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| ==Overview==
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| Vaccination is the administration of agent-specific, but relatively harmless, [[antigenic]] components that in vaccinated individuals can induce protective [[immunity]] against the corresponding [[infectious agent]]. In practice, the terms '''vaccination''' and '''immunization''' are often used interchangeably. Vaccination is highly effective to prevent some particular infections. Vaccines are safe with minimal adverse reactions. vaccination can prevents illness, disability and death from vaccine-preventable diseases including [[cervical cancer]], [[diphtheria]], [[hepatitis B]], [[measles]], [[mumps]], [[pertussis]], [[pneumonia]], [[polio]], [[rotavirus]] diarrhea, [[rubella]] and [[tetanus]]. Vaccines help develop [[immunity]] by imitating an infection. This type of infection, however, does not cause illness, but it does cause the [[immune system]] to produce [[T-lymphocytes]] and [[antibodies]]. Immunization currently averts an estimated 2 to 3 million deaths every year. An additional 1.5 million deaths could be avoided, however, if global vaccination coverage improves. An estimated 19.4 million infants worldwide are still missing out on basic vaccines. The material administrated as vaccine, can either be live, but weakened forms of [[pathogens]] such as [[bacteria]] or [[viruses]], killed or inactivated forms of these pathogens, or purified material such as [[proteins]].<br>
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| [[Benjamin Jesty]] is notable as perhaps the first person recorded to have [[vaccinated]] with [[cowpox]] in order to artificially induce immunity to [[smallpox]] in the [[epidemic]] of 1774. The term [[vaccination]] was first used by [[Edward Jenner]] an English physician 22 years later in 1796. [[Pasteur|Louis Pasteur]] further adapted in his pioneering work in microbiology. Vaccination (''vacca'' in [[latin]] means ''cow'') is so named because the first [[vaccine]] was derived from a [[virus (biology)|virus]] affecting cow, the relatively benign [[cowpox]] virus, which provides a degree of immunity to [[smallpox]], a contagious and deadly disease which, the World Health Organization coordinated the global effort to eradicate this disease. The last naturally occurring case of smallpox occurred in Somalia in 1977.
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| ==Vaccine preventable diseases==
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| {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
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| |+'''Characteristics of diseases vaccinated against in most vaccine schedules<ref name= "WHO">[http://www.who.int/immunization/topics/en/ '''Estimated''' Incidence/deaths] World Health Organization ''Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals'' Year 2000 data </ref><ref name= "CDC1">[http://www.cdc.gov/nip/publications/pink/Appendices/appdx-full-g.pdf '''Reported''' cases/deaths (pdf)] CDC "Pink Pages", Year 2002 data </ref><ref name=UK1>[http://www.immunisation.nhs.uk/article.php?id=91 '''Reported''' cases/deaths] NHS Immunisation Information, Year 2000 data (unless noted)</ref><ref>[http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs286/en/ See also: Estimated regional measles deaths (with uncertainty bounds)] Fact sheet N°286 (2004). The World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF. Revised March 2006.</ref><ref name= "WHO2005">(2005 data) Polio is endemic in only four countries; Nigeria, India, Afghanistan and Pakistan</ref><ref>(year 2000: due to [[neonatal tetanus]] from non-sterile delivery and/or umbilical severing tools)</ref><ref>[http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/tb/surv/surv2005/PDF/table1.pdf ''Reported Tuberculosis in the United States''] The National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention Statistics: 2002</ref>'''
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| |-
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| |rowspan="2" |
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| !colspan="2" | Disease
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| !colspan="2" | Worldwide
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| !colspan="2" | U.S.
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| !colspan="2" | U.K.
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| |-
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| !Transmission
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| !Incubation
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| !Incidence
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| !Deaths
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| !Incidence
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| !Deaths
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| !Incidence
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| !Deaths
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| |-
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| |[[Diphtheria]]
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| | Saliva
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| | 1-4 days
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| | 30,000
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| | 3,000
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| | 1
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| | 0
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| | 0
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| | 0
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| |-
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| |[[Haemophilus influenzae|Haemophilus <br>influenzae]]
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| |By airborne droplet
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| |1-4 days
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| |2-3,000,000
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| |450,000<br/><small>(mostly children)</small>
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| | 1,743
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| | 7
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| | 30
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| | 0
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| |-
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| |[[Hepatitis B]]
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| | Exchange of bodily fluids
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| | 6 weeks - 6 months
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| | 5,700,00 <small>(acute)</small>
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| | 521,000
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| | 7,996
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| | 7
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| | 600
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| | <small>Not reported</small>
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| |-
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| |[[Measles]]
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| |Airborne
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| |10-12 days
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| |30-40,000,000
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| |610,000
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| | 44
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| | 0
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| | 77
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| | 1
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| |-
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| |[[Mumps]]
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| |Airborne droplets
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| |14-21 days
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| |477,079 <small>(reported)</small>
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| | N/A
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| | 270
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| | 1
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| | 16,436
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| | 0
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| |-
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| |[[Pertussis]]
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| |Airborne droplets
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| |5-10 days
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| |39,000,000
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| |297,000
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| | 9,771
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| | 18
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| | 2
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| | 2
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| |-
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| |[[Polio]]
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| |Fecal contamination
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| |Hours
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| | 1,951
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| |<1,000
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| | 0
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| | 0
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| | 0
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| | 0
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| |-
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| |[[Rubella]]
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| |Airborne droplets
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| |5-7 days
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| |<small>Not reported</small>
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| |631,571 <br>(most [[Congenital rubella syndrome|CRS]])
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| | 18
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| | (1 CRS)
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| | 0
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| | 0
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| |-
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| |[[Tetanus]]
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| |Penetrating injury, <br>blood contamination, <br>
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| |3-10 days
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| |18,781
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| |200,000
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| | 25
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| | 5
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| | 6
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| | 0
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| |-
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| |[[Tuberculosis]]
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| |Airborne
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| |3 day - 15 weeks
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| |8,000,000
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| |1,600,000
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| | 15,056
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| | 784
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| | 6,572
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| | 373
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| |-
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| |[[Varicella]]
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| |Airborne
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| |2 weeks
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| |<small>Not reported</small>
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| |<small>Not reported</small>
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| | 22,841
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| | 32
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| |<small>Not reported</small>
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| |<small>Not reported</small>
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| |-
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| |}
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| ==Classification==
| | CLICK HERE TO SEE THE CORRECTION |
| <br><br>
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| {{familytree/start}}
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| {{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | |A01=Immunization}}
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| {{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| }}
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| {{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | B01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | B02 |B01='''Passive'''|B02='''Active (vaccination)'''}}
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| {{familytree | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|.|}}
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| {{familytree | | | | | C01 | | | | C02 | | | | C03 | | | | | C04 | | | C05 | | | C06 | | | C07 | | | C08 |C01=Human immune globulin (IG)|C02=Hyperimmune globulin|C03=Monoclonal antibodies|C04=Live, attenuated vaccines|C05=Inactivated vaccines|C06=Toxoid vaccines|C07=Subunit vaccines|C08=Conjugate vaccines|}}
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| {{familytree | | |,|-|-|^|-|-|.| | | | | | }}
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| {{familytree | | D01 | | | | D02 |D01=IV immune globulin (IVIG)|D02=Subcutaneous immune globulin (SCIG)|}}
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| {{familytree/end}}
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|
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| | </div> |
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| | <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-x1"> |
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| ===Passive immunization===
| | [[image:Passage-4.gif]] |
| Passive immunization is a method of disease prevention by transferring pre-made [[antibodies]] to a person at risk of acquiring a certain disease. Although, this type of immunity could be acquired naturally , during [[pregnancy]] by trans-placental maternal antibodies' transfer to the fetus. Artificial passive immunization is normally given by pre-made [[immunoglobulins]] to a person at risk of acquiring a certain disease.
| | <br clear="left"/> |
| ====Human immune globulin (IG)==== | | |
| Human immune globulin is obtained from normal persons and is a concentrated solution of [[antibodies]] mainly, [[IgG]] antibodies. Human immune globulin is given [[Intramuscular|intra-muscular]] (IM). Up to 48 hours is required for IGs to reach the maximum serum concentration and their half-life is about 3 weeks. The sooner administration the more effective prevention. IGs only provide temporary protection. Diseases with available human immune globulins include:
| | </div> |
| *[[Hepatitis A]]
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| *[[Measles]]
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| *[[Primary immunodeficiency|Immunoglobulin deficiency]]
| | <div class="mw-customtoggle-x1" style="cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; color: #0645AD;"> |
| *[[Varicella]] (in [[immunocompromised]] patients when [[varicella-zoster]] IG is unavailable)
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| *[[Rubella]] exposure during the 1st trimester of [[pregnancy]]
| | CLICK HERE TO SEE THE CORRECTION |
| =====IV immune globulin (IVIG)===== | | |
| IV immune globulin contains larger amounts of human immune globulin and it administers via [[IV]] route. Diseases that may be prevented or ameliorated by using IVIGs include:
| | </div> |
| *[[Kawasaki disease]]
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| *[[HIV]] infection in children
| | <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-x1"> |
| *[[Chronic lymphocytic leukemia|Chronic B-cell lymphocytic leukemia]]
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| *[[Primary immunodeficiency|Primary immunodeficiencies]]
| | [[image:Passage-6.gif]] |
| *[[Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura|Immune thrombocytopenia]]
| | <br clear="left"/> |
| *Prevention of [[Graft-versus-host disease|graft-vs-host disease]]
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| =====Subcutaneous immune globulin (SCIG)=====
| | </div> |
| Subcutaneous immune globulin (SCIG) is prepared for home based use especially for persons affected by [[primary immunodeficiency]].
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| ====Hyperimmune globulin====
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| Hyperimmune globulin is derived of a person's [[plasma]] containing large amounts of [[antibodies]]. These persons are whom convalescing from natural infections or donors artificially immunized. Hyperimmune globulins are available for [[cytomegalovirus]], [[varicella-zoster]], [[hepatitis B]], infant [[botulism]], [[rabies]], and [[tetanus]].
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| ====Monoclonal antibodies====
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| Specific monoclonal antibodies can be used against infections. The only current available is, [[palivizumab]] which is active against [[RSV]].
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| ===Active immunization===
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| ===Live attenuated vaccines===
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| Live attenuated vaccines are produced by modifying a disease-producing (wild) virus or bacterium in a laboratory. The resulting vaccine organism retains the ability to replicate and produce immunity, but usually does not cause illness. These vaccines are produced by growing the [[virus]] in tissue cultures that will select for less virulent strains, or by [[mutagenesis]] or targeted deletions in [[genes]] required for [[virulence]]. Attenuated vaccines can not be used by [[immunocompromised]] individuals. Examples of live attenuated vaccines include [[MMR|measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine]] (MMR) and [[Varicella vaccine|varicella]] (chickenpox) vaccine.
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| ===Inactivated vaccines=== | |
| These vaccines are made by inactivating or killing the [[pathogen]] (mostly, viruses). The inactivated [[polio]] vaccine is an example of this type of vaccine.
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| ===Toxoid vaccines===
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| Toxoid vaccines are effective against bacteria that produces [[toxins]] and they are weakened toxins, produced by particular bacteria. The DTaP vaccine contains [[diphtheria]] and [[tetanus]] toxoids.
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| ===Subunit vaccines===
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| Subunit vaccines contain only some parts of bacteria or virus not the entire germ. Because these vaccines contain only the essential [[antigens]] and not all the other molecules that make up the germ, side effects are less common. The [[pertussis]] component of the DTaP vaccine is an example of a subunit vaccine.
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| ===Conjugate vaccines===
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| Conjugate vaccines are effective against bacteria that have [[polysaccharides]] in their [[cell wall]] components. [[Polysaccharides]] may cause less stimulation of [[immune system]] and result in defective immune response. Conjugate vaccines are effective for these types of bacteria because they connect (or conjugate) the [[polysaccharides]] to [[antigens]] that the [[immune system]] responds to very well. This linkage helps the immature [[immune system]] react to the coating and develop an immune response. An example of this type of vaccine is the [[Haemophilus influenzae type b|Haemophilus influenzae type B]] (Hib) vaccine.
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| ==Adverse reactions==
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