Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions
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{{Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state}} | {{Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state}} | ||
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{HS}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
The [[epidemiological]] parameters of the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) are difficult to predict because of the lack of [[Population (statistics)|population-based studies]] on HHS. According to the national diabetes surveillance program of the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] ([[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]]), hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state accounts for less than 1000 hospital admissions per 100,000 [[diabetic]] admissions. The overall [[mortality rate]] of the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state varies from a low of less than 5000 per 100,000 individuals to a high of 20,000 per 100,000 individuals. The [[incidence]] of the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state is more common in African-American male population as compared to the Caucasian population. The hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state also affects the elderly more compared to children and young adults. | |||
==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ||
===Incidence=== | ===Incidence=== | ||
*The exact incidence of the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state is not known. However, | *The exact [[incidence]] of the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state is not known due to lack of population-based studies. However, according to the the national diabetes surveillance program of the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] ([[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]]), HHS accounts for less than 1000 hospital admissions per 100,000 [[diabetic]] admissions.<ref name="pmid9080921">{{cite journal |vauthors=Umpierrez GE, Kelly JP, Navarrete JE, Casals MM, Kitabchi AE |title=Hyperglycemic crises in urban blacks |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=157 |issue=6 |pages=669–75 |year=1997 |pmid=9080921 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19564476">{{cite journal| author=Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, Fisher JN| title=Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes. | journal=Diabetes Care | year= 2009 | volume= 32 | issue= 7 | pages= 1335-43 | pmid=19564476 | doi=10.2337/dc09-9032 | pmc=2699725 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19564476 }} </ref> | ||
* In the year 1995, the annual [[incidence]] of the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state has been reported to be 17.5 persons per 100,000 persons per year.<ref name="pmid7808094">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lorber D |title=Nonketotic hypertonicity in diabetes mellitus |journal=Med. Clin. North Am. |volume=79 |issue=1 |pages=39–52 |year=1995 |pmid=7808094 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9080921">{{cite journal |vauthors=Umpierrez GE, Kelly JP, Navarrete JE, Casals MM, Kitabchi AE |title=Hyperglycemic crises in urban blacks |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=157 |issue=6 |pages=669–75 |year=1997 |pmid=9080921 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |||
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===Case-fatality rate=== | ===Case-fatality rate=== | ||
*[[Case fatality rate|Case-fatality rate]] of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state varies from a low of less than 5000 per 100,000 individuals to a high of 20,000 per 100,000 individuals.<ref name="pmid19564476">{{cite journal| author=Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, Fisher JN| title=Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes. | journal=Diabetes Care | year= 2009 | volume= 32 | issue= 7 | pages= 1335-43 | pmid=19564476 | doi=10.2337/dc09-9032 | pmc=2699725 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19564476 }} </ref> | *[[Case fatality rate|Case-fatality rate]] of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state varies from a low of less than 5000 per 100,000 individuals to a high of 20,000 per 100,000 individuals.<ref name="pmid19564476">{{cite journal| author=Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, Fisher JN| title=Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes. | journal=Diabetes Care | year= 2009 | volume= 32 | issue= 7 | pages= 1335-43 | pmid=19564476 | doi=10.2337/dc09-9032 | pmc=2699725 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19564476 }} </ref> | ||
*[[Case fatality rate|Case-fatality rate]] of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state differ according to the level of care provided and healthcare setting.<ref name="urlDiabetes Care">{{cite web |url=http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/32/7/1335?ijkey=34356f79daf21d51f95018c32e74e6df627e513c&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha |title=Diabetes Care |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | |||
[[Image:Epiii.jpg|400px|left|frame|'''Both the crude and age-adjusted death rates for hyperglycemic crises as underlying cause decreased from 1980 to 2009. ''', source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Diabetes Public Health Resource: Diabetes Data & Trends. http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/statistics/mortalitydka/fratedkadiabtotals.htm]] | |||
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===Age=== | ===Age=== | ||
*The hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state commonly affects [[type 2 diabetic]] individuals older than 65 | *The hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state commonly affects [[Diabetes mellitus type 2|type 2 diabetic]] individuals older than 65 years of age. It is less commonly seen in children and young adults.<ref name="pmid19564476">{{cite journal| author=Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, Fisher JN| title=Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes. | journal=Diabetes Care | year= 2009 | volume= 32 | issue= 7 | pages= 1335-43 | pmid=19564476 | doi=10.2337/dc09-9032 | pmc=2699725 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19564476 }} </ref> | ||
===Race=== | ===Race=== | ||
* | *Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state usually affects individuals of the African-Americans race.<ref name="pmid28765134">{{cite journal |vauthors=Farsani SF, Brodovicz K, Soleymanlou N, Marquard J, Wissinger E, Maiese BA |title=Incidence and prevalence of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) among adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D): a systematic literature review |journal=BMJ Open |volume=7 |issue=7 |pages=e016587 |year=2017 |pmid=28765134 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016587 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9080921">{{cite journal |vauthors=Umpierrez GE, Kelly JP, Navarrete JE, Casals MM, Kitabchi AE |title=Hyperglycemic crises in urban blacks |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=157 |issue=6 |pages=669–75 |year=1997 |pmid=9080921 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
===Gender=== | ===Gender=== | ||
* | *Men are more commonly affected by hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state than women.<ref name="pmid28765134">{{cite journal |vauthors=Farsani SF, Brodovicz K, Soleymanlou N, Marquard J, Wissinger E, Maiese BA |title=Incidence and prevalence of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) among adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D): a systematic literature review |journal=BMJ Open |volume=7 |issue=7 |pages=e016587 |year=2017 |pmid=28765134 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016587 |url=}}</ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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Latest revision as of 15:32, 23 October 2017
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Husnain Shaukat, M.D [2]
Overview
The epidemiological parameters of the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) are difficult to predict because of the lack of population-based studies on HHS. According to the national diabetes surveillance program of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state accounts for less than 1000 hospital admissions per 100,000 diabetic admissions. The overall mortality rate of the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state varies from a low of less than 5000 per 100,000 individuals to a high of 20,000 per 100,000 individuals. The incidence of the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state is more common in African-American male population as compared to the Caucasian population. The hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state also affects the elderly more compared to children and young adults.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Incidence
- The exact incidence of the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state is not known due to lack of population-based studies. However, according to the the national diabetes surveillance program of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), HHS accounts for less than 1000 hospital admissions per 100,000 diabetic admissions.[1][2]
- In the year 1995, the annual incidence of the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state has been reported to be 17.5 persons per 100,000 persons per year.[3][1]
Case-fatality rate
- Case-fatality rate of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state varies from a low of less than 5000 per 100,000 individuals to a high of 20,000 per 100,000 individuals.[2]
- Case-fatality rate of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state differ according to the level of care provided and healthcare setting.[4]
Age
- The hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state commonly affects type 2 diabetic individuals older than 65 years of age. It is less commonly seen in children and young adults.[2]
Race
Gender
- Men are more commonly affected by hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state than women.[5]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Umpierrez GE, Kelly JP, Navarrete JE, Casals MM, Kitabchi AE (1997). "Hyperglycemic crises in urban blacks". Arch. Intern. Med. 157 (6): 669–75. PMID 9080921.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, Fisher JN (2009). "Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes". Diabetes Care. 32 (7): 1335–43. doi:10.2337/dc09-9032. PMC 2699725. PMID 19564476.
- ↑ Lorber D (1995). "Nonketotic hypertonicity in diabetes mellitus". Med. Clin. North Am. 79 (1): 39–52. PMID 7808094.
- ↑ "Diabetes Care".
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Farsani SF, Brodovicz K, Soleymanlou N, Marquard J, Wissinger E, Maiese BA (2017). "Incidence and prevalence of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) among adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D): a systematic literature review". BMJ Open. 7 (7): e016587. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016587. PMID 28765134.