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'''For patient information, click [[Hookworm infection (patient information)|here]]'''
[[Image:Hookworm eggC.jpg|thumb|Hookworm egg - this is what a veterinarian sees in the stool of an infected dog or cat.]]
[[Image:Hookworm eggC.jpg|thumb|Hookworm egg - this is what a veterinarian sees in the stool of an infected dog or cat.]]
{{SI}}
{{Hookworm infection}}
{{CMG}}
{{CMG}}


{{EH}}
{{SK}} Ancylostoma infection.


== Overview ==
==[[Hookworm infection overview|Overview]]==


Hookworm is an intestinal parasite of humans that usually causes mild diarrhea or cramps.
==[[Hookworm infection pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==


'''''Related Key Words and Synonyms:''''' Ancylostoma infection, cutaneous larva migrans, CLM.
==[[Hookworm infection epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]==


== Epidemiology and Demographics ==
==[[Hookworm infection risk factors|Risk Factors]]==
The second most common human helminthic infection (after ascariasis).  Worldwide distribution, mostly in areas with moist, warm climate.  Both N. americanus and A. duodenale are found in Africa, Asia and the Americas.  Necator americanus predominates in the Americas and Australia, while only A. duodenale is found in the Middle East, North Africa and southern Europe.


==[[Hookworm infection natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]==


'''Where are hookworms commonly found?'''
==Diagnosis==
[[Hookworm infection history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Hookworm infection laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Hookworm infection other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="7" |Differentiating Hookworm infection from other Nematode infections<ref name="Principles and Practice">Durand, Marlene (2015). "Chapter 288:Intestinal Nematodes (Roundworms)". Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases Updated Edition, Eighth Edition. Elsevier. pp. 3199–3207. ISBN 978-1-4557-4801-3.</ref><ref name="Murray and Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine">{{cite book |last1=Kim |first1=Kami |last2=Weiss |first2=Louis |last3=Tanowitz |first3=Herbert |title=Murray and Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine Sixth Edition |publisher=Elsevier |date=2016 |pages=682-698 |chapter=Chapter 39:Parasitic Infections |isbn=978-1-4557-3383-5}}</ref>
|-
|Nematode
|Transmission
|Direct Person-Person Transmission
|Duration of Infection
|Pulmonary Manifestation
|Location of Adult worm(s)
|Treatment
|-
|[[Ascaris lumbricoides]]
|Ingestion of infective ova
|No
|1-2 years
|
* [[Löffler's syndrome]] (usually about 9-12 days after exposure to ova)
* [[Cough]]
* Substernal discomfort
* [[Crackles]]
* [[Wheezing]]
* Transient opacities
|Free in the lumen of the small bowel
(primarily jejunum)
|
* [[Albendazole]]


One of the most common species, Ancylostoma duodenale (an-cy-CLO-sto-ma doe-AH-den-al), is found in southern Europe, northern Africa, northern Asia, and parts of South America. A second species, Necator americanus (ne-KAY-tor am-er-i-CON-us), was widespread in the southeastern United States early in this century. The Rockefeller Sanitary Commission was founded in response, and hookworm infection has been largely controlled.
* [[Mebendazole]]


== Risk Factors ==
* [[Pyrantel pamoate]]
People who have direct contact with soil that contains human feces in areas where hookworm is common are at high risk of infection. Children --because they play in dirt and often go barefoot-- are at high risk. Since transmission of hookworm infection requires development of the larvae in soil, hookworm cannot be spread person to person. Contact among children in institutional or child care settings should not increase the risk of infection.


== Pathophysiology & Etiology==
* [[Ivermectin]]


'''Etiologic agents:'''
* [[Levamisole]]


The human hookworms include two nematode (roundworm) species, Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus.  (Adult females: 10 to 13 mm (A. duodenale), 9 to 11 mm (N. americanus); adult males: 8 to 11 mm (A. duodenale), 7 to 9 mm (N. americanus).  A smaller group of hookworms infecting animals can invade and parasitize humans (A. ceylanicum) or can penetrate the human skin (causing cutaneous larva migrans), but do not develop any further (A. braziliense, A. caninum, Uncinaria stenocephala).  Occasionally A. caninum larva may migrate to the human intestine causing eosinophilic enteritis; this may happen when larva is ingested rather than through skin invasion.
* [[Piperazine]]
|-
|[[Trichuris trichiura]]
(whipworm)
|Ingestion of infective [[ova]]
|No
|1-3 years
|No pulmonary migration, therefore, no pulmonary manifestation
|Anchored in the superficial mucosa of cecum and colon
|
* [[Albendazole]]


'''Life cycle:'''
* [[Mebendazole]]
[[Image:Hookworm LifeCycle.gif|left|frame|Life cycle of Hookworm]]
|-
<br clear="left"/>
|[[Hookworm]] ([[Necator americanus]] and [[Ancylostoma duodenale]])
|Skin penetration by filariform larvae
|No
|
* 3-5 years (Necator)
* 1 year (Ancylostoma)
|
* [[Löffler's syndrome]]
* Transient opacities
|Attached to the mucosa of mid-upper portion of the [[small bowel]]
|
* [[Albendazole]]


Eggs are passed in the stool '''1''', and under favorable conditions (moisture, warmth, shade), larvae hatch in 1 to 2 days.  The released rhabditiform larvae grow in the feces and/or the soil '''2''', and after 5 to 10 days (and two molts) they become become filariform (third-stage) larvae that are infective '''3'''.  These infective larvae can survive 3 to 4 weeks in favorable environmental conditions.  On contact with the human host, the larvae penetrate the skin and are carried through the veins to the heart and then to the lungs.  They penetrate into the pulmonary alveoli, ascend the bronchial tree to the pharynx, and are swallowed '''4'''.  The larvae reach the small intestine, where they reside and mature into adults.  Adult worms live in the lumen of the small intestine, where they attach to the intestinal wall with resultant blood loss by the host '''5'''.  Most adult worms are eliminated in 1 to 2 years, but longevity records can reach several years.
* [[Mebendazole]]
Some A. duodenale larvae, following penetration of the host skin, can become dormant (in the intestine or muscle).  In addition, infection by A. duodenale may probably also occur by the oral and transmammary route.  N. americanus, however, requires a transpulmonary migration phase.


'''Can animals transmit hookworm infection to me?'''
* [[Levamisole]]


Yes, but not directly. Puppies and kittens are especially likely to have hookworm infections. Animals that are infected pass hookworm eggs in their stools. The eggs can hatch into larvae, and both eggs and larvae may be found in dirt where animals have been. Eggs or larvae can get into your body when you accidentally eat or have direct contact with contaminated dirt. For example, this can happen if a child is walking barefoot or playing in an area where dogs or cats have been (especially puppies or kittens).
* [[Pyrantel pamoate]]
|-
|[[Strongyloides stercoralis]]
|Filariform larvae penetrates skin or bowel mucosa
|Yes
|Lifetime of the host
|
* [[Löffler's syndrome]]
* Chronic [[cough]]
* [[Pneumonia]] or [[sepsis]] in hyperinfection
|Embedded in the mucosa of the [[duodenum]], [[jejunum]]
|
* [[Ivermectin]]
* [[Albendazole]]
* [[Thiabendazole]]
|-
|[[Enterobius vermicularis]] ([[pinworm]])
|Ingestion of infective [[ova]]
|Yes
|1 month
|Extraintestinal migration is very rare<ref name="pmid21879805">{{cite journal| author=Serpytis M, Seinin D| title=Fatal case of ectopic enterobiasis: Enterobius vermicularis in the kidneys. | journal=Scand J Urol Nephrol | year= 2012 | volume= 46 | issue= 1 | pages= 70-2 | pmid=21879805 | doi=10.3109/00365599.2011.609834 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21879805  }} </ref>
|Free in the lumen of [[cecum]], [[appendix]], adjacent [[colon]]
|
* [[Albendazole]]
* [[Mebendazole]]
* [[Pyrantel pamoate]]
* [[Ivermectin]]
* [[Levamisole]]
* [[Piperazine]]
|}


== Diagnosis ==  
==Treatment==


=== History and Symptoms ===
[[Hookworm infection medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Hookworm infection prevention|Prevention]] | [[Hookworm infection cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Hookworm infection future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]]


Iron deficiency [[anemia]] (caused by blood loss at the site of intestinal attachment of the adult worms) is the most common symptom of hookworm infection, and can be accompanied by cardiac complications.  Gastrointestinal and nutritional/metabolic symptoms can also occur.  In addition, local skin manifestations ("ground itch") can occur during penetration by the filariform (L3) larvae, and respiratory symptoms can be observed during pulmonary migration of the larvae.
==Case Studies==
[[Hookworm infection case study one|Case #1]]


===Laboratory Diagnosis:===
==External Links==


'''Microscopy:'''
#http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/hookworm/index.html
[[Image:Hookworm.jpg|left|Image:Hookworm.jpg|]]
Microscopic identification of eggs in the stool is the most common method for diagnosing hookworm infection.  The recommended procedure is as follows:
 
#Collect a stool specimen.
#Fix the specimen in 10% formalin.
#Concentrate using the formalin–ethyl acetate sedimentation technique.
#Examine a wet mount of the sediment.
 
Where concentration procedures are not available, a direct wet mount examination of the specimen is adequate for detecting moderate to heavy infections.  For quantitative assessments of infection, various methods such as the Kato-Katz can be used.
 
'''A''', '''B''': Hookworm eggs examined on wet mount (eggs of Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus cannot be distinguished morphologically). 
 
Diagnostic characteristics:
 
*Size 57 to 76 µm by 35 to 47 µm
*Oval or ellipsoidal shape
*Thin shell
 
The embryo in '''B''' has begun cellular division and is at an early (gastrula) developmental stage.
 
Examination of the eggs cannot distinguish between N. americanus and A. duodenale. Larvae can be used to differentiate between N. americanus and A. duodenale, by rearing filariform larvae in a fecal smear on a moist filter paper strip for 5 to 7 days (Harada-Mori). Occasionally, it may be necessary to distinguish between the rhabditiform larvae (L2) of hookworms and those of Strongyloides stercoralis.
 
== Risk Stratification and Prognosis==
The most serious results of hookworm infection are the development of anemia and protein deficiency caused by blood loss. When children are continuously infected by many worms, the loss of iron and protein can retard growth and mental development, sometimes irreversibly. Hookworm infection can also cause tiredness, difficulty breathing, enlargement of the heart, and irregular heartbeat. Sometimes hookworm infection is fatal, especially among infants.
 
== Treatment ==
In countries where hookworm is common and reinfection is likely, light infections are often not treated. 
=== Pharmacotherapy ===
In the United States, hookworm infections are generally treated with albendazole.  Mebendazole or pyrantel pamoate can also be used.
 
=== Primary Prevention ===
Do not walk barefoot or contact the soil with bare hands in areas where hookworm is common or there is likely to be feces in the soil or sand.
 
==References==
 
#http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/submenus/sub_hookworm.htm
#http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/Hookworm.htm
#http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/Hookworm.htm
#http://www.cdc.gov/healthypets/diseases/hookworm.htm
#http://www.cdc.gov/healthypets/diseases/hookworm.htm
#http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/hookworm/default.htm
#http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/hookworm/default.htm
#http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/hookworm/factsht_hookworm.htm


== Acknowledgements ==
{{WH}}
The content on this page was first contributed by: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D.
{{WikiDoc Sources}}
 
----
{{SIB}}


[[Category:DiseaseState]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]


{{WH}}
[[Category:Parasitic diseases]]
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

Latest revision as of 18:02, 18 September 2017

For patient information, click here

Hookworm egg - this is what a veterinarian sees in the stool of an infected dog or cat.

Hookworm infection Microchapters

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Case #1

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Synonyms and keywords: Ancylostoma infection.

Overview

Pathophysiology

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms | Laboratory Findings | Other Diagnostic Studies

Differentiating Hookworm infection from other Nematode infections[1][2]
Nematode Transmission Direct Person-Person Transmission Duration of Infection Pulmonary Manifestation Location of Adult worm(s) Treatment
Ascaris lumbricoides Ingestion of infective ova No 1-2 years Free in the lumen of the small bowel

(primarily jejunum)

Trichuris trichiura

(whipworm)

Ingestion of infective ova No 1-3 years No pulmonary migration, therefore, no pulmonary manifestation Anchored in the superficial mucosa of cecum and colon
Hookworm (Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale) Skin penetration by filariform larvae No
  • 3-5 years (Necator)
  • 1 year (Ancylostoma)
 Attached to the mucosa of mid-upper portion of the small bowel
Strongyloides stercoralis Filariform larvae penetrates skin or bowel mucosa Yes Lifetime of the host Embedded in the mucosa of the duodenum, jejunum
Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) Ingestion of infective ova Yes 1 month Extraintestinal migration is very rare[3] Free in the lumen of cecum, appendix, adjacent colon

Treatment

Medical Therapy | Prevention | Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy | Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

External Links

  1. http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/hookworm/index.html
  2. http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/Hookworm.htm
  3. http://www.cdc.gov/healthypets/diseases/hookworm.htm
  4. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/hookworm/default.htm

Template:WH Template:WikiDoc Sources

  1. ↑ Durand, Marlene (2015). "Chapter 288:Intestinal Nematodes (Roundworms)". Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases Updated Edition, Eighth Edition. Elsevier. pp. 3199–3207. ISBN 978-1-4557-4801-3.
  2. ↑ Kim, Kami; Weiss, Louis; Tanowitz, Herbert (2016). "Chapter 39:Parasitic Infections". Murray and Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine Sixth Edition. Elsevier. pp. 682–698. ISBN 978-1-4557-3383-5.
  3. ↑ Serpytis M, Seinin D (2012). "Fatal case of ectopic enterobiasis: Enterobius vermicularis in the kidneys". Scand J Urol Nephrol. 46 (1): 70–2. doi:10.3109/00365599.2011.609834. PMID 21879805.
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