St. Louis encephalitis epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions

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Latest revision as of 19:07, 18 September 2017

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Anthony Gallo, B.S. [2]; Contributor(s): Irfan Dotani [3], Vishnu Vardhan Serla M.B.B.S. [4]

Overview

The incidence of St. Louis encephalitis is approximately 192 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. The majority of St. Louis encephalitis cases are reported in the United States. In the United States, the annual number of reported St. Louis encephalitis cases reported fluctuate widely, as a result of periodic epidemics. St. Louis encephalitis infection is thought to confer lifelong immunity against reinfection. The case fatality rate of St. Louis encephalitis ranges between 5-30%, with higher rates among the elderly, worldwide.^[1] St. Louis encephalitis affects men and women equally. There is no racial predilection to the development of St. Louis encephalitis.^[2] Patients of all age groups may develop St. Louis encephalitis.^[1]

Epidemiology and Demographics

Incidence

The incidence of St. Louis encephalitis is approximately 192 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. The majority of St. Louis encephalitis cases are reported in the United States. In the United States, the annual number of reported St. Louis encephalitis neuroinvasive disease cases reported fluctuates widely, as a result of periodic epidemics. St. Louis encephalitis infection is thought to confer lifelong immunity against reinfection.^[2] From 2004-2013, an average of 7 cases were reported annually.^[2]

**St. Louis encephalitis virus neuroinvasive disease cases reported by year, 1964-2010:** In the United States, the number of St. Louis encephalitis cases reported each year vary. From 1964-2010, an average of 100 cases were reported annually.

**St. Louis encephalitis virus neuroinvasive disease cases reported by year, 2004–2013:** In the United States, the number of St. Louis encephalitis cases reported each year vary. From 2004-2013, an average of 7 cases were reported annually.

Case Fatality Rate

The case fatality rate of St. Louis encephalitis ranges between 5-30%, with higher rates among the elderly, worldwide.^[1]

Age

St. Louis encephalitis is a rare disease that tends to affect the elderly and patients <6 months of age. Patients of all age groups may develop St. Louis encephalitis.^[1]

Race

There is no racial predilection to the development of St. Louis encephalitis.^[2]

Gender

St. Louis encephalitis affects men and women equally.^[2]

Geographical Region

In temperate areas of the United States, St. Louis encephalitis primarily occurs in late summer or early fall. In Southern states, where the climate is milder, cases may occur year round. Although the geographic range of the virus extends from Canada to Argentina, human cases have almost exclusively occurred in the United States. The majority of cases have occurred in Eastern and Central states, where episodic urban-centered outbreaks have recurred since the 1930s. The largest epidemic of St. Louis encephalitis occurred in the United States in 1975, with nearly 2,000 cases reported, primarily from the Central states in the Ohio-Mississippi River Basin.^[3]

**St. Louis encephalitis cases reported by state, 1964-2010:** From 1964-2010, St. Louis encephalitis cases have been reported across the United States. This chart illustrates the geographic distribution of the disease.

**St. Louis encephalitis virus neuroinvasive disease cases reported by state, 2004–2013:** From 2004-2013, St. Louis encephalitis cases have been reported across the United States. This chart illustrates the geographic distribution of the disease.

**St. Louis encephalitis average annual incidence by county, 2004–2013:** From 2004-2013, St. Louis encephalitis cases have been reported across the United States. This chart illustrates the geographic distribution of the disease by county, with a predominance of cases occurring in Southern states.

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 St. Louis Encephalitis. http://www.gcmad.org/Documents/St_Louis_Encephalitis.pdf Accessed July 28, 2016.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 Saint Louis Encephalitis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2009). https://www.cdc.gov/sle/technical/fact.html Accessed July 28, 2016.
↑ Impact of the West Nile virus on the Natural History of St. Louis Encephalitis. (2008). http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1437&context=etd Accessed on July 28, 2016.

Template:WS Template:WH

[SLEV-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 St. Louis Encephalitis. http://www.gcmad.org/Documents/St_Louis_Encephalitis.pdf Accessed July 28, 2016.

[SLEVCDC-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 Saint Louis Encephalitis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2009). https://www.cdc.gov/sle/technical/fact.html Accessed July 28, 2016.

[SLEV&WN-3] Impact of the West Nile virus on the Natural History of St. Louis Encephalitis. (2008). http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1437&context=etd Accessed on July 28, 2016.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __NOTOC__
 {{St. Louis encephalitis}}
-{{CMG}} {{AE}}: {{VVS}}
+{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{AG}}; '''Contributor(s):''' {{Irfan Dotani}}, {{VVS}}
 ==Overview==
-,651 cases have been reported throughout the United States from 1964 to 2005. Over this time period, the central and eastern states have reported the largest number of cases.  In temperate areas of the United States, St. Louis encephalitis cases occur primarily in the late summer or early fall. In the southern states, where the climate is milder, St. Louis encephalitis can occur year round.
+The [[incidence]] of St. Louis encephalitis is approximately 192 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. The majority of St. Louis encephalitis cases are reported in the United States. In the United States, the annual number of reported St. Louis encephalitis cases reported fluctuate widely, as a result of periodic [[epidemics]]. St. Louis encephalitis infection is thought to confer lifelong immunity against reinfection. The case fatality rate of St. Louis encephalitis ranges between 5-30%, with higher rates among the [[elderly]], worldwide.<ref name=SLEV>St. Louis Encephalitis. http://www.gcmad.org/Documents/St_Louis_Encephalitis.pdf Accessed July 28, 2016.</ref> St. Louis encephalitis affects men and women equally. There is no racial predilection to the development of St. Louis encephalitis.<ref name=SLEVCDC>Saint Louis Encephalitis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2009). https://www.cdc.gov/sle/technical/fact.html Accessed July 28, 2016.</ref> Patients of all age groups may develop St. Louis encephalitis.<ref name=SLEV>St. Louis Encephalitis. http://www.gcmad.org/Documents/St_Louis_Encephalitis.pdf Accessed July 28, 2016.</ref>
 ==Epidemiology and Demographics==
-St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected mosquito. All residents of and visitors to areas where SLEV activity has been identified are at risk of SLEV infection, particularly persons who engage in outdoor work and recreational activities, and those living in low-income areas. Most SLEV infections are silent; clinical infections range in severity from mild nonspecific febrile illnesses to meningitis or encephalitis. The risk of severe disease and fatality increases with age. SLEV infection is thought to confer life-long immunity against re-infection.
+===Incidence===
+The [[incidence]] of St. Louis encephalitis is approximately 192 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. The majority of St. Louis encephalitis cases are reported in the United States. In the United States, the annual number of reported St. Louis encephalitis neuroinvasive disease cases reported fluctuates widely, as a result of periodic [[epidemics]]. St. Louis encephalitis infection is thought to confer lifelong immunity against reinfection.<ref name=SLEVCDC>Saint Louis Encephalitis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2009). https://www.cdc.gov/sle/technical/fact.html Accessed July 28, 2016.</ref> From 2004-2013, an average of 7 cases were reported annually.<ref name=SLEVCDC>Saint Louis Encephalitis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2009). https://www.cdc.gov/sle/technical/fact.html Accessed July 28, 2016.</ref>
+[[File:SLEVND.png|900px|thumb|center|'''St. Louis encephalitis virus neuroinvasive disease cases reported by year, 1964-2010:''' In the United States, the number of St. Louis encephalitis cases reported each year vary. From 1964-2010, an average of 100 cases were reported annually.]]
+[[File:SLEVNDAAIBC.jpg|500px|thumb|center|'''St. Louis encephalitis virus neuroinvasive disease cases reported by year, 2004–2013:''' In the United States, the number of St. Louis encephalitis cases reported each year vary. From 2004-2013, an average of 7 cases were reported annually.]]
+===Case Fatality Rate===
+The case fatality rate of St. Louis encephalitis ranges between 5-30%, with higher rates among the [[elderly]], worldwide.<ref name=SLEV>St. Louis Encephalitis. http://www.gcmad.org/Documents/St_Louis_Encephalitis.pdf Accessed July 28, 2016.</ref>
+===Age===
+St. Louis encephalitis is a [[rare disease]] that tends to affect the [[elderly]] and patients <6 months of age. Patients of all age groups may develop St. Louis encephalitis.<ref name=SLEV>St. Louis Encephalitis. http://www.gcmad.org/Documents/St_Louis_Encephalitis.pdf Accessed July 28, 2016.</ref>
+===Race===
+There is no racial predilection to the development of St. Louis encephalitis.<ref name=SLEVCDC>Saint Louis Encephalitis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2009). https://www.cdc.gov/sle/technical/fact.html Accessed July 28, 2016.</ref>
-In the United States, the annual number of reported SLEV neuroinvasive disease cases reported fluctuates widely, as result of periodic epidemics. From 1964 through 2009, an average of 102 cases were reported annually (range 2-1,967). To ensure standardization of reporting across the country, CDC recommends that the national surveillance case definition be consistently applied by all state health departments.
+===Gender===
+St. Louis encephalitis affects men and women equally.<ref name=SLEVCDC>Saint Louis Encephalitis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2009). https://www.cdc.gov/sle/technical/fact.html Accessed July 28, 2016.</ref>
-In temperate areas of the United States, SLEV disease cases occur primarily in the late summer or early fall. In the southern states, where the climate is milder, cases can occur year round. Although the geographic range of the virus extends from Canada to Argentina, human cases have almost exclusively occurred in the United States. The majority of cases have occurred in eastern and central states, where episodic urban-centered outbreaks have recurred since the 1930s. In the rural west, transmission has followed a more endemic pattern. The largest epidemic of SLEV neuroinvasive disease ever recognized occurred in the United States in 1975, with nearly 2,000 cases reported, primarily from the central states in the Ohio-Mississippi River Basin.
+===Geographical Region===
+In temperate areas of the United States, St. Louis encephalitis primarily occurs in late summer or early fall. In Southern states, where the climate is milder, cases may occur year round. Although the geographic range of the virus extends from Canada to Argentina, human cases have almost exclusively occurred in the United States. The majority of cases have occurred in Eastern and Central states, where episodic urban-centered [[outbreaks]] have recurred since the 1930s. The largest [[epidemic]] of St. Louis encephalitis occurred in the United States in 1975, with nearly 2,000 cases reported, primarily from the Central states in the Ohio-Mississippi River Basin.<ref name= SLEV&WN> Impact of the West Nile virus on the Natural History of St. Louis Encephalitis. (2008). http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1437&context=etd Accessed on July 28, 2016.</ref>
-'''St. Louis Encephalitis Virus Neuroinvasive Disease Cases* Reported by Year, 1964-2010'''[[Image:Sle_chart.jpg|center|600px]]
+[[File:SLEVUSA.jpg|600px|thumb|center|'''St. Louis encephalitis cases reported by state, 1964-2010:''' From 1964-2010, St. Louis encephalitis cases have been reported across the United States. This chart illustrates the geographic distribution of the disease.]]
-*Neuroinvasive disease includes cases reported as encephalitis, meningoencephalitis, or meningitis.
-Data Table: In the United States, the annual number of reported St. Louis encephalitis virus neuroinvasive disease cases reported fluctuates widely, as a result of periodic epidemics. From 1964 through 2010, an average of 100 cases were reported annually (range 2-1,967). This graph demonstrates how the number of cases can vary markedly from year to year.
-'''St. Louis Encephalitis Virus Neuroinvasive Disease Cases* Reported by State, 1964-2010'''[[Image:Sle_state_map.jpg|center|600px]]
+[[File:SLE.jpg|700px|thumb|center|'''St. Louis encephalitis virus neuroinvasive disease cases reported by state, 2004–2013:''' From 2004-2013, St. Louis encephalitis cases have been reported across the United States. This chart illustrates the geographic distribution of the disease.]]
-Data table: From 1964 through 2010, SLEV neuroinvasive disease cases have been reported in Alabama (150), Arkansas (79), Arizona (41), California (123), Colorado (88), Connecticut (1), District of Columbia (9), Delaware (1), Florida (380), Georgia (5), Iowa (25), Idaho (3), Illinois (697), Indiana (369), Kansas (127), Kentucky (68), Louisiana (168), Maryland (9), Michigan (33), Minnesota (8), Missouri (77), Mississippi (348), Montana (2), North Carolina (6), North Dakota (19), Nebraska (14), New Hampshire (1), New Jersey (131), New Mexico (7), Nevada (4), New York (10), Ohio (441), Oklahoma (12), Oregon (2), Pennsylvania (37), South Dakota (5), Tennessee (141), Texas (1021), Utah (1), Virginia (8), Washington (4), Wisconsin (5), West Virginia (12), and Wyoming (1).
-'''St. Louis Encephalitis Virus Neuroinvasive Disease* Average Annual Incidence by County, 1996-2010''' [[Image:Sle_byCounty.jpg|center|600px]]
+[[File:SLEBC.jpg|530px|thumb|center|'''St. Louis encephalitis average annual incidence by county, 2004–2013:''' From 2004-2013, St. Louis encephalitis cases have been reported across the United States. This chart illustrates the geographic distribution of the disease by county, with a predominance of cases occurring in Southern states.]]
-Data table: This map shows the distribution of St. Louis encephalitis virus neuroinvasive disease (encephalitis and/or meningitis) average annual incidence from 1996 through 2010. Counties are shaded according to incidences ranging from less than 0.05, 0.05 to 0.19, and greater than or equal to 0.2 per 100,000 population. Shaded counties are scattered throughout the United States.
 ==References==
-{{reflist|2}}
+{{Reflist|2}}
-[[Category:Viruses]]
 [[Category:Neurology]]
-[[Category:Infectious disease]]
-{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
+{{WS}}
+{{WH}}