|
|
| (46 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| ==Overview==
| | <div class="mw-customtoggle-x1" style="cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; color: #0645AD;"> |
| Vaccination is the administration of agent-specific, but relatively harmless, [[antigenic]] components that in vaccinated individuals can induce protective [[immunity]] against the corresponding [[infectious agent]]. In practice, the terms '''vaccination''' and '''immunization''' are often used interchangeably. Vaccination is highly effective to prevent some particular infections. Vaccines are safe with minimal adverse reactions. vaccination can prevents illness, disability and death from vaccine-preventable diseases including [[cervical cancer]], [[diphtheria]], [[hepatitis B]], [[measles]], [[mumps]], [[pertussis]], [[pneumonia]], [[polio]], [[rotavirus]] diarrhea, [[rubella]] and [[tetanus]]. Vaccines help develop [[immunity]] by imitating an infection. This type of infection, however, does not cause illness, but it does cause the [[immune system]] to produce [[T-lymphocytes]] and [[antibodies]]. Immunization currently averts an estimated 2 to 3 million deaths every year. An additional 1.5 million deaths could be avoided, however, if global vaccination coverage improves. An estimated 19.4 million infants worldwide are still missing out on basic vaccines. The material administrated as vaccine, can either be live, but weakened forms of [[pathogens]] such as [[bacteria]] or [[viruses]], killed or inactivated forms of these pathogens, or purified material such as [[proteins]].<br>
| |
| [[Benjamin Jesty]] is notable as perhaps the first person recorded to have [[vaccinated]] with [[cowpox]] in order to artificially induce immunity to [[smallpox]] in the [[epidemic]] of 1774. The term [[vaccination]] was first used by [[Edward Jenner]] an English physician 22 years later in 1796. [[Pasteur|Louis Pasteur]] further adapted in his pioneering work in microbiology. Vaccination (''vacca'' in [[latin]] means ''cow'') is so named because the first [[vaccine]] was derived from a [[virus (biology)|virus]] affecting cow, the relatively benign [[cowpox]] virus, which provides a degree of immunity to [[smallpox]], a contagious and deadly disease which, the World Health Organization coordinated the global effort to eradicate this disease. The last naturally occurring case of smallpox occurred in Somalia in 1977.
| |
| ==Classification== | |
| <br><br>
| |
| {{familytree/start}}
| |
| {{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | |A01=Immunization}}
| |
| {{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| }}
| |
| {{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | B01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | B02 |B01='''Passive'''|B02='''Active (vaccination)'''}}
| |
| {{familytree | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|.|}}
| |
| {{familytree | | | | | C01 | | | | C02 | | | | C03 | | | | | C04 | | | C05 | | | C06 | | | C07 | | | C08 |C01=Human immune globulin (IG)|C02=Hyperimmune globulin|C03=Monoclonal antibodies|C04=Live, attenuated vaccines|C05=Inactivated vaccines|C06=Toxoid vaccines|C07=Subunit vaccines|C08=Conjugate vaccines|}}
| |
| {{familytree | | |,|-|-|^|-|-|.| | | | | | }}
| |
| {{familytree | | D01 | | | | D02 |D01=IV immune globulin (IVIG)|D02=Subcutaneous immune globulin (SCIG)|}}
| |
| {{familytree/end}}
| |
|
| |
|
| | CLICK HERE TO SEE THE CORRECTION |
|
| |
|
| | </div> |
|
| |
|
| ===Passive immunization=== | | <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-x1"> |
| Passive immunization is a method of disease prevention by transferring pre-made [[antibodies]] to a person at risk of acquiring a certain disease. Although, this type of immunity could be acquired naturally , during [[pregnancy]] by trans-placental maternal antibodies' transfer to the fetus. Artificial passive immunization is normally given by pre-made [[immunoglobulins]] to a person at risk of acquiring a certain disease.
| | |
| ====Human immune globulin (IG)====
| | [[image:Passage-4.gif]] |
| Human immune globulin is obtained from normal persons and is a concentrated solution of [[antibodies]] mainly, [[IgG]] antibodies. Human immune globulin is given [[Intramuscular|intra-muscular]] (IM). Up to 48 hours is required for IGs to reach the maximum serum concentration and their half-life is about 3 weeks. The sooner administration the more effective prevention. IGs only provide temporary protection. Diseases with available human immune globulins include:
| | <br clear="left"/> |
| *[[Hepatitis A]]
| | |
| *[[Measles]]
| | </div> |
| *[[Primary immunodeficiency|Immunoglobulin deficiency]]
| | |
| *[[Varicella]] (in [[immunocompromised]] patients when [[varicella-zoster]] IG is unavailable)
| | |
| *[[Rubella]] exposure during the 1st trimester of [[pregnancy]]
| | <div class="mw-customtoggle-x1" style="cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; color: #0645AD;"> |
| =====IV immune globulin (IVIG)===== | | |
| IV immune globulin contains larger amounts of human immune globulin and it administers via [[IV]] route. Diseases that may be prevented or ameliorated by using IVIGs include:
| | CLICK HERE TO SEE THE CORRECTION |
| *[[Kawasaki disease]]
| | |
| *[[HIV]] infection in children
| | </div> |
| *[[Chronic lymphocytic leukemia|Chronic B-cell lymphocytic leukemia]]
| | |
| *[[Primary immunodeficiency|Primary immunodeficiencies]]
| | <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-x1"> |
| *[[Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura|Immune thrombocytopenia]]
| | |
| *Prevention of [[Graft-versus-host disease|graft-vs-host disease]]
| | [[image:Passage-6.gif]] |
| =====Subcutaneous immune globulin (SCIG)=====
| | <br clear="left"/> |
| Subcutaneous immune globulin (SCIG) is prepared for home based use especially for persons affected by [[primary immunodeficiency]].
| | |
| ====Hyperimmune globulin====
| | </div> |
| Hyperimmune globulin is derived of a person's [[plasma]] containing large amounts of [[antibodies]]. These persons are whom convalescing from natural infections or donors artificially immunized. Hyperimmune globulins are available for [[cytomegalovirus]], [[varicella-zoster]], [[hepatitis B]], infant [[botulism]], [[rabies]], and [[tetanus]].
| |
| ====Monoclonal antibodies====
| |
| Specific monoclonal antibodies can be used against infections. The only current available is, [[palivizumab]] which is active against [[RSV]].
| |
| ===Active immunization=== | |
| ===Live attenuated vaccines===
| |
| Live attenuated vaccines are produced by modifying a disease-producing (wild) virus or bacterium in a laboratory. The resulting vaccine organism retains the ability to replicate and produce immunity, but usually does not cause illness. These vaccines are produced by growing the virus in tissue cultures that will select for less virulent strains, or by mutagenesis or targeted deletions in genes required for virulence. Attenuated vaccines also cannot be used by immunocompromised individuals. Examples of live, attenuated vaccines include measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (MMR) and varicella (chickenpox) vaccine.
| |
