of Sugammadex to healthy volunteers resulted in increased renal elimination of rocuronium in complex.

Sugammadex is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney. The half-life of Sugammadex in patients with mild, moderate and severe renal impairment is 4, 6, and 19 hours, respectively.

In one study, exposure to Sugammadex was prolonged, leading to 17-fold higher overall exposure in patients with severe renal impairment. Low concentrations of sugammadex are detectable for at least 48 hours post-dose in patients with severe renal impairment.

In a second study comparing subjects with moderate or severe renal impairment to subjects with normal renal function, Sugammadex clearance progressively decreased and t1/2 was progressively prolonged with declining renal function. Exposure was 2-fold and 5-fold higher in subjects with moderate and severe renal impairment, respectively. Sugammadex concentrations were no longer detectable beyond 7 days post-dose in subjects with severe renal impairment.

  • Age: Geriatric Population

Geriatric patients may have mild or moderate renal impairment. Population pharmacokinetic analysis indicated that, beyond the effects of a decreased creatinine clearance, increased age has limited impact on Sugammadex PK parameters.

  • Sex

No pharmacokinetic differences between male and female subjects were observed.

  • Race

In a study in healthy Japanese and Caucasian subjects no clinically relevant differences in pharmacokinetic parameters were observed. Limited data do not indicate differences in pharmacokinetic parameters in Black or African Americans.

Nonclinical Toxicology

Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

Long-term animal studies to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of Sugammadex have not been conducted.

Sugammadex and its mono OH-derivative tested negatively in in vitro bacterial reverse mutation assays (Ames test), in vitro chromosomal aberration assays in human peripheral blood lymphocytes, and in vivo micronucleus assays in mice and rats.

A fertility and early embryonic development study in Sprague-Dawley rats in which male rats were treated daily for 29 days prior to mating and through the mating period and female rats were treated daily for 14 days prior to mating to Day 5 post-coitum via intravenous administration of Sugammadex at 20, 100, and 500 mg/kg (0.2, 1, and 6 times the MRHD of 16 mg/kg, respectively, based on AUC comparison) did not show adverse effects on fertility.

Animal Toxicology and/or Pharmacology

Bone and teeth retention of Sugammadex occurred in rats after intravenous injection, with mean half-lives of 172 and 8 days, respectively. Sugammadex bound to hydroxyapatite in an in vitro study and distributed in the bone formation area where hydroxyapatite is present for mineralization in vivo.

In adult rat bone toxicity studies, a single dose of Sugammadex at 2000 mg/kg (approximately 24 times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of 16 mg/kg by AUC comparison) administered to adult rats caused a slight increase in bone resorption, but had no effect on teeth color. No adverse bone effects were seen following a single dose of Sugammadex at 500 mg/kg (4 times the MRHD dose of 16 mg/kg based on plasma AUC comparison).

In a bone repair study, adult rats were treated with intravenous Sugammadex weekly for 6 weeks at 0, 30, 120, and 500 mg/kg (approximately 0.4, 1, and 6 times the MRHD, respectively, by AUC comparison). Based on histological data, high dose animals with post-fracture treatment, showed a statistically significant increase in callus formation and decrease in bone formation, suggesting a potential for a slight delay in the bone healing process. However there were no statistically significant effects on bone volume or bone mineral density.

In juvenile animal studies, bone and teeth deposition was significantly higher in juvenile rats compared to adults. In addition, Sugammadex administered to juvenile rats daily for 4 weeks caused slight bone length decrease (approximately 3%), which did not recover after an 8-week treatment-free period, and reversible whitish discoloration of the teeth at a dose approximately 0.6 times the MRHD, while weekly administration for 8 weeks did not produce similar changes in bone and teeth at doses up to 1.2 times the MRHD.

Clinical Studies

  • Controlled Clinical Studies

A multicenter, randomized, parallel-group, active-controlled, safety-assessor blinded study comparing Sugammadex and neostigmine enrolled 189 patients (87 women and 102 men, 95% were ASA class 1 and 2 and 99% were Caucasian, median weights were 72 kg and 76 kg and median ages were 50 years and 51 years in the rocuronium and vecuronium groups, respectively). Patients were randomly assigned to the rocuronium or vecuronium group and underwent elective surgical procedures under general anesthesia that required endotracheal intubation and maintenance of neuromuscular blockade. The surgical procedures were mainly endocrine, ocular, ENT, abdominal (gynecological, colorectal, urological), orthopedic, vascular, or dermatological. At the reappearance of T2, after the last dose of rocuronium or vecuronium, 2 mg/kg Sugammadex or 50 mcg/kg neostigmine was administered in a randomized order as a single bolus injection. The time from start of administration of Sugammadex or neostigmine to recovery of the TOF (T4/T1) ratio to 0.9 was assessed. Generally, a T4/T1 ratio ≥0.9 correlates with recovery from neuromuscular blockade.

Return of the T4/T1 ratio to 0.9 after the reappearance of T2 was overall faster with Sugammadex 2 mg/kg as compared to neostigmine 50 mcg/kg in the setting of rocuronium or vecuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade (Figures 1 and 2).


  • Figure 1: Time (Minutes) from Administration of Sugammadex or Neostigmine at the Reappearance of T2 after Rocuronium to Recovery of the T4/T1 Ratio to 0.9
This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.


  • Figure 2: Time (Minutes) from Administration of Sugammadex or Neostigmine at the Reappearance of T2 after Vecuronium to Recovery of the T4/T1 Ratio to 0.9
This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.


A multicenter, randomized, parallel-group, active-controlled, safety-assessor blinded study comparing Sugammadex and neostigmine enrolled 157 patients (86 women and 71 men; 8% ASA class 1, 71% class 2, and 21% class 3; 79% Caucasian; median weights of 81 kg and 84 kg, and median ages of 54 years and 56 years in the rocuronium and vecuronium groups, respectively). Patients were randomly assigned to the rocuronium or vecuronium group and underwent elective surgical procedures under general anesthesia that required endotracheal intubation and maintenance of neuromuscular blockade. The surgical procedures were mainly abdominal (gynecological, colorectal, urological), orthopedic, reconstructive, or neurological. At 1 to 2 PTCs, after the last dose of rocuronium or vecuronium, 4 mg/kg Sugammadex or 70 mcg/kg neostigmine was administered in a randomized order as a single bolus injection. The time from start of administration of Sugammadex or neostigmine to recovery of the TOF (T4/T1) ratio to 0.9 was assessed, although neostigmine was not expected to reverse neuromuscular blockade at a depth of 1 to 2 PTCs. Generally, a T4/T1 ratio ≥0.9 correlates with recovery from neuromuscular blockade.

Return of the T4/T1 ratio to 0.9 in patients with 1 to 2 PTCs with Sugammadex 4 mg/kg had a wider range of recovery times but the median time to recovery was comparable to the study of reversal at T2 (2.7 minutes with 25th and 75th percentiles of 2.1 and 4.3 minutes for rocuronium [N=37], and 3.3 minutes with 25th and 75th percentiles of 2.3 and 6.6 minutes for vecuronium [N=47]). There were 7 and 6 censored observations in the rocuronium and vecuronium groups, respectively.

Time to recovery from neuromuscular blockade induced by succinylcholine compared with recovery from neuromuscular blockade induced by rocuronium followed 3 minutes later with Sugammadex was assessed in a multicenter, randomized, parallel-group, active-controlled, safety-assessor blinded study. The study was conducted in 110 patients (64 women and 46 men, ASA class 1 and 2, 78% were Caucasian, median weight was 70 kg, median age was 43 years). Patients underwent elective surgical procedures under general anesthesia that required endotracheal intubation and a short duration of neuromuscular relaxation. The laparoscopic or open surgical procedures were mainly gynecological, orthopedic, or reconstructive. Return of the first twitch in a TOF (T1) to 10% of baseline was compared between Sugammadex 16 mg/kg for reversal of rocuronium 1.2 mg/kg versus spontaneous recovery from succinylcholine 1 mg/kg.

Recovery to T1 of 10% of baseline (relative to the time of administration of rocuronium or succinylcholine) was overall faster in the rocuronium/Sugammadex group compared with succinylcholine alone (Table 3).

  • Table 3: Time (minutes) from Start of Administration of Rocuronium or Succinylcholine to Recovery of T1 to 10% of Baseline
This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.

BRIDION: Sugammadex's Brand name

How Supplied

  • Sugammadex 2-mL single-dose vials containing 200 mg Sugammadex (100 mg/mL)

Box of 10 NDC 0006-5423-12

  • Sugammadex 5-mL single-dose vials containing 500 mg Sugammadex (100 mg/mL)

Box of 10 NDC 0006-5423-15

The packaging of this product is not made with natural rubber latex.

Storage

Store at 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted to 15°C to 30°C (59°F to 86°F). Protect from light. When not protected from light, the vial should be used within 5 days.

Images

Drug Images

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Package and Label Display Panel

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Patient Counseling Information

Advise females of reproductive potential using hormonal contraceptives that Sugammadex may reduce the contraceptive effect. Instruct females to use an additional, non-hormonal method of contraception for the next 7 days following Sugammadex administration

Precautions with Alcohol

Alcohol-Sugammadex interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor regarding the effects of taking alcohol with this medication.

Brand Names

BRIDION®

Look-Alike Drug Names

There is limited information regarding Sugammadex Look-Alike Drug Names in the drug label.

Drug Shortage Status

Price

References

The contents of this FDA label are provided by the National Library of Medicine.

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