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==Overview==
==History==
Zygomycosis frequently involves the [[Paranasal sinus|sinuses]], [[brain]], or [[lungs]] as the sites of infection. Whilst orbitorhinocerebral Zygomycosis is the most common type of the disease, this infection can also manifest in the [[gastrointestinal tract]], [[skin]], and in other organ systems.
==Common Symptoms==
Symptoms of rhinocerebral zygomycosis include:


==History and symptoms==
*Eye swelling and protrusion ([[proptosis]])
Mucormycosis frequently involves the [[Paranasal sinus|sinuses]], [[brain]], or [[lungs]] as the sites of infection. Whilst orbitorhinocerebral mucormycosis is the most common type of the disease, this infection can also manifest in the [[gastrointestinal tract]], [[skin]], and in other organ systems.<ref name=Emedicine/> The clinical [[hallmark]] of mucormycosis is [[vascular]] invasion resulting in [[thrombosis]] and tissue [[infarction]]/[[necrosis]].<ref name=cmrasm/>
*Dark nasal [[eschar]] (scabbing)
*[[Fever]]
*[[Headache]]
*Redness of skin overlying sinuses
*Sinus pain or [[congestion]]


If rhinocerebral disease is the cause of the infection, symptoms may include [[unilateral]], retro-orbital [[headache]], facial pain, [[fevers]], nasal stuffiness that progresses to black [[discharge]], acute sinusitis, and eye swelling along with protrusion of eye orbit.<ref name=medplus/> In addition, affected skin may appear relatively normal during the earliest stages of infection. This skin quickly progresses to an [[erythemic]] (reddening, occasionally with [[edema]]) stage, before eventually turning black due to necrosis.<ref name=cmrasm>{{cite journal |author=Spellberg B, Edwards J, Ibrahim A |title=Novel perspectives on mucormycosis: pathophysiology, presentation, and management |journal=Clin. Microbiol. Rev. |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=556–69 |year=2005 |pmid=16020690 |doi=10.1128/CMR.18.3.556-569.2005| url=http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/content/full/18/3/556}} {{PMC|1195964}}</ref> However, in other forms of mucormycosis (such as pulmonary, cutaneous or disseminated mucormycosis), symptoms may also include [[dyspnea]], persistent [[cough]], [[hemoptysis]] (in cases of necrosis and [[nausea]]/[[vomiting]]), coughing blood, and abdominal pain..<ref name=Emedicine/><ref name=medplus/>
Symptoms of lung (pulmonary) zygomycosis include:
*[[Cough]]
*[[Hemoptysis|Coughing blood]] (occasionally)
*Fever
*[[Dyspnea|Shortness of breath]]


Rarely, [[maxilla]] may be affected by mucormycosis.<ref name="maxilla"/> The lack of case reports regarding maxillofacial mucormycosis lies in the rich vascularity of the maxillofacial areas preventing fungal infections, although this can be overcome by more prevalent fungi, bacteria or viruses such as those responsible for mucormycosis.<ref name="maxilla"/>
Symptoms of gastrointestinal zygomycosis include:


Predisposing factors for mucormycosis include [[AIDS]], malignancies such as [[lymphoma]]s and [[leukemia]]s, [[renal failure]], [[organ transplant]], long term [[corticosteroid]] and immunosuppressive therapy, [[cirrhosis]], [[burns]] and energy [[malnutrition]].<ref name="maxilla"/>
*[[Abdominal pain]]
*[[Hematemesis|Vomiting blood]]


Possible complications of mucormycosis include the partial loss of neurological function, blindness and clotting of brain or lung vessels.<ref name=medplus/>
Symptoms of kidney (renal) zygomycosis include:


Basidiobolomycosis is usually a superficial infection of skin, but may very rarely cause lesions of the bowel or liver, mimicking bowel cancer,<ref>{{cite journal | title=A fatal pseudo-tumour: disseminated basidiobolomycosis | author=Van den berk GEL, Noorduyn LA, van Ketel RJ, ''et al.'' | journal=BMC Infect Dis | year=2006 | volume=6 | pages=140 | doi=10.1186/1471-2334-6-140 }}</ref> or [[Crohn's disease]].<ref>{{cite journal | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year=1999 | volume=28 | issue=6 | pages=1244&ndash;8 | title=Gastrointestinal zygomycotic infection caused by ''Basidiobolus ranarum:'' case report and review | author=Zavasky DM, Samowitz W, Loftus T, Segal H, Carroll K }}</ref> In patients with deep involvement, the [[eosinophil]] count may be raised, falsely suggesting a parasitic infection.
*Fever
*Flank (side) pain


Symptoms of skin (cutaneous) zygomycosis include a single, painful, hardened area of skin that may have a blackened center.
==Less Common Symptoms==
Rarely, [[maxilla]] may be affected by Zygomycosis. The lack of case reports regarding maxillofacial Zygomycosis lies in the rich vascularity of the maxillofacial areas preventing fungal infections, although this can be overcome by more prevalent fungi, bacteria or viruses such as those responsible for Zygomycosis.
Basidiobolomycosis is usually a superficial infection of skin, but may very rarely cause lesions of the bowel or liver, mimicking bowel cancer,<ref>{{cite journal | title=A fatal pseudo-tumour: disseminated basidiobolomycosis | author=Van den berk GEL, Noorduyn LA, van Ketel RJ, ''et al.'' | journal=BMC Infect Dis | year=2006 | volume=6 | pages=140 | doi=10.1186/1471-2334-6-140 }}</ref> or [[Crohn's disease]].<ref>{{cite journal | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year=1999 | volume=28 | issue=6 | pages=1244&ndash;8 | title=Gastrointestinal zygomycotic infection caused by ''Basidiobolus ranarum:'' case report and review | author=Zavasky DM, Samowitz W, Loftus T, Segal H, Carroll K }}</ref>
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category:Needs overview]]


[[Category:Fungal diseases]]
[[Category:Fungal diseases]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Parasitic fungi]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Disease]]
 
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Latest revision as of 19:33, 18 September 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

History

Zygomycosis frequently involves the sinuses, brain, or lungs as the sites of infection. Whilst orbitorhinocerebral Zygomycosis is the most common type of the disease, this infection can also manifest in the gastrointestinal tract, skin, and in other organ systems.

Common Symptoms

Symptoms of rhinocerebral zygomycosis include:

Symptoms of lung (pulmonary) zygomycosis include:

Symptoms of gastrointestinal zygomycosis include:

Symptoms of kidney (renal) zygomycosis include:

  • Fever
  • Flank (side) pain

Symptoms of skin (cutaneous) zygomycosis include a single, painful, hardened area of skin that may have a blackened center.

Less Common Symptoms

Rarely, maxilla may be affected by Zygomycosis. The lack of case reports regarding maxillofacial Zygomycosis lies in the rich vascularity of the maxillofacial areas preventing fungal infections, although this can be overcome by more prevalent fungi, bacteria or viruses such as those responsible for Zygomycosis.

Basidiobolomycosis is usually a superficial infection of skin, but may very rarely cause lesions of the bowel or liver, mimicking bowel cancer,[1] or Crohn's disease.[2]

References

  1. ↑ Van den berk GEL, Noorduyn LA, van Ketel RJ; et al. (2006). "A fatal pseudo-tumour: disseminated basidiobolomycosis". BMC Infect Dis. 6: 140. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-6-140.
  2. ↑ Zavasky DM, Samowitz W, Loftus T, Segal H, Carroll K (1999). "Gastrointestinal zygomycotic infection caused by Basidiobolus ranarum: case report and review". Clin Infect Dis. 28 (6): 1244&ndash, 8.


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