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==Overview==
==Overview==
Skin, soft tissue, and bone infection with ''Mycobacterium abscessus'' (''M. abscessus'') has been associated with penetrating injuries, open [[wound]]s, intramuscular injections, and inappropriate disinfection of medical devices. Some of the risk factors for respiratory ''M. abscessus'' infection are chronic lung diseases such as [[cystic fibrosis]] and previous untreated [[mycobacterium|mycobacterial]] infection.
==Risk Factors==
===Skin and Soft Tissue Infection===
* Open wounds
* Penetrating injury
* Surgical tourism<ref name="pmid18174307">{{cite journal| author=Viana-Niero C, Lima KV, Lopes ML, Rabello MC, Marsola LR, Brilhante VC et al.| title=Molecular characterization of Mycobacterium massiliense and Mycobacterium bolletii in isolates collected from outbreaks of infections after laparoscopic surgeries and cosmetic procedures. | journal=J Clin Microbiol | year= 2008 | volume= 46 | issue= 3 | pages= 850-5 | pmid=18174307 | doi=10.1128/JCM.02052-07 | pmc=PMC2268380 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18174307  }} </ref>
* Laparoscopic surgery<ref name="pmid18174307">{{cite journal| author=Viana-Niero C, Lima KV, Lopes ML, Rabello MC, Marsola LR, Brilhante VC et al.| title=Molecular characterization of Mycobacterium massiliense and Mycobacterium bolletii in isolates collected from outbreaks of infections after laparoscopic surgeries and cosmetic procedures. | journal=J Clin Microbiol | year= 2008 | volume= 46 | issue= 3 | pages= 850-5 | pmid=18174307 | doi=10.1128/JCM.02052-07 | pmc=PMC2268380 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18174307  }} </ref>
* Cosmetic surgery<ref name="pmid3600710">{{cite journal| author=Safranek TJ, Jarvis WR, Carson LA, Cusick LB, Bland LA, Swenson JM et al.| title=Mycobacterium chelonae wound infections after plastic surgery employing contaminated gentian violet skin-marking solution. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1987 | volume= 317 | issue= 4 | pages= 197-201 | pmid=3600710 | doi=10.1056/NEJM198707233170403 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3600710  }} </ref>
* Intramuscular injections<ref name="pmid17626174">{{cite journal| author=Kim HY, Yun YJ, Park CG, Lee DH, Cho YK, Park BJ et al.| title=Outbreak of Mycobacterium massiliense infection associated with intramuscular injections. | journal=J Clin Microbiol | year= 2007 | volume= 45 | issue= 9 | pages= 3127-30 | pmid=17626174 | doi=10.1128/JCM.00608-07 | pmc=PMC2045247 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17626174  }} </ref><ref name="pmid4683319">{{cite journal| author=Borghans JG, Stanford JL| title=Mycobacterium chelonei in abscesses after injection of diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus-polio vaccine. | journal=Am Rev Respir Dis | year= 1973 | volume= 107 | issue= 1 | pages= 1-8 | pmid=4683319 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4683319  }} </ref><ref name="pmid5797954">{{cite journal| author=Inman PM, Beck A, Brown AE, Stanford JL| title=Outbreak of injection abscesses due to Mycobacterium abscessus. | journal=Arch Dermatol | year= 1969 | volume= 100 | issue= 2 | pages= 141-7 | pmid=5797954 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=5797954  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9195073">{{cite journal| author=Villanueva A, Calderon RV, Vargas BA, Ruiz F, Aguero S, Zhang Y et al.| title=Report on an outbreak of postinjection abscesses due to Mycobacterium abscessus, including management with surgery and clarithromycin therapy and comparison of strains by random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 1997 | volume= 24 | issue= 6 | pages= 1147-53 | pmid=9195073 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9195073  }} </ref>
** Inappropriate skin disinfection
** Inappropriate sterilization of the equipment<ref name="pmid2362334">{{cite journal| author=Wenger JD, Spika JS, Smithwick RW, Pryor V, Dodson DW, Carden GA et al.| title=Outbreak of Mycobacterium chelonae infection associated with use of jet injectors. | journal=JAMA | year= 1990 | volume= 264 | issue= 3 | pages= 373-6 | pmid=2362334 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2362334  }} </ref>
** Contaminated solutions
* Contaminated municipal or water supply<ref name="pmid9891805">{{cite journal| author=Wallace RJ, Brown BA, Griffith DE| title=Nosocomial outbreaks/pseudo-outbreaks caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria. | journal=Annu Rev Microbiol | year= 1998 | volume= 52 | issue=  | pages= 453-90 | pmid=9891805 | doi=10.1146/annurev.micro.52.1.453 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9891805  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23705674">{{cite journal| author=Thomson R, Tolson C, Sidjabat H, Huygens F, Hargreaves M| title=Mycobacterium abscessus isolated from municipal water - a potential source of human infection. | journal=BMC Infect Dis | year= 2013 | volume= 13 | issue=  | pages= 241 | pmid=23705674 | doi=10.1186/1471-2334-13-241 | pmc=PMC3668184 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23705674  }} </ref>
* Acupuncture (contaminated solution used to clean the physical therapy device)<ref name="pmid19694761">{{cite journal| author=Koh SJ, Song T, Kang YA, Choi JW, Chang KJ, Chu CS et al.| title=An outbreak of skin and soft tissue infection caused by Mycobacterium abscessus following acupuncture. | journal=Clin Microbiol Infect | year= 2010 | volume= 16 | issue= 7 | pages= 895-901 | pmid=19694761 | doi=10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.03026.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19694761  }} </ref>
* [[Dialysis]]<ref name="pmid4045242">{{cite journal| author=Bolan G, Reingold AL, Carson LA, Silcox VA, Woodley CL, Hayes PS et al.| title=Infections with Mycobacterium chelonei in patients receiving dialysis and using processed hemodialyzers. | journal=J Infect Dis | year= 1985 | volume= 152 | issue= 5 | pages= 1013-9 | pmid=4045242 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4045242  }} </ref><ref name="pmid2295862">{{cite journal| author=Lowry PW, Beck-Sague CM, Bland LA, Aguero SM, Arduino MJ, Minuth AN et al.| title=Mycobacterium chelonae infection among patients receiving high-flux dialysis in a hemodialysis clinic in California. | journal=J Infect Dis | year= 1990 | volume= 161 | issue= 1 | pages= 85-90 | pmid=2295862 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2295862  }} </ref>
* [[Bronchoscopy]]<ref name="pmid9891805">{{cite journal| author=Wallace RJ, Brown BA, Griffith DE| title=Nosocomial outbreaks/pseudo-outbreaks caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria. | journal=Annu Rev Microbiol | year= 1998 | volume= 52 | issue=  | pages= 453-90 | pmid=9891805 | doi=10.1146/annurev.micro.52.1.453 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9891805  }} </ref>
** Inadequate desinfection of the [[bronchoscope]]
** Contaminated local anesthesia solution
** Contaminated tap water
** Contaminated antimicrobial solution
* Wading and public pool exposure (hand-and-foot disease)<ref name="pmid16054324">{{cite journal| author=Dytoc MT, Honish L, Shandro C, Ting PT, Chui L, Fiorillo L et al.| title=Clinical, microbiological, and epidemiological findings of an outbreak of Mycobacterium abscessus hand-and-foot disease. | journal=Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis | year= 2005 | volume= 53 | issue= 1 | pages= 39-45 | pmid=16054324 | doi=10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2005.03.010 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16054324  }} </ref><ref name="pmid24758202">{{cite journal| author=Sinagra JL, Kanitz EE, Cerocchi C, Cota C, Fantetti O, Prignano G et al.| title=Mycobacterium abscessus hand-and-foot disease in children: rare or emerging disease? | journal=Pediatr Dermatol | year= 2014 | volume= 31 | issue= 3 | pages= 292-7 | pmid=24758202 | doi=10.1111/pde.12333 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24758202  }} </ref>
===Bronchopulmonary Infection===
* Chronic lung disease (for example, [[cystic fibrosis]])<ref name="pmid14720400">{{cite journal| author=Sermet-Gaudelus I, Le Bourgeois M, Pierre-Audigier C, Offredo C, Guillemot D, Halley S et al.| title=Mycobacterium abscessus and children with cystic fibrosis. | journal=Emerg Infect Dis | year= 2003 | volume= 9 | issue= 12 | pages= 1587-91 | pmid=14720400 | doi=10.3201/eid0912.020774 | pmc=PMC3034322 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14720400  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19830845">{{cite journal| author=Radhakrishnan DK, Yau Y, Corey M, Richardson S, Chedore P, Jamieson F et al.| title=Non-tuberculous mycobacteria in children with cystic fibrosis: isolation, prevalence, and predictors. | journal=Pediatr Pulmonol | year= 2009 | volume= 44 | issue= 11 | pages= 1100-6 | pmid=19830845 | doi=10.1002/ppul.21106 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19830845  }} </ref>
* [[Bronchiectasis]]<ref name="pmid17277290">{{cite journal| author=Griffith DE, Aksamit T, Brown-Elliott BA, Catanzaro A, Daley C, Gordin F et al.| title=An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases. | journal=Am J Respir Crit Care Med | year= 2007 | volume= 175 | issue= 4 | pages= 367-416 | pmid=17277290 | doi=10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17277290  }} </ref>
* Previously untreated mycobacterial infection
* Co-existent [[mycobacterium avium complex]] infection
* Chronic [[vomiting]]<ref name="pmid17277290">{{cite journal| author=Griffith DE, Aksamit T, Brown-Elliott BA, Catanzaro A, Daley C, Gordin F et al.| title=An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases. | journal=Am J Respir Crit Care Med | year= 2007 | volume= 175 | issue= 4 | pages= 367-416 | pmid=17277290 | doi=10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17277290  }} </ref>
* Lipoid pneumonia<ref name="pmid17277290">{{cite journal| author=Griffith DE, Aksamit T, Brown-Elliott BA, Catanzaro A, Daley C, Gordin F et al.| title=An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases. | journal=Am J Respir Crit Care Med | year= 2007 | volume= 175 | issue= 4 | pages= 367-416 | pmid=17277290 | doi=10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17277290  }} </ref>
* [[Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency]]<ref name="pmid17277290">{{cite journal| author=Griffith DE, Aksamit T, Brown-Elliott BA, Catanzaro A, Daley C, Gordin F et al.| title=An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases. | journal=Am J Respir Crit Care Med | year= 2007 | volume= 175 | issue= 4 | pages= 367-416 | pmid=17277290 | doi=10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17277290  }} </ref>
* AIDS/HIV (not a common infection in this population)<ref name="pmid20375687">{{cite journal| author=Benwill J, Babineaux M, Sarria JC| title=Pulmonary Mycobacterium abscessus in an AIDS patient. | journal=Am J Med Sci | year= 2010 | volume= 339 | issue= 5 | pages= 495-6 | pmid=20375687 | doi=10.1097/MAJ.0b013e3181d96ad7 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20375687  }} </ref>
===Disseminated Infection===
* Non AIDS-related immune suppression<ref name="pmid22554363">{{cite journal| author=Babalık A, Kuyucu T, Ordu EN, Ernam D, Partal M, Köksalan K| title=Non-tuberculous mycobacteria infection: 75 cases. | journal=Tuberk Toraks | year= 2012 | volume= 60 | issue= 1 | pages= 20-31 | pmid=22554363 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22554363  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21552751">{{cite journal| author=Lambertucci JR, Borges AH, Voieta I| title=Disseminated Mycobacterium abscessus infection in an AIDS patient. | journal=Rev Soc Bras Med Trop | year= 2011 | volume= 44 | issue= 2 | pages= 265 | pmid=21552751 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21552751  }} </ref>


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Acid fast bacilli]]
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[[Category:Nontuberculous mycobacteria]]
[[Category:Nontuberculous mycobacteria]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
 


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Latest revision as of 18:08, 18 September 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Rim Halaby, M.D. [2]

Overview

Skin, soft tissue, and bone infection with Mycobacterium abscessus (M. abscessus) has been associated with penetrating injuries, open wounds, intramuscular injections, and inappropriate disinfection of medical devices. Some of the risk factors for respiratory M. abscessus infection are chronic lung diseases such as cystic fibrosis and previous untreated mycobacterial infection.

Risk Factors

Skin and Soft Tissue Infection

  • Open wounds
  • Penetrating injury
  • Surgical tourism[1]
  • Laparoscopic surgery[1]
  • Cosmetic surgery[2]
  • Intramuscular injections[3][4][5][6]
    • Inappropriate skin disinfection
    • Inappropriate sterilization of the equipment[7]
    • Contaminated solutions
  • Contaminated municipal or water supply[8][9]
  • Acupuncture (contaminated solution used to clean the physical therapy device)[10]
  • Dialysis[11][12]
  • Bronchoscopy[8]
    • Inadequate desinfection of the bronchoscope
    • Contaminated local anesthesia solution
    • Contaminated tap water
    • Contaminated antimicrobial solution
  • Wading and public pool exposure (hand-and-foot disease)[13][14]

Bronchopulmonary Infection

Disseminated Infection

  • Non AIDS-related immune suppression[19][20]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Viana-Niero C, Lima KV, Lopes ML, Rabello MC, Marsola LR, Brilhante VC; et al. (2008). "Molecular characterization of Mycobacterium massiliense and Mycobacterium bolletii in isolates collected from outbreaks of infections after laparoscopic surgeries and cosmetic procedures". J Clin Microbiol. 46 (3): 850–5. doi:10.1128/JCM.02052-07. PMC 2268380. PMID 18174307.
  2. ↑ Safranek TJ, Jarvis WR, Carson LA, Cusick LB, Bland LA, Swenson JM; et al. (1987). "Mycobacterium chelonae wound infections after plastic surgery employing contaminated gentian violet skin-marking solution". N Engl J Med. 317 (4): 197–201. doi:10.1056/NEJM198707233170403. PMID 3600710.
  3. ↑ Kim HY, Yun YJ, Park CG, Lee DH, Cho YK, Park BJ; et al. (2007). "Outbreak of Mycobacterium massiliense infection associated with intramuscular injections". J Clin Microbiol. 45 (9): 3127–30. doi:10.1128/JCM.00608-07. PMC 2045247. PMID 17626174.
  4. ↑ Borghans JG, Stanford JL (1973). "Mycobacterium chelonei in abscesses after injection of diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus-polio vaccine". Am Rev Respir Dis. 107 (1): 1–8. PMID 4683319.
  5. ↑ Inman PM, Beck A, Brown AE, Stanford JL (1969). "Outbreak of injection abscesses due to Mycobacterium abscessus". Arch Dermatol. 100 (2): 141–7. PMID 5797954.
  6. ↑ Villanueva A, Calderon RV, Vargas BA, Ruiz F, Aguero S, Zhang Y; et al. (1997). "Report on an outbreak of postinjection abscesses due to Mycobacterium abscessus, including management with surgery and clarithromycin therapy and comparison of strains by random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction". Clin Infect Dis. 24 (6): 1147–53. PMID 9195073.
  7. ↑ Wenger JD, Spika JS, Smithwick RW, Pryor V, Dodson DW, Carden GA; et al. (1990). "Outbreak of Mycobacterium chelonae infection associated with use of jet injectors". JAMA. 264 (3): 373–6. PMID 2362334.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Wallace RJ, Brown BA, Griffith DE (1998). "Nosocomial outbreaks/pseudo-outbreaks caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria". Annu Rev Microbiol. 52: 453–90. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.52.1.453. PMID 9891805.
  9. ↑ Thomson R, Tolson C, Sidjabat H, Huygens F, Hargreaves M (2013). "Mycobacterium abscessus isolated from municipal water - a potential source of human infection". BMC Infect Dis. 13: 241. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-13-241. PMC 3668184. PMID 23705674.
  10. ↑ Koh SJ, Song T, Kang YA, Choi JW, Chang KJ, Chu CS; et al. (2010). "An outbreak of skin and soft tissue infection caused by Mycobacterium abscessus following acupuncture". Clin Microbiol Infect. 16 (7): 895–901. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.03026.x. PMID 19694761.
  11. ↑ Bolan G, Reingold AL, Carson LA, Silcox VA, Woodley CL, Hayes PS; et al. (1985). "Infections with Mycobacterium chelonei in patients receiving dialysis and using processed hemodialyzers". J Infect Dis. 152 (5): 1013–9. PMID 4045242.
  12. ↑ Lowry PW, Beck-Sague CM, Bland LA, Aguero SM, Arduino MJ, Minuth AN; et al. (1990). "Mycobacterium chelonae infection among patients receiving high-flux dialysis in a hemodialysis clinic in California". J Infect Dis. 161 (1): 85–90. PMID 2295862.
  13. ↑ Dytoc MT, Honish L, Shandro C, Ting PT, Chui L, Fiorillo L; et al. (2005). "Clinical, microbiological, and epidemiological findings of an outbreak of Mycobacterium abscessus hand-and-foot disease". Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 53 (1): 39–45. doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2005.03.010. PMID 16054324.
  14. ↑ Sinagra JL, Kanitz EE, Cerocchi C, Cota C, Fantetti O, Prignano G; et al. (2014). "Mycobacterium abscessus hand-and-foot disease in children: rare or emerging disease?". Pediatr Dermatol. 31 (3): 292–7. doi:10.1111/pde.12333. PMID 24758202.
  15. ↑ Sermet-Gaudelus I, Le Bourgeois M, Pierre-Audigier C, Offredo C, Guillemot D, Halley S; et al. (2003). "Mycobacterium abscessus and children with cystic fibrosis". Emerg Infect Dis. 9 (12): 1587–91. doi:10.3201/eid0912.020774. PMC 3034322. PMID 14720400.
  16. ↑ Radhakrishnan DK, Yau Y, Corey M, Richardson S, Chedore P, Jamieson F; et al. (2009). "Non-tuberculous mycobacteria in children with cystic fibrosis: isolation, prevalence, and predictors". Pediatr Pulmonol. 44 (11): 1100–6. doi:10.1002/ppul.21106. PMID 19830845.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 Griffith DE, Aksamit T, Brown-Elliott BA, Catanzaro A, Daley C, Gordin F; et al. (2007). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. PMID 17277290.
  18. ↑ Benwill J, Babineaux M, Sarria JC (2010). "Pulmonary Mycobacterium abscessus in an AIDS patient". Am J Med Sci. 339 (5): 495–6. doi:10.1097/MAJ.0b013e3181d96ad7. PMID 20375687.
  19. ↑ Babalık A, Kuyucu T, Ordu EN, Ernam D, Partal M, Köksalan K (2012). "Non-tuberculous mycobacteria infection: 75 cases". Tuberk Toraks. 60 (1): 20–31. PMID 22554363.
  20. ↑ Lambertucci JR, Borges AH, Voieta I (2011). "Disseminated Mycobacterium abscessus infection in an AIDS patient". Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 44 (2): 265. PMID 21552751.


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