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{{Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state}}
{{Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state}}


{{CMG}}; {{AE}}  
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{HS}}
==Overview==
==Overview==
The [[epidemiological]] parameters of the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) are difficult to predict because of the lack of [[Population (statistics)|population-based studies]] on HHS. According to the national diabetes surveillance program of the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] ([[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]]), hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state accounts for less than 1000 hospital admissions per 100,000 [[diabetic]] admissions. The overall [[mortality rate]] of the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state varies from a low of less than 5000 per 100,000 individuals to a high of 20,000 per 100,000 individuals. The [[incidence]] of the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state is more common in African-American male population as compared to the Caucasian population. The hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state also affects the elderly more compared to children and young adults.


==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
===Incidence===
===Incidence===
*The incidence/prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
*The exact [[incidence]] of the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state is not known due to lack of population-based studies. However, according to the the national diabetes surveillance program of the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] ([[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]]), HHS  accounts for less than 1000 hospital admissions per 100,000 [[diabetic]] admissions.<ref name="pmid9080921">{{cite journal |vauthors=Umpierrez GE, Kelly JP, Navarrete JE, Casals MM, Kitabchi AE |title=Hyperglycemic crises in urban blacks |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=157 |issue=6 |pages=669–75 |year=1997 |pmid=9080921 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19564476">{{cite journal| author=Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, Fisher JN| title=Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes. | journal=Diabetes Care | year= 2009 | volume= 32 | issue= 7 | pages= 1335-43 | pmid=19564476 | doi=10.2337/dc09-9032 | pmc=2699725 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19564476  }} </ref>
*In [year], the incidence/prevalence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number range] cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
* In the year 1995, the annual [[incidence]] of the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state has been reported to be 17.5 persons per 100,000 persons per year.<ref name="pmid7808094">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lorber D |title=Nonketotic hypertonicity in diabetes mellitus |journal=Med. Clin. North Am. |volume=79 |issue=1 |pages=39–52 |year=1995 |pmid=7808094 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9080921">{{cite journal |vauthors=Umpierrez GE, Kelly JP, Navarrete JE, Casals MM, Kitabchi AE |title=Hyperglycemic crises in urban blacks |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=157 |issue=6 |pages=669–75 |year=1997 |pmid=9080921 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 
===Prevalence===
*The incidence/prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
*In [year], the incidence/prevalence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number range] cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
*The prevalence of [disease/malignancy] is estimated to be [number] cases annually.
 
===Case-fatality rate===
===Case-fatality rate===
*In [year], the incidence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals with a case-fatality rate of [number range]%.
*[[Case fatality rate|Case-fatality rate]] of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state varies from a low of less than 5000 per 100,000 individuals to a high of 20,000 per 100,000 individuals.<ref name="pmid19564476">{{cite journal| author=Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, Fisher JN| title=Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes. | journal=Diabetes Care | year= 2009 | volume= 32 | issue= 7 | pages= 1335-43 | pmid=19564476 | doi=10.2337/dc09-9032 | pmc=2699725 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19564476  }} </ref>
*The case-fatality rate of [disease name] is approximately [number range].
*[[Case fatality rate|Case-fatality rate]] of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state differ according to the level of care provided and healthcare setting.<ref name="urlDiabetes Care">{{cite web |url=http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/32/7/1335?ijkey=34356f79daf21d51f95018c32e74e6df627e513c&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha |title=Diabetes Care |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
[[Image:Epiii.jpg|400px|left|frame|'''Both the crude and age-adjusted death rates for hyperglycemic crises as underlying cause decreased from 1980 to 2009. ''', source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Diabetes Public Health Resource: Diabetes Data & Trends. http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/statistics/mortalitydka/fratedkadiabtotals.htm]]
<br style="clear:left">
===Age===
===Age===
*Patients of all age groups may develop [disease name].
*The hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state commonly affects [[Diabetes mellitus type 2|type 2 diabetic]] individuals older than 65 years of age. It is less commonly seen in children and young adults.<ref name="pmid19564476">{{cite journal| author=Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, Fisher JN| title=Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes. | journal=Diabetes Care | year= 2009 | volume= 32 | issue= 7 | pages= 1335-43 | pmid=19564476 | doi=10.2337/dc09-9032 | pmc=2699725 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19564476  }} </ref>
*The incidence of [disease name] increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is [#] years.
*[Disease name] commonly affects individuals younger than/older than [number of years] years of age.  
*[Chronic disease name] is usually first diagnosed among [age group].
*[Acute disease name] commonly affects [age group].
 
===Race===
===Race===
*There is no racial predilection to [disease name].
*Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state usually affects individuals of the African-Americans race.<ref name="pmid28765134">{{cite journal |vauthors=Farsani SF, Brodovicz K, Soleymanlou N, Marquard J, Wissinger E, Maiese BA |title=Incidence and prevalence of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) among adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D): a systematic literature review |journal=BMJ Open |volume=7 |issue=7 |pages=e016587 |year=2017 |pmid=28765134 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016587 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9080921">{{cite journal |vauthors=Umpierrez GE, Kelly JP, Navarrete JE, Casals MM, Kitabchi AE |title=Hyperglycemic crises in urban blacks |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=157 |issue=6 |pages=669–75 |year=1997 |pmid=9080921 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[Disease name] usually affects individuals of the [race 1] race. [Race 2] individuals are less likely to develop [disease name].
===Gender===
===Gender===
*[Disease name] affects men and women equally.
*Men are more commonly affected by hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state than women.<ref name="pmid28765134">{{cite journal |vauthors=Farsani SF, Brodovicz K, Soleymanlou N, Marquard J, Wissinger E, Maiese BA |title=Incidence and prevalence of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) among adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D): a systematic literature review |journal=BMJ Open |volume=7 |issue=7 |pages=e016587 |year=2017 |pmid=28765134 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016587 |url=}}</ref>
*[Gender 1] are more commonly affected by [disease name] than [gender 2]. The [gender 1] to [gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to 1.
===Region===
*The majority of [disease name] cases are reported in [geographical region].
 
*[Disease name] is a common/rare disease that tends to affect [patient population 1] and [patient population 2].
 
===Developed Countries===
 
===Developing Countries===
 
 


==References==
==References==
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Latest revision as of 15:32, 23 October 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Husnain Shaukat, M.D [2]

Overview

The epidemiological parameters of the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) are difficult to predict because of the lack of population-based studies on HHS. According to the national diabetes surveillance program of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state accounts for less than 1000 hospital admissions per 100,000 diabetic admissions. The overall mortality rate of the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state varies from a low of less than 5000 per 100,000 individuals to a high of 20,000 per 100,000 individuals. The incidence of the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state is more common in African-American male population as compared to the Caucasian population. The hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state also affects the elderly more compared to children and young adults.

Epidemiology and Demographics

Incidence

  • The exact incidence of the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state is not known due to lack of population-based studies. However, according to the the national diabetes surveillance program of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), HHS accounts for less than 1000 hospital admissions per 100,000 diabetic admissions.[1][2]
  • In the year 1995, the annual incidence of the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state has been reported to be 17.5 persons per 100,000 persons per year.[3][1]

Case-fatality rate

  • Case-fatality rate of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state varies from a low of less than 5000 per 100,000 individuals to a high of 20,000 per 100,000 individuals.[2]
  • Case-fatality rate of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state differ according to the level of care provided and healthcare setting.[4]
Both the crude and age-adjusted death rates for hyperglycemic crises as underlying cause decreased from 1980 to 2009. , source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Diabetes Public Health Resource: Diabetes Data & Trends. http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/statistics/mortalitydka/fratedkadiabtotals.htm


Age

  • The hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state commonly affects type 2 diabetic individuals older than 65 years of age. It is less commonly seen in children and young adults.[2]

Race

  • Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state usually affects individuals of the African-Americans race.[5][1]

Gender

  • Men are more commonly affected by hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state than women.[5]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Umpierrez GE, Kelly JP, Navarrete JE, Casals MM, Kitabchi AE (1997). "Hyperglycemic crises in urban blacks". Arch. Intern. Med. 157 (6): 669–75. PMID 9080921.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, Fisher JN (2009). "Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes". Diabetes Care. 32 (7): 1335–43. doi:10.2337/dc09-9032. PMC 2699725. PMID 19564476.
  3. ↑ Lorber D (1995). "Nonketotic hypertonicity in diabetes mellitus". Med. Clin. North Am. 79 (1): 39–52. PMID 7808094.
  4. ↑ "Diabetes Care".
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Farsani SF, Brodovicz K, Soleymanlou N, Marquard J, Wissinger E, Maiese BA (2017). "Incidence and prevalence of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) among adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D): a systematic literature review". BMJ Open. 7 (7): e016587. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016587. PMID 28765134.

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