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==Overview==
==Overview==
[[Infants]] are especially vulnerable to botulism. Utilizing canned foods also increases the risk for contracting botulism.
Botulism risk factors can be based upon the different types of the disease. The infants are more vulnerable to get infected with [[botulinum toxin]]. Honey and corn ingestion are common risk factors for the infants to get infected. Ingestion of preformed food and canned food increase the susceptibility of the [[infection]]. The [[intravenous]] drug abusers are vulnerable to get infected with [[wound]] botulism as well.
 
==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
Botulism risk factors can be based upon each botulism type as the following:<ref name= "Botulism"> CDC https://www.cdc.gov/botulism/definition.html Accessed on May 21, 2017 </ref><ref name="pmid8964030">{{cite journal| author=Midura TF| title=Update: infant botulism. | journal=Clin Microbiol Rev | year= 1996 | volume= 9 | issue= 2 | pages= 119-25 | pmid=8964030 | doi= | pmc=172885 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8964030  }} </ref>
Botulism risk factors can be characterized based on each type of botulism as follows:<ref name= "Botulism"> CDC https://www.cdc.gov/botulism/definition.html Accessed on May 21, 2017 </ref><ref name="pmid8964030">{{cite journal| author=Midura TF| title=Update: infant botulism. | journal=Clin Microbiol Rev | year= 1996 | volume= 9 | issue= 2 | pages= 119-25 | pmid=8964030 | doi= | pmc=172885 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8964030  }} </ref>


===Infant botulism===
===Infant botulism===
[[Infants]] are especially vulnerable to botulism.<ref name="pmid3529934">{{cite journal| author=Istre GR, Compton R, Novotny T, Young JE, Hatheway CL, Hopkins RS| title=Infant botulism. Three cases in a small town. | journal=Am J Dis Child | year= 1986 | volume= 140 | issue= 10 | pages= 1013-4 | pmid=3529934 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3529934  }} </ref><ref name="pmid2741856">{{cite journal| author=Spika JS, Shaffer N, Hargrett-Bean N, Collin S, MacDonald KL, Blake PA| title=Risk factors for infant botulism in the United States. | journal=Am J Dis Child | year= 1989 | volume= 143 | issue= 7 | pages= 828-32 | pmid=2741856 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2741856  }} </ref>
[[Infants]] are especially vulnerable to botulism. Risk factors for infant botulism include:.<ref name="pmid3529934">{{cite journal| author=Istre GR, Compton R, Novotny T, Young JE, Hatheway CL, Hopkins RS| title=Infant botulism. Three cases in a small town. | journal=Am J Dis Child | year= 1986 | volume= 140 | issue= 10 | pages= 1013-4 | pmid=3529934 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3529934  }} </ref><ref name="pmid2741856">{{cite journal| author=Spika JS, Shaffer N, Hargrett-Bean N, Collin S, MacDonald KL, Blake PA| title=Risk factors for infant botulism in the United States. | journal=Am J Dis Child | year= 1989 | volume= 143 | issue= 7 | pages= 828-32 | pmid=2741856 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2741856  }} </ref>
*The infants living in the rural areas are more susceptible to be  infected with botulism.
*Living in rural areas  
*Feeding corn to the infants
*Consuming corn or corn-containing products
*Sharing objects of infected infants with the healthy individuals can increase risk of infection to the healthy
*Penetrating trauma
*Being in contact with soil  
*Being in contact with soil  
*Honey intake  
*Honey intake  
*Slow intestinal movement.
*Slow intestinal movement


===Foodborne botulism===
===Foodborne botulism===
Using home canning methods increase risk for contracting botulism.
Using home canning methods increase risk for contracting botulism.
Foods such as:
*Canned food such as:
*[[Fish]]
**[[Fish]]
*[[Vegetables]] as the following:
**[[Vegetables]]
**Beets
***Beets
**Corn
***Corn
**Spinach
***Spinach
**String beans
***String beans
**[[Chili pepper]]s
***[[Chili pepper]]s
**[[Asparagus]]
***[[Asparagus]]
**Honey
***Honey
These foods, especially the vegetables in a can, cause a risk because they are at the same [[pH]] that the ''[[clostridium botulinum]]'' needs to survive. Also, the [[bacteria]] needs an [[anaerobic]] environment to survive, and this is what occurs in a canned product.
***Processed cheese
*Ingestion of foods that are not freshly prepared <ref name="pmid25445012">{{cite journal| author=Carter AT, Peck MW| title=Genomes, neurotoxins and biology of Clostridium botulinum Group I and Group II. | journal=Res Microbiol | year= 2015 | volume= 166 | issue= 4 | pages= 303-17 | pmid=25445012 | doi=10.1016/j.resmic.2014.10.010 | pmc=4430135 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25445012  }} </ref>
 
Canned foods provide an environment with optimal [[pH]] for ''[[clostridium botulinum]]'' to survive. Additionally, the [[anaerobic]] environment in canned products allows the bacteria to thrive.


Acquiring botulism from [[inhalation]] is much rarer. Currently, the only people really at risk are certain factory workers as well as certain laboratory workers.
===Wound botulism===
Wound botulism is a rare type of the disease yet, it is important to know the risk factors in order to completely prevent it. Wound botulism risk factors include the following:<ref name="pmid3314158">{{cite journal| author=Swedberg J, Wendel TH, Deiss F| title=Wound botulism. | journal=West J Med | year= 1987 | volume= 147 | issue= 3 | pages= 335-8 | pmid=3314158 | doi= | pmc=1025878 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3314158  }} </ref>
*Intravenous drug abuse
*Penetrating trauma with an infected object


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 13:20, 24 May 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Michael Maddaleni, B.S.

Overview

Botulism risk factors can be based upon the different types of the disease. The infants are more vulnerable to get infected with botulinum toxin. Honey and corn ingestion are common risk factors for the infants to get infected. Ingestion of preformed food and canned food increase the susceptibility of the infection. The intravenous drug abusers are vulnerable to get infected with wound botulism as well.

Risk Factors

Botulism risk factors can be characterized based on each type of botulism as follows:[1][2]

Infant botulism

Infants are especially vulnerable to botulism. Risk factors for infant botulism include:.[3][4]

  • Living in rural areas
  • Consuming corn or corn-containing products
  • Penetrating trauma
  • Being in contact with soil
  • Honey intake
  • Slow intestinal movement

Foodborne botulism

Using home canning methods increase risk for contracting botulism.

Canned foods provide an environment with optimal pH for clostridium botulinum to survive. Additionally, the anaerobic environment in canned products allows the bacteria to thrive.

Wound botulism

Wound botulism is a rare type of the disease yet, it is important to know the risk factors in order to completely prevent it. Wound botulism risk factors include the following:[6]

  • Intravenous drug abuse
  • Penetrating trauma with an infected object

References

  1. ↑ CDC https://www.cdc.gov/botulism/definition.html Accessed on May 21, 2017
  2. ↑ Midura TF (1996). "Update: infant botulism". Clin Microbiol Rev. 9 (2): 119–25. PMC 172885. PMID 8964030.
  3. ↑ Istre GR, Compton R, Novotny T, Young JE, Hatheway CL, Hopkins RS (1986). "Infant botulism. Three cases in a small town". Am J Dis Child. 140 (10): 1013–4. PMID 3529934.
  4. ↑ Spika JS, Shaffer N, Hargrett-Bean N, Collin S, MacDonald KL, Blake PA (1989). "Risk factors for infant botulism in the United States". Am J Dis Child. 143 (7): 828–32. PMID 2741856.
  5. ↑ Carter AT, Peck MW (2015). "Genomes, neurotoxins and biology of Clostridium botulinum Group I and Group II". Res Microbiol. 166 (4): 303–17. doi:10.1016/j.resmic.2014.10.010. PMC 4430135. PMID 25445012.
  6. ↑ Swedberg J, Wendel TH, Deiss F (1987). "Wound botulism". West J Med. 147 (3): 335–8. PMC 1025878. PMID 3314158.


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