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| ==Overview== | | <div class="mw-customtoggle-x1" style="cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; color: #0645AD;"> |
| Vaccination is the administration of agent-specific, but relatively harmless, [[antigenic]] components that in vaccinated individuals can induce protective [[immunity]] against the corresponding [[infectious agent]]. In practice, the terms '''vaccination''' and '''immunization''' are often used interchangeably. Vaccination is highly effective to prevent some particular infections. Vaccines are safe with minimal adverse reactions. vaccination can prevents illness, disability and death from vaccine-preventable diseases including [[cervical cancer]], [[diphtheria]], [[hepatitis B]], [[measles]], [[mumps]], [[pertussis]], [[pneumonia]], [[polio]], [[rotavirus]] diarrhea, [[rubella]] and [[tetanus]]. Vaccines help develop [[immunity]] by imitating an infection. This type of infection, however, does not cause illness, but it does cause the [[immune system]] to produce [[T-lymphocytes]] and [[antibodies]]. Immunization currently averts an estimated 2 to 3 million deaths every year. An additional 1.5 million deaths could be avoided, however, if global vaccination coverage improves. An estimated 19.4 million infants worldwide are still missing out on basic vaccines. The material administrated as vaccine, can either be live, but weakened forms of [[pathogens]] such as [[bacteria]] or [[viruses]], killed or inactivated forms of these pathogens, or purified material such as [[proteins]].<br>
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| [[Benjamin Jesty]] is notable as perhaps the first person recorded to have [[vaccinated]] with [[cowpox]] in order to artificially induce immunity to [[smallpox]] in the [[epidemic]] of 1774. The term [[vaccination]] was first used by [[Edward Jenner]] an English physician 22 years later in 1796. [[Pasteur|Louis Pasteur]] further adapted in his pioneering work in microbiology. Vaccination (''vacca'' in [[latin]] means ''cow'') is so named because the first [[vaccine]] was derived from a [[virus (biology)|virus]] affecting cow, the relatively benign [[cowpox]] virus, which provides a degree of immunity to [[smallpox]], a contagious and deadly disease which, the World Health Organization coordinated the global effort to eradicate this disease. The last naturally occurring case of smallpox occurred in Somalia in 1977.
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| ==Classification==
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| ===Passive immunization===
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| Passive immunization is a method of disease prevention by transferring pre-made antibodies to a person at risk of acquiring a certain disease. Although, this type of immunity could be acquired naturally , during pregnancy by trans-placental maternal antibodies' transfer to the fetus. Artificial passive immunization is normally given by pre-made immunoglobulins to a person at risk of acquiring a certain disease.
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| ====Human immune globulin (IG)==== | | <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-x1"> |
| Human immune globulin is obtained from normal persons and is a concentrated solution of antibodies mainly, IgG antibodies. Human immune globulin is given intra-muscular (IM). Up to 48 hours is required for IGs to reach the maximum serum concentration and their half-life is about 3 weeks. The sooner administration the more effective prevention. IGs only provide temporary protection. Diseases with available human immune globulins include:
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| *Hepatitis A
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| *Measles
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| *Immunoglobulin deficiency
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| *Varicella (in immunocompromised patients when varicella-zoster IG is unavailable)
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| *Rubella exposure during the 1st trimester of pregnancy
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| =====IV immune globulin (IVIG)=====
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| IV immune globulin contains larger amounts of human immune globulin and it administers via IV route. Diseases that may be prevented or ameliorated by using IVIGs include:
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| *Kawasaki disease
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| *HIV infection in children
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| *Chronic B-cell lymphocytic leukemia
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| *Primary immunodeficiencies
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| *Immune thrombocytopenia
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| *Prevention of graft-vs-host disease
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| =====Subcutaneous immune globulin (SCIG)=====
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| Subcutaneous immune globulin (SCIG) is prepared for home based use especially for persons affected by primary immunodeficiency.
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| ====Hyperimmune globulin====
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| Hyperimmune globulin is derived of a person's plasma containing large amounts of antibodies. These persons are whom convalescing from natural infections or donors artificially immunized. Hyperimmune globulins are available for cytomegalovirus, varicella-zoster, hepatitis B, infant botulism, rabies, and tetanus.
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| ====Monoclonal antibodies==== | | </div> |
| Specific monoclonal antibodies can be used against infections. The only current available is, palivizumab which is active against RSV.
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