Sporotrichosis risk factors: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
The most potent risk factor in the development of sporotrichosis is handling thorny plants, sphagnum moss, bales of hay, or any plant or plant product that can cause skin trauma. Other risk | The most potent risk factor in the development of sporotrichosis is handling thorny plants, sphagnum moss, bales of hay, or any plant or plant product that can cause skin trauma. These risk factors either lead to direct [[inoculation]] or merely enable the entry of the [[fungus]]. Other risk factors include a [[Immunodeficiency|weakened immune system]], a history of [[alcoholism]], and the handling of infected animals. <ref name="CDCrisk">{{cite web |url=http://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/sporotrichosis/risk-prevention.html|title=Risk and Prevention|date=2015|website=CDC.Gov|publisher=Center for Disease Control |access-date=January 5, 2015 |quote=}}</ref> | ||
factors include a weakened immune system, a history of alcoholism, and the handling of infected animals. <ref name="CDCrisk">{{cite web |url=http://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/sporotrichosis/risk-prevention.html|title=Risk and Prevention|date=2015|website=CDC.Gov|publisher=Center for Disease Control |access-date=January 5, 2015 |quote=}}</ref> | |||
==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
===Common Risk Factors=== | ===Common Risk Factors=== | ||
*A risk factor in the development of sporotrichosis is handling thorny plants, sphagnum moss, bales of hay, or any plant or plant product that can lead to minor skin trauma. | *A risk factor in the development of sporotrichosis is handling thorny plants, sphagnum moss, bales of hay, or any plant or plant product that can lead to minor skin trauma. | ||
*Agriculture-based activities or occupations, such as farming, gardening, and landscaping, are risk factors for the development of sporotrichosis. <ref name="CDCrisk | *Studies have established low socioeconomic status as a risk factor for sporotrichosis. <ref name="studylowsocio">Lyon G. M., et al. 2003. Population-based surveillance and a case-control study of risk factors for endemic lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis in Peru. Clin. Infect. Dis.36:34–39.></ref> | ||
*Predisposing conditions responsible for immunosuppression like diabetes mellitus, chronic alcoholism, myeloproliferative disorders, immunosuppressive therapy for organ transplant, autoimmune disorders, or cancers, prolonged treatment with systemic corticosteroids, and HIV infection have been implicated for extracutaneous sporotrichosis, an opportunistic form of infection. <ref name="pmid25614735">{{cite journal| author=Mahajan VK| title=Sporotrichosis: an overview and therapeutic options. | journal=Dermatol Res Pract | year= 2014 | volume= 2014 | issue= | pages= 272376 | pmid=25614735 | doi=10.1155/2014/272376 | pmc=PMC4295339 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25614735 }} </ref> | *Agriculture-based activities or occupations, such as farming, logging, mining, hunting, wood exploitation, gardening, and landscaping, are risk factors for the development of sporotrichosis. <ref name="CDCrisk" /> | ||
*Predisposing conditions responsible for [[immunosuppression]] like [[diabetes mellitus]], [[chronic alcoholism]], [[myeloproliferative]] disorders, [[immunosuppressive therapy]] for organ transplant, [[autoimmune disorders]], or [[Cancer|cancers]], prolonged treatment with systemic [[Corticosteroid|corticosteroids]], and [[HIV]] infection have been implicated for extracutaneous sporotrichosis, an [[Opportunistic infection|opportunistic form of infection]]. <ref name="pmid25614735">{{cite journal| author=Mahajan VK| title=Sporotrichosis: an overview and therapeutic options. | journal=Dermatol Res Pract | year= 2014 | volume= 2014 | issue= | pages= 272376 | pmid=25614735 | doi=10.1155/2014/272376 | pmc=PMC4295339 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25614735 }} </ref><ref name="pmid24067147">{{cite journal| author=Lin HC, Hastings PA| title=Phylogeny and biogeography of a shallow water fish clade (Teleostei: Blenniiformes). | journal=BMC Evol Biol | year= 2013 | volume= 13 | issue= | pages= 210 | pmid=24067147 | doi=10.1186/1471-2148-13-210 | pmc=PMC3849733 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24067147 }} </ref> | |||
===Less Common Risk Factors=== | ===Less Common Risk Factors=== | ||
*Zoonotic transmission has been reported from insect bites, handling of fish, and bites from felines, birds, canines, rats, reptiles, and horses.<ref name=" | *[[Zoonotic]] transmission has been reported from insect bites, handling of fish, and bites from felines, birds, canines, rats, reptiles, and horses. Most commonly, incidents of [[zoonotic]] transmission result from transmission by infected cats<ref name="sourcefrombibzoo">Fleury R. N., Taborda P. R., Gupta A. K., et al. Zoonotic sporotrichosis. Transmission to humans by infected domestic cat scratching: report of four cases in São Paulo, Brazil. International Journal of Dermatology. 2001;40(5):318–322.></ref> | ||
*Person-to-person transmission is rare. <ref name="pers2pers">Schell W. 1998. Agents of chromoblastomycosis and sporotrichosis, p. 315–336.In Ajello L., Hay R. J. (ed.), Topley & Wilson's microbiology and microbial infections, 9th ed., vol. 4. Arnold, London, United Kingdom.></ref> | |||
*In Uruguay and Brazil, cases of sporotrichosis have been associated with armadillo hunting. <ref name="lolarmadillos">Alves S. H., et al. 2010. Sporothrix schenckii associated with armadillo hunting in Southern Brazil: epidemiological and antifungal susceptibility profiles. Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop. 43:523–525.></ref> | |||
*Pulmonary sporotrichosis may result from [[Fungus|fungal]] inhalation, although this form of sporotrichosis is rare. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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[[Category:Disease]] | [[Category:Disease]] | ||
Latest revision as of 19:07, 18 September 2017
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Alison Leibowitz [2]
Overview
The most potent risk factor in the development of sporotrichosis is handling thorny plants, sphagnum moss, bales of hay, or any plant or plant product that can cause skin trauma. These risk factors either lead to direct inoculation or merely enable the entry of the fungus. Other risk factors include a weakened immune system, a history of alcoholism, and the handling of infected animals. [1]
Risk Factors
Common Risk Factors
- A risk factor in the development of sporotrichosis is handling thorny plants, sphagnum moss, bales of hay, or any plant or plant product that can lead to minor skin trauma.
- Studies have established low socioeconomic status as a risk factor for sporotrichosis. [2]
- Agriculture-based activities or occupations, such as farming, logging, mining, hunting, wood exploitation, gardening, and landscaping, are risk factors for the development of sporotrichosis. [1]
- Predisposing conditions responsible for immunosuppression like diabetes mellitus, chronic alcoholism, myeloproliferative disorders, immunosuppressive therapy for organ transplant, autoimmune disorders, or cancers, prolonged treatment with systemic corticosteroids, and HIV infection have been implicated for extracutaneous sporotrichosis, an opportunistic form of infection. [3][4]
Less Common Risk Factors
- Zoonotic transmission has been reported from insect bites, handling of fish, and bites from felines, birds, canines, rats, reptiles, and horses. Most commonly, incidents of zoonotic transmission result from transmission by infected cats[5]
- Person-to-person transmission is rare. [6]
- In Uruguay and Brazil, cases of sporotrichosis have been associated with armadillo hunting. [7]
- Pulmonary sporotrichosis may result from fungal inhalation, although this form of sporotrichosis is rare.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Risk and Prevention". CDC.Gov. Center for Disease Control. 2015. Retrieved January 5, 2015.
- ↑ Lyon G. M., et al. 2003. Population-based surveillance and a case-control study of risk factors for endemic lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis in Peru. Clin. Infect. Dis.36:34–39.>
- ↑ Mahajan VK (2014). "Sporotrichosis: an overview and therapeutic options". Dermatol Res Pract. 2014: 272376. doi:10.1155/2014/272376. PMC 4295339. PMID 25614735.
- ↑ Lin HC, Hastings PA (2013). "Phylogeny and biogeography of a shallow water fish clade (Teleostei: Blenniiformes)". BMC Evol Biol. 13: 210. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-210. PMC 3849733. PMID 24067147.
- ↑ Fleury R. N., Taborda P. R., Gupta A. K., et al. Zoonotic sporotrichosis. Transmission to humans by infected domestic cat scratching: report of four cases in São Paulo, Brazil. International Journal of Dermatology. 2001;40(5):318–322.>
- ↑ Schell W. 1998. Agents of chromoblastomycosis and sporotrichosis, p. 315–336.In Ajello L., Hay R. J. (ed.), Topley & Wilson's microbiology and microbial infections, 9th ed., vol. 4. Arnold, London, United Kingdom.>
- ↑ Alves S. H., et al. 2010. Sporothrix schenckii associated with armadillo hunting in Southern Brazil: epidemiological and antifungal susceptibility profiles. Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop. 43:523–525.>