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| ==Interaction with ''Haemophilus influenzae''== | | ==Differentiating ''Streptococcus pneumoniae'' Infection From Other Diseases== |
| Both ''[[Haemophilus influenzae|H. influenzae]]'' and ''S. pneumoniae'' can be found in the human upper respiratory system. A study of competition in a laboratory revealed that, in a petrì dish, ''S. pneumoniae'' always overpowered ''H. influenzae'' by attacking it with a [[hydrogen peroxide]] and stripping off surface molecules that ''H. influenzae'' needs for survival.
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| When both bacteria are placed together into a nasal cavity, within 2 weeks, only ''H. influenzae'' survives. When both are placed separately into a nasal cavity, each one survives. Upon examining the upper respiratory tissue from mice exposed to both bacteria, an extraordinarily large number of [[neutrophils]] immune cells were found. In mice exposed to only one bacteria, the cells were not present
| | The following conditions must be considered in the differential diagnosis of Streptococcus pneumoniae infection:<ref>{{cite web | title = DXplain | url = http://www.mghlcs.org/projects/dxplainhttp://www.mghlcs.org/projects/dxplain }}</ref> |
| | | * Hemophilus influenza pneumonia |
| Lab tests show that neutrophils that were exposed to already dead ''H. influenzae'' were more aggressive in attacking ''S. pneumoniae'' than unexposed neutrophils. Exposure to killed ''H. influenzae'' had no effect on live ''H. influenzae''.
| | * kKebsiella pneumonia |
| | | * Staphylococcal pneumonia |
| Two scenarios may be responsible for this response:
| | * Lung abscess |
| | | * Pulmonary embolism |
| # When ''H. influenzae'' is attacked by ''S. pneumoniae'', it signals the immune system to attack the ''S. pneumoniae''
| | * Lung squamous cell carcinoma |
| # The combination of the two species together sets off an immune system alarm that is not set off by either species individually.
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| It is unclear why ''H. influenzae'' is not affected by the immune system response.<ref name="PLosPathog2006-Lysenko">{{cite journal | author=Lysenko ES, Ratner AJ, Nelson AL, Weiser JN | title=The role of innate immune responses in the outcome of interspecies competition for colonization of mucosal surfaces | journal=PLoS Pathog | year=2005 | pages=e1 | volume=1 | issue=1 | id=PMID 16201010}} [http://pathogens.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=#10.1371/journal.ppat.0010001 Full text]</ref>
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| ==References== | | ==References== |
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| [[Category:Disease]] | | [[Category:Disease]] |
| [[Category:Infectious disease]]
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| [[Category:Pulmonology]] | | [[Category:Pulmonology]] |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Differentiating Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection From Other Diseases
The following conditions must be considered in the differential diagnosis of Streptococcus pneumoniae infection:[1]
- Hemophilus influenza pneumonia
- kKebsiella pneumonia
- Staphylococcal pneumonia
- Lung abscess
- Pulmonary embolism
- Lung squamous cell carcinoma
References