Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state causes: Difference between revisions

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===Common Causes===
===Common Causes===
Common causes of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) include:
Common causes of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) include:
* [[Infections]]:
* '''Infections:'''
** [[Pneumonia]]<ref name="pmid1906798">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bouter KP, Diepersloot RJ, van Romunde LK, Uitslager R, Masurel N, Hoekstra JB, Erkelens DW |title=Effect of epidemic influenza on ketoacidosis, pneumonia and death in diabetes mellitus: a hospital register survey of 1976-1979 in The Netherlands |journal=Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=61–8 |year=1991 |pmid=1906798 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
** [[Pneumonia]]<ref name="pmid1906798">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bouter KP, Diepersloot RJ, van Romunde LK, Uitslager R, Masurel N, Hoekstra JB, Erkelens DW |title=Effect of epidemic influenza on ketoacidosis, pneumonia and death in diabetes mellitus: a hospital register survey of 1976-1979 in The Netherlands |journal=Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=61–8 |year=1991 |pmid=1906798 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
** [[Sepsis]]<ref name="pmid24827487">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nakamura K, Inokuchi R, Doi K, Fukuda T, Tokunaga K, Nakajima S, Noiri E, Yahagi N |title=Septic ketoacidosis |journal=Intern. Med. |volume=53 |issue=10 |pages=1071–3 |year=2014 |pmid=24827487 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20610941">{{cite journal |vauthors=Osuchowski MF, Craciun FL, Schuller E, Sima C, Gyurko R, Remick DG |title=Untreated type 1 diabetes increases sepsis-induced mortality without inducing a prelethal cytokine response |journal=Shock |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=369–76 |year=2010 |pmid=20610941 |pmc=2941557 |doi=10.1097/SHK.0b013e3181dc40a8 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22701840">{{cite journal |vauthors=Casqueiro J, Casqueiro J, Alves C |title=Infections in patients with diabetes mellitus: A review of pathogenesis |journal=Indian J Endocrinol Metab |volume=16 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=S27–36 |year=2012 |pmid=22701840 |pmc=3354930 |doi=10.4103/2230-8210.94253 |url=}}</ref>
** [[Sepsis]]<ref name="pmid24827487">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nakamura K, Inokuchi R, Doi K, Fukuda T, Tokunaga K, Nakajima S, Noiri E, Yahagi N |title=Septic ketoacidosis |journal=Intern. Med. |volume=53 |issue=10 |pages=1071–3 |year=2014 |pmid=24827487 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20610941">{{cite journal |vauthors=Osuchowski MF, Craciun FL, Schuller E, Sima C, Gyurko R, Remick DG |title=Untreated type 1 diabetes increases sepsis-induced mortality without inducing a prelethal cytokine response |journal=Shock |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=369–76 |year=2010 |pmid=20610941 |pmc=2941557 |doi=10.1097/SHK.0b013e3181dc40a8 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22701840">{{cite journal |vauthors=Casqueiro J, Casqueiro J, Alves C |title=Infections in patients with diabetes mellitus: A review of pathogenesis |journal=Indian J Endocrinol Metab |volume=16 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=S27–36 |year=2012 |pmid=22701840 |pmc=3354930 |doi=10.4103/2230-8210.94253 |url=}}</ref>
** [[Urinary tract infections|Genitourinary tract infections]]<ref name="pmid19152925">{{cite journal |vauthors=Czaja CA, Rutledge BN, Cleary PA, Chan K, Stapleton AE, Stamm WE |title=Urinary tract infections in women with type 1 diabetes mellitus: survey of female participants in the epidemiology of diabetes interventions and complications study cohort |journal=J. Urol. |volume=181 |issue=3 |pages=1129–34; discussion 1134–5 |year=2009 |pmid=19152925 |pmc=2699609 |doi=10.1016/j.juro.2008.11.021 |url=}}</ref>
** [[Urinary tract infections|Genitourinary tract infections]]<ref name="pmid19152925">{{cite journal |vauthors=Czaja CA, Rutledge BN, Cleary PA, Chan K, Stapleton AE, Stamm WE |title=Urinary tract infections in women with type 1 diabetes mellitus: survey of female participants in the epidemiology of diabetes interventions and complications study cohort |journal=J. Urol. |volume=181 |issue=3 |pages=1129–34; discussion 1134–5 |year=2009 |pmid=19152925 |pmc=2699609 |doi=10.1016/j.juro.2008.11.021 |url=}}</ref>
* Drugs:<ref name="pmid17604410">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ramaswamy K, Kozma CM, Nasrallah H |title=Risk of diabetic ketoacidosis after exposure to risperidone or olanzapine |journal=Drug Saf |volume=30 |issue=7 |pages=589–99 |year=2007 |pmid=17604410 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23344556">{{cite journal |vauthors=Guenette MD, Hahn M, Cohn TA, Teo C, Remington GJ |title=Atypical antipsychotics and diabetic ketoacidosis: a review |journal=Psychopharmacology (Berl.) |volume=226 |issue=1 |pages=1–12 |year=2013 |pmid=23344556 |doi=10.1007/s00213-013-2982-3 |url=}}</ref>
* '''Drugs:'''<ref name="pmid17604410">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ramaswamy K, Kozma CM, Nasrallah H |title=Risk of diabetic ketoacidosis after exposure to risperidone or olanzapine |journal=Drug Saf |volume=30 |issue=7 |pages=589–99 |year=2007 |pmid=17604410 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23344556">{{cite journal |vauthors=Guenette MD, Hahn M, Cohn TA, Teo C, Remington GJ |title=Atypical antipsychotics and diabetic ketoacidosis: a review |journal=Psychopharmacology (Berl.) |volume=226 |issue=1 |pages=1–12 |year=2013 |pmid=23344556 |doi=10.1007/s00213-013-2982-3 |url=}}</ref>
** [[Antipsychotic drugs|Antipsychotic agents]]  ([[clozapine]], [[olanzapine]], [[risperidone]])  
** [[Antipsychotic drugs|Antipsychotic agents]]  ([[clozapine]], [[olanzapine]], [[risperidone]])  
** Illicit drugs ([[cocaine]] and [[alcohol]])
** Illicit drugs ([[cocaine]] and [[alcohol]])
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** [[Pentamidine]]<ref name="pmid8577688">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lu CP, Wu HP, Chuang LM, Lin BJ, Chuang CY, Tai TY |title=Pentamidine-induced hyperglycemia and ketosis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome |journal=Pancreas |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=315–6 |year=1995 |pmid=8577688 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3150636">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lambertus MW, Murthy AR, Nagami P, Goetz MB |title=Diabetic ketoacidosis following pentamidine therapy in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome |journal=West. J. Med. |volume=149 |issue=5 |pages=602–4 |year=1988 |pmid=3150636 |pmc=1026553 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
** [[Pentamidine]]<ref name="pmid8577688">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lu CP, Wu HP, Chuang LM, Lin BJ, Chuang CY, Tai TY |title=Pentamidine-induced hyperglycemia and ketosis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome |journal=Pancreas |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=315–6 |year=1995 |pmid=8577688 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3150636">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lambertus MW, Murthy AR, Nagami P, Goetz MB |title=Diabetic ketoacidosis following pentamidine therapy in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome |journal=West. J. Med. |volume=149 |issue=5 |pages=602–4 |year=1988 |pmid=3150636 |pmc=1026553 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
** [[Sympathomimetic agents]] ([[albuterol]], [[dopamine]], [[dobutamine]], [[terbutaline]], [[ritodrine]], [[thiazide diuretics]])<ref name="pmid24459">{{cite journal |vauthors=Borberg C, Gillmer MD, Beard RW, Oakley NW |title=Metabolic effects of beta-sympathomimetic drugs and dexamethasone in normal and diabetic pregnancy |journal=Br J Obstet Gynaecol |volume=85 |issue=3 |pages=184–9 |year=1978 |pmid=24459 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1684993">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rodgers BD, Rodgers DE |title=Clinical variables associated with diabetic ketoacidosis during pregnancy |journal=J Reprod Med |volume=36 |issue=11 |pages=797–800 |year=1991 |pmid=1684993 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
** [[Sympathomimetic agents]] ([[albuterol]], [[dopamine]], [[dobutamine]], [[terbutaline]], [[ritodrine]], [[thiazide diuretics]])<ref name="pmid24459">{{cite journal |vauthors=Borberg C, Gillmer MD, Beard RW, Oakley NW |title=Metabolic effects of beta-sympathomimetic drugs and dexamethasone in normal and diabetic pregnancy |journal=Br J Obstet Gynaecol |volume=85 |issue=3 |pages=184–9 |year=1978 |pmid=24459 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1684993">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rodgers BD, Rodgers DE |title=Clinical variables associated with diabetic ketoacidosis during pregnancy |journal=J Reprod Med |volume=36 |issue=11 |pages=797–800 |year=1991 |pmid=1684993 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* [[Myocardial infarction]]<ref name="pmid15887449">{{cite journal |vauthors=Trachtenbarg DE |title=Diabetic ketoacidosis |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=71 |issue=9 |pages=1705–14 |year=2005 |pmid=15887449 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* '''Noncompliance to [[insulin]] treatment:'''<ref name="pmid20489639">{{cite journal |vauthors=Borus JS, Laffel L |title=Adherence challenges in the management of type 1 diabetes in adolescents: prevention and intervention |journal=Curr. Opin. Pediatr. |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=405–11 |year=2010 |pmid=20489639 |pmc=3159529 |doi=10.1097/MOP.0b013e32833a46a7 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25061324">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gosmanov AR, Gosmanova EO, Dillard-Cannon E |title=Management of adult diabetic ketoacidosis |journal=Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes |volume=7 |issue= |pages=255–64 |year=2014 |pmid=25061324 |pmc=4085289 |doi=10.2147/DMSO.S50516 |url=}}</ref>  
* [[Pancreatitis]]<ref name="pmid11051350">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nair S, Yadav D, Pitchumoni CS |title=Association of diabetic ketoacidosis and acute pancreatitis: observations in 100 consecutive episodes of DKA |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=95 |issue=10 |pages=2795–800 |year=2000 |pmid=11051350 |doi=10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.03188.x |url=}}</ref>
** [[Body dysmorphic disorder|Body dysmorphic disorders]]
* [[Shock (medical)|Shock]]/[[hypovolemia]]<ref name="pmid15871546">{{cite journal |vauthors=Umpierrez GE, Kitabchi AE |title=Diabetic ketoacidosis: risk factors and management strategies |journal=Treat Endocrinol |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=95–108 |year=2003 |pmid=15871546 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* [[Trauma]]<ref name="pmid17585123">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dhatariya KK |title=Diabetic ketoacidosis |journal=BMJ |volume=334 |issue=7607 |pages=1284–5 |year=2007 |pmid=17585123 |pmc=1895683 |doi=10.1136/bmj.39237.661111.80 |url=}}</ref>
* Undiagnosed [[diabetes mellitus]]<ref name="pmid22125712">{{cite journal |vauthors=Razavi Z |title=Frequency of ketoacidosis in newly diagnosed type 1 diabetic children |journal=Oman Med J |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=114–7 |year=2010 |pmid=22125712 |pmc=3215499 |doi=10.5001/omj.2010.31 |url=}}</ref>
* Noncompliance to [[insulin]] treatment:<ref name="pmid20489639">{{cite journal |vauthors=Borus JS, Laffel L |title=Adherence challenges in the management of type 1 diabetes in adolescents: prevention and intervention |journal=Curr. Opin. Pediatr. |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=405–11 |year=2010 |pmid=20489639 |pmc=3159529 |doi=10.1097/MOP.0b013e32833a46a7 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25061324">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gosmanov AR, Gosmanova EO, Dillard-Cannon E |title=Management of adult diabetic ketoacidosis |journal=Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes |volume=7 |issue= |pages=255–64 |year=2014 |pmid=25061324 |pmc=4085289 |doi=10.2147/DMSO.S50516 |url=}}</ref>  
** Body image issues
** Financial problems
** Financial problems
**Lack of [[insulin]]<ref name="pmid22701840">{{cite journal |vauthors=Casqueiro J, Casqueiro J, Alves C |title=Infections in patients with diabetes mellitus: A review of pathogenesis |journal=Indian J Endocrinol Metab |volume=16 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=S27–36 |year=2012 |pmid=22701840 |pmc=3354930 |doi=10.4103/2230-8210.94253 |url=}}</ref>
**Lack of [[insulin]]<ref name="pmid22701840">{{cite journal |vauthors=Casqueiro J, Casqueiro J, Alves C |title=Infections in patients with diabetes mellitus: A review of pathogenesis |journal=Indian J Endocrinol Metab |volume=16 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=S27–36 |year=2012 |pmid=22701840 |pmc=3354930 |doi=10.4103/2230-8210.94253 |url=}}</ref>
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**Accidental
**Accidental
**Neglect by caregivers
**Neglect by caregivers
* '''Others:'''
** [[Myocardial infarction]]<ref name="pmid15887449">{{cite journal |vauthors=Trachtenbarg DE |title=Diabetic ketoacidosis |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=71 |issue=9 |pages=1705–14 |year=2005 |pmid=15887449 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
** [[Pancreatitis]]<ref name="pmid11051350">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nair S, Yadav D, Pitchumoni CS |title=Association of diabetic ketoacidosis and acute pancreatitis: observations in 100 consecutive episodes of DKA |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=95 |issue=10 |pages=2795–800 |year=2000 |pmid=11051350 |doi=10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.03188.x |url=}}</ref>
** [[Shock (medical)|Shock]]/[[hypovolemia]]<ref name="pmid15871546">{{cite journal |vauthors=Umpierrez GE, Kitabchi AE |title=Diabetic ketoacidosis: risk factors and management strategies |journal=Treat Endocrinol |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=95–108 |year=2003 |pmid=15871546 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
** [[Trauma]]<ref name="pmid17585123">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dhatariya KK |title=Diabetic ketoacidosis |journal=BMJ |volume=334 |issue=7607 |pages=1284–5 |year=2007 |pmid=17585123 |pmc=1895683 |doi=10.1136/bmj.39237.661111.80 |url=}}</ref>
** Undiagnosed [[diabetes mellitus]]<ref name="pmid22125712">{{cite journal |vauthors=Razavi Z |title=Frequency of ketoacidosis in newly diagnosed type 1 diabetic children |journal=Oman Med J |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=114–7 |year=2010 |pmid=22125712 |pmc=3215499 |doi=10.5001/omj.2010.31 |url=}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
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Latest revision as of 15:16, 23 October 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Husnain Shaukat, M.D [2]

Overview

The hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) is caused by a decrease in effective insulin-to-glucagon ratio. This process is triggered by a lack of insulin due to decreased production, noncompliance with insulin treatment, high demand of insulin or resistance to the action of insulin. The hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) can be aggravated in conditions that cause dehydration or in certain disease states like the renal failure or congestive cardiac failure.

Causes

Common Causes

Common causes of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) include:

References

  1. ↑ Bouter KP, Diepersloot RJ, van Romunde LK, Uitslager R, Masurel N, Hoekstra JB, Erkelens DW (1991). "Effect of epidemic influenza on ketoacidosis, pneumonia and death in diabetes mellitus: a hospital register survey of 1976-1979 in The Netherlands". Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 12 (1): 61–8. PMID 1906798.
  2. ↑ Nakamura K, Inokuchi R, Doi K, Fukuda T, Tokunaga K, Nakajima S, Noiri E, Yahagi N (2014). "Septic ketoacidosis". Intern. Med. 53 (10): 1071–3. PMID 24827487.
  3. ↑ Osuchowski MF, Craciun FL, Schuller E, Sima C, Gyurko R, Remick DG (2010). "Untreated type 1 diabetes increases sepsis-induced mortality without inducing a prelethal cytokine response". Shock. 34 (4): 369–76. doi:10.1097/SHK.0b013e3181dc40a8. PMC 2941557. PMID 20610941.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Casqueiro J, Casqueiro J, Alves C (2012). "Infections in patients with diabetes mellitus: A review of pathogenesis". Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 16 Suppl 1: S27–36. doi:10.4103/2230-8210.94253. PMC 3354930. PMID 22701840.
  5. ↑ Czaja CA, Rutledge BN, Cleary PA, Chan K, Stapleton AE, Stamm WE (2009). "Urinary tract infections in women with type 1 diabetes mellitus: survey of female participants in the epidemiology of diabetes interventions and complications study cohort". J. Urol. 181 (3): 1129–34, discussion 1134–5. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2008.11.021. PMC 2699609. PMID 19152925.
  6. ↑ Ramaswamy K, Kozma CM, Nasrallah H (2007). "Risk of diabetic ketoacidosis after exposure to risperidone or olanzapine". Drug Saf. 30 (7): 589–99. PMID 17604410.
  7. ↑ Guenette MD, Hahn M, Cohn TA, Teo C, Remington GJ (2013). "Atypical antipsychotics and diabetic ketoacidosis: a review". Psychopharmacology (Berl.). 226 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1007/s00213-013-2982-3. PMID 23344556.
  8. ↑ Alavi IA, Sharma BK, Pillay VK (1971). "Steroid-induced diabetic ketoacidosis". Am. J. Med. Sci. 262 (1): 15–23. PMID 4327634.
  9. ↑ Alberti KG (1975). "Role of glucagon and other hormones in development of diabetic ketoacidosis". Lancet. 1 (7920): 1307–11. PMID 49515.
  10. ↑ Nakamura K, Kawasaki E, Imagawa A, Awata T, Ikegami H, Uchigata Y, Kobayashi T, Shimada A, Nakanishi K, Makino H, Maruyama T, Hanafusa T (2011). "Type 1 diabetes and interferon therapy: a nationwide survey in Japan". Diabetes Care. 34 (9): 2084–9. doi:10.2337/dc10-2274. PMC 3161293. PMID 21775762.
  11. ↑ Lu CP, Wu HP, Chuang LM, Lin BJ, Chuang CY, Tai TY (1995). "Pentamidine-induced hyperglycemia and ketosis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome". Pancreas. 11 (3): 315–6. PMID 8577688.
  12. ↑ Lambertus MW, Murthy AR, Nagami P, Goetz MB (1988). "Diabetic ketoacidosis following pentamidine therapy in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome". West. J. Med. 149 (5): 602–4. PMC 1026553. PMID 3150636.
  13. ↑ Borberg C, Gillmer MD, Beard RW, Oakley NW (1978). "Metabolic effects of beta-sympathomimetic drugs and dexamethasone in normal and diabetic pregnancy". Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 85 (3): 184–9. PMID 24459.
  14. ↑ Rodgers BD, Rodgers DE (1991). "Clinical variables associated with diabetic ketoacidosis during pregnancy". J Reprod Med. 36 (11): 797–800. PMID 1684993.
  15. ↑ Borus JS, Laffel L (2010). "Adherence challenges in the management of type 1 diabetes in adolescents: prevention and intervention". Curr. Opin. Pediatr. 22 (4): 405–11. doi:10.1097/MOP.0b013e32833a46a7. PMC 3159529. PMID 20489639.
  16. ↑ Gosmanov AR, Gosmanova EO, Dillard-Cannon E (2014). "Management of adult diabetic ketoacidosis". Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 7: 255–64. doi:10.2147/DMSO.S50516. PMC 4085289. PMID 25061324.
  17. ↑ Trachtenbarg DE (2005). "Diabetic ketoacidosis". Am Fam Physician. 71 (9): 1705–14. PMID 15887449.
  18. ↑ Nair S, Yadav D, Pitchumoni CS (2000). "Association of diabetic ketoacidosis and acute pancreatitis: observations in 100 consecutive episodes of DKA". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 95 (10): 2795–800. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.03188.x. PMID 11051350.
  19. ↑ Umpierrez GE, Kitabchi AE (2003). "Diabetic ketoacidosis: risk factors and management strategies". Treat Endocrinol. 2 (2): 95–108. PMID 15871546.
  20. ↑ Dhatariya KK (2007). "Diabetic ketoacidosis". BMJ. 334 (7607): 1284–5. doi:10.1136/bmj.39237.661111.80. PMC 1895683. PMID 17585123.
  21. ↑ Razavi Z (2010). "Frequency of ketoacidosis in newly diagnosed type 1 diabetic children". Oman Med J. 25 (2): 114–7. doi:10.5001/omj.2010.31. PMC 3215499. PMID 22125712.

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