Chronic stable angina revascularization: Difference between revisions

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{{WikiDoc Cardiology Network Infobox}}
{{Chronic stable angina}}
{{CMG}}; {{CZ}}
'''Editors-In-Chief:''' [[C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D.]] [mailto:charlesmichaelgibson@gmail.com] Phone:617-632-7753; {{CZ}}; '''Associate Editors-In-Chief:''' [[John Fani Srour, M.D.]];  Smita Kohli, M.D.; [[User:Rim Halaby|Rim Halaby]]; {{AKK}}
{{JFS}}
 
{{EJ}}
 
 
'''Click [[Chronic stable angina|''here'']] for the Chronic stable angina main page'''
 


==Overview==
==Overview==
The goal of the treatment of [[chronic stable angina]] is to reduce the symptoms, delay the progression of [[atherosclerosis]], and prevent cardiovascular events. In order to achieve these goals, lifestyle modifications and medical therapy are the first line treatment. Revascularization is done to increase survival in specific conditions where the stenosis of the coronary arteries is anatomically and functionally significant and the symptoms are refractory to medical therapy. There are currently two well-established revascularization approaches for the treatment of chronic stable angina caused by coronary [[atherosclerosis]]: [[CABG]] and [[PCI]]. Since the introduction of [[bypass|coronary artery bypass surgery]] in 1967 and [[angioplasty|percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)]] in 1977, research has supported the effective usage of both strategies for treatment of patients with chronic stable angina. However, as with any treatment method, both methodologies have weaknesses. The choice between PCI and CABG is based upon anatomy and other factors such as left ventricular function and the presence or absence of [[diabetes]]. In general, PTCA is reserved for single or some cases of two vessel disease, while CABG is reserved for patients with two or three vessel disease or left main disease. With the availability of drug-eluting [[stents]], PCI is increasingly being performed for many lesions including more complex ones.


The goals of treatment of stable [[angina]] are to reduce symptoms, delay the progression of [[atherosclerosis]], and prevent cardiovascular events. This is usually established with medical therapy with revascularization used only in selected patients. The main indications for revascularization therapy (PCI or CABG) in stable angina are:
==Revascularization==
 
===Indications for Revascularization Therapy===
* Patients with symptoms uncontrolled with optimal medical therapy (see above).
====Increase Survival====
 
*Increased survival following revascularization depends on the location, severity, and number of lesions; the presence or absence of left ventricular dysfunction is an important factor as well. Therefore, revascularization is recommended in the following situations:
The definition of an inadequate response to medical therapy is fairly wide and depends on the patient’s lifestyle, occupation, and expectations.  At one extreme are patients who are limited by angina pectoris despite optimal drug treatment and lifestyle modifications, including achievement of optimal weight and cessation of smoking (see above).  At the other end of the range are patients who consider medical therapy to have failed if control of angina pectoris requires higher doses of anti-anginal medications that cause side effects.
** More than 50% stenosis of the left main coronary:
 
***[[CABG]] is indicated
* Patients who would have a survival benefit from revascularization (PCI or CABG).
***[[PCI]] is not indicated when patients are good candidates for CABG or when the anatomy is not favorable.
 
** More than 70% stenosis of three major coronary artery or proximal left anterior descending artery:
This depends on the location, severity, and number of lesions; the presence or absence of left ventricular dysfunction is an important factor as well.
***[[CABG]] is indicated
 
*Patients who would also have a survival benefit from revascularization (PCI or CABG) are survivors of sudden cardiac death secondary to ischemia induced tachycardia, where ischemia is caused by more than 70% stenosis of a major coronary artery:
There is evidence and/or general agreement that coronary [[angiography]] should be performed to risk stratify patients with chronic stable angina in the following settings:
**[[CABG]] or [[PCI]] are indicated.<ref name="Qaseem">Qaseem A, Fihn SD, Dallas P, et al. Management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease: Executive summary of a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians, American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association/American Association for Thoracic Surgery/Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association/Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Ann Intern Med 2012. </ref>
 
* Disabling anginal symptoms (Canadian Cardiovascular Society [CCS] classes III and IV) despite medical therapy.
* High-risk criteria on noninvasive testing independent of the severity of [[angina]] (The amount and distribution of viable but jeopardized left ventricular myocardium and the percentage of irreversibly scarred [[myocardium]]).
* Survivors of sudden cardiac death or serious ventricular [[arrhythmia]].  
* Symptoms and signs of heart failure.
* Clinical features that suggest that the patient has a high likelihood of severe coronary artery disease.  


On the other hand, [[angiography]] is not recommended for patients with CCS class I or II angina that responds to medical therapy and, on noninvasive testing, shows no evidence of ischemia.
====Relief of Symptoms Refractory to Medical Therapy====
* Coronary [[angiography]] should be performed in the following settings:
** More than 70% stenosis of a non left main artery or more than 50% stenosis of left main artery
***[[CABG]] or [[PCI]] are indicated.<ref name="Qaseem">Qaseem A, Fihn SD, Dallas P, et al. Management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease: Executive summary of a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians, American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association/American Association for Thoracic Surgery/Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association/Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Ann Intern Med 2012. </ref>
*The definition of inadequate response to [[Chronic stable angina treatment#Pharmacotherapy|medical therapy]] can be fairly broad and depends largely on the patient's lifestyle, occupation and expectations:
**At one extreme are patients who are limited by angina pectoris despite optimal drug treatments and lifestyle modifications, including achievement of optimal weight and cessation of smoking.
**At the other end are patients in whom we can consider medical therapy to have failed if control of [[angina pectoris]] requires higher doses of anti-anginal medications that cause side effects.
*The following patients should also be considered:
** Survivors of sudden cardiac death or serious ventricular [[arrhythmia]].
** Patients having symptoms and signs of [[heart failure]].
** Patients having clinical features that suggest high likelihood of severe [[coronary artery disease]].


There are currently two well-established revascularization approaches to treatment of chronic stable angina caused by coronary [[atherosclerosis]]. Since the introduction of [[bypass]] surgery in 1967 and percutaneous transluminal coronary [[angioplasty]] [PTCA] in 1977, it has become clear that both strategies can contribute to the effective treatment of patients with chronic stable angina and both have weaknesses. The choice between PCI and CABG is based upon anatomy and other factors such as left ventricular function and the presence or absence of [[diabetes]]. In general, PTCA is reserved for single or some cases of two vessel disease, while CABG is reserved for patients with two or three vessel disease or left main disease.  With the availability of drug-eluting [[stents]], PCI is increasingly performed for many lesions including more complex ones.
===Considerations===
* [[PCI]] should not be done in patients that will not be compliant with dual antiplatelet therapies.


* Patients with diabetes and advanced three-vessel coronary artery disease have shown lower mortality and myocardial infarction rates and higher risk of strokes when undergoing [[CABG]] compared to [[PCI]] with drug eluting stents.<ref name="pmid23121323">{{cite journal| author=Farkouh ME, Domanski M, Sleeper LA, Siami FS, Dangas G, Mack M et al.| title=Strategies for Multivessel Revascularization in Patients with Diabetes. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2012 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=23121323 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1211585 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23121323  }} </ref>


==Percutaneous Coronary Intervention(PCI)==
==Revascularization: Further Readings==
==ACC/AATS/AHA/ASE/ASNC/SCAI/SCCT/ STS 2017 Appropriate Use Criteria for Coronary Revascularization in Patients With Stable Ischemic Heart Disease==


Percutaneous coronary intervention began in 1977 as PTCA, a strategy in which a catheter-borne balloon was inflated at the point of coronary stenosis. The advantages of PCI for the treatment of CAD are many and include a low level of procedure-related morbidity, a low procedure-related mortality rate in properly selected patients, a short hospital stay, early return to activity, and the feasibility of multiple procedures. The disadvantages of PCI are that it is not feasible for many patients, there is a significant incidence of restenosis in lesions that are successfully treated, and there is a risk of acute coronary occlusion during PCI.
==Revascularization to Improve Survival Compared With Medical Therapy (DO NOT EDIT)==


Ideal candidates for PTCA/PCI have stable angina, are under 75 years of age, with single-vessel, single-lesion CAD, without a history of diabetes. Lesions that are best for these procedures are short (<10 mm), concentric, discrete, and readily accessible.  The risk of morbidity and mortality from the procedure is increased, particularly in patients with long (>20 mm), tortuous, irregular, angulated, calcified, severely stenotic (>90% stenosis) lesions and when more than one such lesion is present in an artery. Other important factors include operator volume and the presence or absence of on site cardiovascular surgeon. The 2005 ACC/AHA/SCAI guidelines for percutaneous coronary intervention made recommendations about hospital and operator volume and the importance of onsite cardiac surgery for both elective and primary PCI.
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 80%; text-align: justify;"
 
! style="width:12%" | '''Anatomic Setting'''
Primary success of coronary interventions is generally defined as an absolute increase of 20 percentage points in luminal diameter and a final diameter obstruction less than 30%.  Such angiographic success can be anticipated in more than 90% of properly selected patients.
! style="width:80%" | ''' COR'''
! style="width:8%" | '''LOE'''
|-
| colspan="3" | '''UPLM or complex CAD'''
|-
| CABG and PCI || bgcolor="LightGreen" | I—Heart Team approach recommended || bgcolor="LightBlue" | C
|-
| CABG and PCI || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | IIa—Calculation of STS and SYNTAX scores || bgcolor="LightBlue" | B 
|-
| colspan="3" | '''UPLM'''
|-
| CABG || bgcolor="LightGreen" | I || bgcolor="LightBlue" | B
|-
| PCI || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | IIa - For SIHD when both of the following are present: 
'''1)''' Anatomic conditions associated with a low risk of PCI procedural complications and a high likelihood of good long-term outcome (e.g., a low SYNTAX score of ≤ 22, ostial or trunk left main CAD) '''2)''' Clinical characteristics that predict a significantly increased risk of adverse surgical outcomes (e.g., STS-predicted risk of operative mortality ≥ 5%)
| bgcolor="LightBlue" | B 
|-
| PCI || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | IIa—For UA/NSTEMI if not a CABG candidate || bgcolor="LightBlue" | B
|-
| PCI || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | IIa—For STEMI when distal coronary flow is TIMI flow grade <3 and PCI can be performed more rapidly and safely than CABG || bgcolor="LightBlue" | C
|-
| PCI || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | IIb—For SIHD when both of the following are present:1) Anatomic conditions associated with a low to intermediate risk of PCI procedural complications and an intermediate to high likelihood of good long-term outcome (e.g., low-intermediate SYNTAX score of <33, bifurcation left main CAD) 2) Clinical characteristics that predict an increased risk of adverse surgical outcomes (e.g., moderate—severe COPD, disability from prior stroke, or prior cardiac surgery; STS-predicted operative mortality >2%) || bgcolor="LightBlue" | B
|-
| PCI || bgcolor="LightCoral" | III: Harm—For SIHD in patients (versus performing CABG) with unfavorable anatomy for PCI and who are good candidates for CABG || bgcolor="LightBlue" | B
|-
| colspan="3" | '''3-vessel disease with or without proximal LAD artery disease'''
|-
| CABG || bgcolor="LightGreen" | I || bgcolor="LightBlue" | B
|-
| || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | IIa—It is reasonable to choose CABG over PCI in patients with complex 3-vessel CAD (e.g., SYNTAX score >22) who are good candidates for CABG. || bgcolor="LightBlue" | B
|-
| PCI || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | IIb—Of uncertain benefit || bgcolor="LightBlue" | B
|-
| colspan="3" | '''2-vessel disease with proximal LAD artery disease'''
|-
| CABG || bgcolor="LightGreen" | I || bgcolor="LightBlue" | B
|-
| PCI || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | IIb—Of uncertain benefit || bgcolor="LightBlue" | B
|-
| colspan="3" | '''2-vessel disease without proximal LAD artery disease'''
|-
| CABG || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | IIa—With extensive ischemia || bgcolor="LightBlue" | B
|-
| CABG || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | IIb—Of uncertain benefit without extensive ischemia || bgcolor="LightBlue" | C
|-
| CABG || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | IIb—Of uncertain benefit || bgcolor="LightBlue" | B
|-
| colspan="3" |'''1-vessel proximal LAD artery disease'''
|-
| CABG || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | IIa—With LIMA for long-term benefit || bgcolor="LightBlue" | B
|-
| PCI || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | IIb—With LIMA for long-term benefit || bgcolor="LightBlue" | B
|-
| || 1-vessel proximal LAD artery disease ||
|-
| CABG || bgcolor="LightCoral" | III: Harm || bgcolor="LightBlue" | B
|-
| PCI || bgcolor="LightCoral" | III: Harm || bgcolor="LightBlue" | B
|-
| colspan="2" | '''LV dysfunction'''||
|-
| CABG || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | IIa—EF 35% to 50% || bgcolor="LightBlue" | B
|-
| CABG || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | IIb—EF <35% without significant left main CAD || bgcolor="LightBlue" | B
|-
| PCI || Insufficient data ||
|-
| colspan="3" |'''Survivors of sudden cardiac death with presumed ischemia-mediated VT'''
|-
| CABG || bgcolor="LightGreen" | I || bgcolor="LightBlue" | B
|-
| PCI || bgcolor="LightGreen" | I || bgcolor="LightBlue" | C
|-
| colspan="3" | '''No anatomic or physiological criteria for revascularization'''
|-
| CABG || bgcolor="LightCoral" | III: Harm || bgcolor="LightBlue" | B
|-
| PCI || bgcolor="LightCoral" | III: Harm || bgcolor="LightBlue" | B
|-
| colspan="3" |'''CABG''' indicates coronary artery bypass graft; '''CAD''', coronary artery disease; '''COPD''', chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; '''COR''', class of recommendation; '''EF''', ejection fraction; '''LAD''', left anterior descending; '''LIMA''', left internal mammary artery; '''LOE''', level of evidence; '''LV''', left ventricular; '''N/A''', not available; '''PCI''', percutaneous coronary intervention; '''SIHD''', stable ischemic heart disease; '''STEMI''', ST-elevation myocardial infarction; '''STS''', Society of Thoracic Surgeons; '''SYNTAX''', Synergy between Percutaneous Coronary Intervention with '''TAXUS''' and Cardiac Surgery; '''TIMI''', Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction; '''UA/NSTEMI''', unstable angina/non–ST-elevation myocardial infarction; '''UPLM''', unprotected left main disease; and VT, ventricular tachycardia.  
|}


===Complications of percutaneous coronary intervention===
== One Vessel Disease==
The improvements in devices, the use of stents, and aggressive antiplatelet therapy have significantly reduced the incidence of major procedural complications of PCI over the past 2 decades despite the increasing complexity of cases. However, as with any invasive procedure, complications can occur. The major complications of PTCA/PCI include coronary artery dissection and acute closure, intramural hematoma, coronary artery perforation, and occlusion of branch vessels:
Dissections are found in up to 50 percent of patients immediately after PTCA. Intimal tears or dissections following PTCA have been arbitrarily divided into types A to F.
• Type A — Luminal haziness
• Type B — Linear dissection
• Type C — Extraluminal contrast staining
• Type D — Spiral dissection
• Type E — Dissection with reduced flow
• Type F — Dissection with total occlusion
These problems are now much less frequent since stent placement is performed in most percutaneous coronary procedures.
Abrupt closure is most often due to arterial dissection and is manifested as acute ischemic chest pain and ECG changes. The incidence of abrupt closure with conventional balloon angioplasty (PTCA) is approximately 5% and is associated with a 10-fold increase in mortality to about 1 percent and nonfatal MI. The frequency of this complication, however, has now been greatly reduced by pretreatment with the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blockers and by the insertion of an intracoronary stent. If stenting does not restore adequate flow, emergency CABG can be performed.


Coronary artery intramural hematoma is defined as an accumulation of blood within the medial space displacing the internal elastic membrane inward and the external elastic membrane outward, with or without identifiable entry and exit points. It is identified in 6.7 percent of procedures by intravascular ultrasound (IVUS).
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 80%; text-align: justify;"


Coronary artery perforation in the stent era is a rare but potentially disastrous complication.  
! colspan="9" style="width:52%" | '''Appropriate Use Score (1-9)'''
|-
|'''One-Vessel Disease''' || colspan="2" | '''Asymptomatic'''  || colspan="6" | '''Ischemic Symptoms'''
|-
|One-Vessel Disease || colspan="2" |Not on AA Therapy or With AA Therapy|| colspan="2" | Not on AA Therapy|| colspan="2" | On 1 AA Drug (BB Preferred)|| colspan="2" | On ≥2 AA Drugs
|-
|Indication ||PCI || CABG ||PCI || CABG ||PCI ||CABG ||PCI || CABG
|-
| colspan="9" | '''No Proximal LAD or Proximal Left Dominant LCX Involvement'''
|-
| Low-risk findings on noninvasive testing || bgcolor="LightCoral" | R (2) || bgcolor="LightCoral" | R (1) || bgcolor="LightCoral" | R (3) || bgcolor="LightCoral" | R (2) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (4) || bgcolor="LightCoral" | R (3) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (5)
|-
| Intermediate- or high-risk findings on noninvasive testing || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (4) || bgcolor="LightCoral" | R (3) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (5) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (4) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (4) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (8) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6)
|-
| No stress test performed or, if performed, results are indeterminate - FFR ≤0.80 || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (4) || bgcolor="LightCoral" | R (2) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (5) || bgcolor="LightCoral" | R (3) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (4) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (8) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6)
|-
| colspan="9" | '''Proximal LAD or Proximal Left Dominant LCX Involvement Present'''
|-
| Low-risk findings on noninvasive testing || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (4) || bgcolor="LightCoral" | R (3) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (4) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (4) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (5) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (5) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7)
|-
| Intermediate- or high-risk findings on noninvasive testing || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (5) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (5) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (8) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (8)
|-
| No stress test performed or, if performed, results are indeterminate - FFR ≤0.80 || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (5) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (5) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (8) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7)
|-
| colspan="9" | A indicates appropriate; AA, antianginal; BB, beta blockers; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; FFR, fractional flow reserve; iFR, instant wave-free ratio; LAD, left anterior descending coronary artery; LCX, left circumflex artery; M, may be appropriate; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; and R, rarely appropriate. A separate, independent rating panel scored the clinical scenarios on a scale of 1 to 9. Scores of 7 to 9 indicate that revascularization is considered appropriate for the clinical scenario presented. Scores of 1 to 3 indicate that revascularization is considered rarely appropriate for the clinical scenario, whereas scores in the mid-range of 4 to 6 indicate that coronary revascularization may be appropriate for the clinical scenario.
|}


Downstream embolization of thrombus or plaque contents with microvascular obstruction is common after PCI and occlusion of side branches has been reported in up to 19 percent of cases in which a stent was placed across a major side branch.
==Two-Vessel Disease==
[Stent thrombosis] is catastrophic complication that usually leads to death or ST segment elevation MI. It is therefore a medical emergency. [Stent thrombosis] can occur acutely (during or soon after the PCI), subacutely (within 30 days after stent placement), or as a complication. Late [stent thrombosis] is associated with the cessation of aspirin or clopidogrel therapy. On the other hand, very late [stent thrombosis], occurring after one year, is associated with drug-eluting stents.


Restenosis is the result of arterial damage with subsequent neointimal tissue proliferation. It is usually defined as a greater than 50% diameter stenosis. The incidence of angiographic restenosis is approximately 30% to 40% after PTCA. Intracoronary stents reduce the rate of angiographic and clinical restenosis and post-procedural myocardial infarction compared to percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) alone. Trials have demonstrated that the sirolimus and paclitaxel drug-eluting stents markedly reduced the incidence of in-stent restenosis and the rate of target lesion revascularization compared to bare metal stents. As a result, stents are currently utilized in nearly all percutaneous coronary interventions. However, the benefits of drug-eluting stents on restenosis must be weighed against rates of stent thrombosis, which often leads to death or MI, if dual antiplatelet therapy is prematurely discontinued. Restenosis occurs more frequently in diabetics, smaller arteries, among total occlusions, and in left anterior descending arteries, particularly proximal lesions. Since not all angiographic restenosis results in recurrent symptoms, the rates of clinical restenosis are lower than these angiographic estimates. Recurrent sever angina occurs in approximately half of the patients who develop angiographic restenosis and usually responds to stenting. In symptomatic patients with BMS restenosis, a repeat stenting using a DES is usually recommended. In symptomatic patients with intracoronary DES restenosis, there are insufficient data to suggest any specific treatment.
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 80%; text-align: justify;"


   
! colspan="9" style="width:52%" | '''Appropriate Use Score (1-9)'''
===Clinical trials: PTCA/PCI versus medical treatment in the management of stable angina pectoris:===
|-
|'''Two-Vessel Disease''' || colspan="2" | '''Asymptomatic''' || colspan="6" | '''Ischemic Symptoms'''
|-
|Two-Vessel Disease || colspan="2" |Not on AA Therapy or With AA Therapy|| colspan="2" | Not on AA Therapy|| colspan="2" | On 1 AA Drug (BB Preferred)|| colspan="2" | On ≥2 AA Drugs
|-
|Indication ||PCI || CABG ||PCI || CABG ||PCI ||CABG ||PCI || CABG
|-
| colspan="9" | No Proximal LAD Involvement
|-
| Low-risk findings on noninvasive testing || bgcolor="LightCoral" | R (3) || bgcolor="LightCoral" | R (2) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (4) || bgcolor="LightCoral" | R (3) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (5) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (4) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6)
|-
| Intermediate- or high-risk findings on noninvasive testing || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (5) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (4) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (5) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (4) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6)
|-
| No stress test performed or, if performed, results are indeterminate - FFR ≤0.80 in both vessels || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (5) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (4) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (4) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (5) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (8) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (8)
|-
| colspan="9" | '''Proximal LAD Involvement and No Diabetes Present'''
|-
| Low-risk findings on noninvasive testing || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (4) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (4)  || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (5) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (5) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7)
|-
| Intermediate- or high-risk findings on noninvasive testing || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6)  || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7)  || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7)  || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7)  || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (8) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (8)
|-
| No stress test performed or, if performed, results are indeterminate - FFR ≤0.80 in both vessels || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (8) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (8)
|-
| colspan="9" | '''Proximal LAD Involvement With Diabetes Present'''
|-
| Low-risk findings on noninvasive testing || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (4) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (5)  || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (4) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (8)
|-
| Intermediate- or high-risk findings on noninvasive testing || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (5) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7)  || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7)  || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (8)  || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (8) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (9)
|-
| No stress test performed or, if performed, results are indeterminate - FFR ≤0.80 in both vessels || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (5) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (8) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (8)
|-
| colspan="9" | A indicates appropriate; AA, antianginal; BB, beta blockers; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; FFR, fractional flow reserve; iFR, instant wave-free ratio; LAD, left anterior descending coronary artery; M, may be appropriate; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; and R, rarely appropriate. A separate, independent rating panel scored the clinical scenarios on a scale of 1 to 9. Scores of 7 to 9 indicate that revascularization is considered appropriate for the clinical scenario presented. Scores of 1 to 3 indicate that revascularization is considered rarely appropriate for the clinical scenario, whereas scores in the mid-range of 4 to 6 indicate that coronary revascularization may be appropriate for the clinical scenario.
|}


There are important limitations concerning the applicability of the results of older trials and even newer trials to the current clinical practice.
==Three-Vessel Disease==


In early trials of percutaneous intervention versus medical therapy, the majority of patients underwent coronary angioplasty alone without stenting.  For example, the benefits of PTCA have been compared to medical therapy in single vessel disease in the randomized Veterans Affairs Angioplasty Compared to Medicine (ACME) trial.  PTCA resulted in a reduction in anginal symptoms compared to medical therapy (50% angina free versus 24% at one month), however, while the benefit of PTCA was still significant at 6 months, the magnitude of this benefit was reduced (64% angina free versus 45%).  Patients treated with PTCA also had an improvement of 2.1  3.1 minutes in exercise duration which was significantly greater than the 0.5  2.2 minutes experienced in the medical therapy group.
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 80%; text-align: justify;"


Other older trials compared PTCA to both limited (AVERT trial) and optimal medical interventions (RITA-2 and MASS II). The findings of these trials were that patients undergoing PTCA had similar rates of death and myocardial infarction as those on medical therapy and were less likely to have angina during the first few years.
! colspan="9" style="width:52%" | '''Appropriate Use Score (1-9)'''
|-
|'''Three-Vessel Disease''' || colspan="2" | '''Asymptomatic'''  || colspan="6" | '''Ischemic Symptoms'''
|-
|Three-Vessel Disease || colspan="2" |Not on AA Therapy or With AA Therapy|| colspan="2" | Not on AA Therapy|| colspan="2" | On 1 AA Drug (BB Preferred)|| colspan="2" | On ≥2 AA Drugs
|-
|Indication ||PCI || CABG ||PCI || CABG ||PCI ||CABG ||PCI || CABG
|-
| colspan="9" | '''Low Disease Complexity (e.g., Focal Stenoses, SYNTAX ≤22)'''
|-
| Low-risk findings on noninvasive testing || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (4) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (5) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (5) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7)
|-
| Intermediate- or high-risk findings on noninvasive testing - No diabetes || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (8) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (8) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (8)
|-
| Low-risk findings on non-invasive testing - Diabetes present || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (4) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (5) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (6) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (8)
|-
| Intermediate- or high-risk findings on noninvasive testing - Diabetes present|| bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (8) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (8) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (9)
|-
| colspan="9" | '''Intermediate or High Disease Complexity (e.g. Multiple Features of Complexity as Noted Previously, SYNTAX >22)'''
|-
| Low-risk findings on noninvasive testing - No diabetes || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (4) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (4) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (5)  || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (8)
|-
| Intermediate- or high-risk findings on noninvasive testing - No diabetes || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (5) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6)  || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (8) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (9)
|-
|Low-risk findings on noninvasive testing - Diabetes present || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (4) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (4) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (5)  || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (8) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (9)
|-
|Intermediate- or high-risk findings on noninvasive testing - Diabetes present || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (4) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (8) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (5) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (8) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (5)  || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (8) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (9)
|-
| colspan="9" | A indicates appropriate; AA, antianginal; BB, beta blockers; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; M, may be appropriate; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; and SYNTAX, Synergy between PCI with Taxus and Cardiac Surgery trial. A separate, independent rating panel scored the clinical scenarios on a scale of 1 to 9. Scores of 7 to 9 indicate that revascularization is considered appropriate for the clinical scenario presented. Scores of 1 to 3 indicate that revascularization is considered rarely appropriate for the clinical scenario, whereas scores in the mid-range of 4 to 6 indicate that coronary revascularization may be appropriate for the clinical scenario.
|}


More recent literature provides comparison between the use of stents and medical management, however, there is few data examining the extensive use of drug eluting stents and current extensive antithrombotic regimens (clopidogrel and GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors). In the most recent trial, COURAGE, drug-eluting stents were used in only 15 percent of patients. However, the COURAGE trial has the data most applicable to current practice. In this study 2287 patients were randomized to either aggressive medical therapy alone or aggressive medical therapy plus PCI with bare metal stenting. Patients were required to have both objective evidence of ischemia and significant CHD in a least one vessel; 87 percent were symptomatic and 58 percent had Canadian Cardiovascular Society [CCS] class II or III angina. Patients were excluded if they had CCS class IV angina, ≥50 percent left main disease, a markedly positive treadmill test (significant ST segment depressions and/or a hypotensive response during stage I of the Bruce protocol), an LVEF less than 30 percent, or coronary lesions deemed unsuitable for PCI. All patients received optimal medical therapy with beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, nitrates, antiplatelet therapy (either aspirin or clopidogrel), and aggressive lipid-lowering therapy with statin (attained median LDL-cholesterol was 72 mg/dL at five years). Exercise was recommended to achieve further improvements in the lipid profile when necessary.  The results were published at a median follow-up of 4.6 years. There was no significant difference between the two treatment strategies for the primary end point of death from any cause and non-fatal MI. There was no significant difference in the rates of hospitalization for ACS. Patients in the PCI group underwent significantly fewer subsequent revascularization procedures (21 versus 33 percent, HR 0.60, 95% CI 0.51-71).
==Left Main Coronary Artery Stenosis==


The issue of whether patients who receive PCI plus optimal medical therapy have a better quality of life and less angina than those who receive optimal medical therapy was addressed in COURAGE as well:  
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 80%; text-align: justify;"


At baseline, 22 percent of patients were free of angina. At three months, significantly more patients who received PCI were angina free (53 versus 42 percent), but at 36 months there was no significant difference (59 versus 56 percent).
! colspan="9" style="width:52%" | '''Appropriate Use Score (1-9)'''
Patients in both groups showed significant improvements from baseline values in various measures of quality of life. The percent of patients with clinically significant improvement in parameters such as physical limitation, angina stability, angina frequency, and overall quality of life was significantly higher in the PCI group by the sixth months. However, there was no significant difference in these rates at 36 months.  
|-
|'''Left Main Disease''' || colspan="2" | '''Asymptomatic'''  || colspan="6" | '''Ischemic Symptoms'''
|-
| Left Main Disease || colspan="2" |Not on AA Therapy or With AA Therapy|| colspan="2" | Not on AA Therapy|| colspan="2" | On 1 AA Drug (BB Preferred)|| colspan="2" | On ≥2 AA Drugs
|-
|Indication ||PCI || CABG ||PCI || CABG ||PCI ||CABG ||PCI || CABG
|-
| Isolated LMCA disease - Ostial or midshaft stenosis || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (8) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (8) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (9) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (9)
|-
| Isolated LMCA disease - Bifurcation involvement || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (5) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (8) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (5) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (8) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (5) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (9) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (9)
|-
|LMCA disease - Ostial or mid shaft stenosis - Concurrent multi vessel disease - Low disease burden (e.g., 1–2 additional focal stenoses, SYNTAX score ≤22) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (8) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (9) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (9) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (9)
|-
|Ostial or mid shaft stenosis - Concurrent multi vessel disease - Intermediate or high disease burden (e.g., 1–2 additional bifurcation stenosis, long stenoses, SYNTAX score >22) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (4) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (9) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (4) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (9) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (4) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (9) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (4) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (9)
|-
|Ostial or mid shaft stenosis - Concurrent multi vessel disease - Intermediate or high disease burden (e.g., 1–2 additional bifurcation stenosis, long stenoses, SYNTAX score >22) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (4) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (9) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (4) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (9) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (4) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (9) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (4) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (9)
|-
|LMCA disease - Bifurcation involvement - Low disease burden in other vessels (e.g., 1–2 additional focal stenosis, SYNTAX score ≤22) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (4) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (8) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (5) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (8) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (5) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (9) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (9)
|-
|LMCA disease - Bifurcation involvement - Intermediate or high disease burden in other vessels (e.g., 1–2 additional bifurcation stenosis, long stenoses, SYNTAX score >22) || bgcolor="LightCoral" | R (3) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (8) || bgcolor="LightCoral" | R (3) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (9) || bgcolor="LightCoral" | R (3) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (9) || bgcolor="LightCoral" | R (3) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (9)
|-
| colspan="9" | A indicates appropriate; AA, antianginal; BB, beta blockers; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; LMCA, left main coronary artery; M, may be appropriate; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; R, rarely appropriate; and SYNTAX, Synergy between PCI with Taxus and Cardiac Surgery trial. A separate, independent rating panel scored the clinical scenarios on a scale of 1 to 9. Scores of 7 to 9 indicate that revascularization is considered appropriate for the clinical scenario presented. Scores of 1 to 3 indicate that revascularization is considered rarely appropriate for the clinical scenario, whereas scores in the mid-range of 4 to 6 indicate that coronary revascularization may be appropriate for the clinical scenario.
|}


The results of COURAGE demonstrate that PCI with bare metal stents plus optimal medical therapy and initial, optimal medical therapy with revascularization as necessary are comparable strategies.
==IMA to LAD Patent and Without Significant Stenoses==


==Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting(CABG)==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 80%; text-align: justify;"


CABG is carried out to prolong life or improve its quality (see above).  Prolongation of life has been shown in patients with more than 50% luminal diameter stenosis of the left main coronary artery and in those with impaired left ventricular function (left ventricular ejection fraction <40%) and critical, >70% stenosis in all three major coronary arteries or in two arteries, one of which is the proximal left anterior descending artery. The presence of a high-risk result on a noninvasive test also increases the benefit of surgery. Patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction obtain a survival benefit from CABG if the myocardium with impaired contractile function is viable (hibernating myocardium) rather than necrotic.
! colspan="9" style="width:52%" | '''Appropriate Use Score (1-9)'''
The stenotic arteries are bypassed with an internal mammary (arterial) or saphenous vein graft.  Arterial grafts have excellent long-term patency rates (90% at 10 years), whereas saphenous vein grafts show accelerated atherosclerosis with approximately 50% patency at 10 years.  The use of internal mammary artery grafts is associated with a 27% reduction in 15-year mortality compared with saphenous vein grafts. The left internal mammary artery is most favorable to a graft to the left anterior descending coronary artery and the right internal mammary artery is most applicable to graft to the right coronary artery.  Patients who require more than two grafts generally receive a combination of arterial and venous grafts. Minimally invasive CABG via a smaller thoractomy incision or a thorascopic approach reduces the morbidity and hospital length-of-stay.
|-
The operative mortality of CABG is about 2%. The steady improvements in perioperative care have been offset by the progressively sicker patients who are referred for this procedure. Angina pectoris is relieved in more than 90% of patients who undergo CABG. The recurrence of angina is due to graft stenosis or progression of disease in nongrafted vessels.
|'''IMA to LAD Patent and Without Significant Stenoses''' || colspan="2" | '''Asymptomatic'''  || colspan="6" | '''Ischemic Symptoms'''
|-
| || colspan="2" |Not on AA Therapy or With AA Therapy|| colspan="2" | Not on AA Therapy|| colspan="2" | On 1 AA Drug (BB Preferred)|| colspan="2" | On ≥2 AA Drugs
|-
|Indication ||PCI || CABG ||PCI || CABG ||PCI ||CABG ||PCI || CABG
|-
| colspan="9" | '''Stenosis Supplying 1 Territory Disease (Bypass Graft or Native Artery) to Territory Other Than Anterior'''
|-
| Low-risk findings on noninvasive testing || bgcolor="LightCoral" | R (3) || bgcolor="LightCoral" | R (1) || bgcolor="LightCoral" | R (3) || bgcolor="LightCoral" | R (2) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6) || bgcolor="LightCoral" | R (3) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (4)
|-
| Intermediate- or high-risk findings on noninvasive testing || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (5) || bgcolor="LightCoral" | R (3) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (5)                  || bgcolor="LightCoral" | R (3)
| bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (4) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (8) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (5)
|-
| No stress test performed or, if performed, the results are indeterminate - FFR of stenosis ≤0.80 || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (4) || bgcolor="LightCoral" | R (3) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (4) || bgcolor="LightCoral" | R (3) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (4) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (8) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (5)
|-
| colspan="9" | '''Stenoses Supplying 2 Territories (Bypass Graft or Native Artery, Either 2 Separate Vessels or Sequential Graft Supplying 2 Territories) Not Including Anterior Territory'''
|-
| Low-risk findings on noninvasive testing || bgcolor="LightCoral" | R (3) || bgcolor="LightCoral" | R (2) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (4) || bgcolor="LightCoral" | R (3) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6) || bgcolor="LightCoral" | R (3) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (5)
|-
| Intermediate- or high-risk findings on noninvasive testing || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (5) || bgcolor="LightCoral" | R (3) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (5)                  || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (4) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (5) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (8) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6)
|-
| colspan="9" | A indicates appropriate; AA, Antianginal; BB, beta blockers; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; FFR, fractional flow reserve; iFR, instant wave-free ratio; IMA, internal mammary artery; LAD, left anterior descending coronary artery; M, may be appropriate; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; and R, rarely appropriate. A separate, independent rating panel scored the clinical scenarios on a scale of 1 to 9. Scores of 7 to 9 indicate that revascularization is considered appropriate for the clinical scenario presented. Scores of 1 to 3 indicate that revascularization is considered rarely appropriate for the clinical scenario, whereas scores in the mid-range of 4 to 6 indicate that coronary revascularization may be appropriate for the clinical scenario.
|}


===Clinical trials: coronary artery bypass surgery versus medical treatment in the management of stable angina pectoris:===
==IMA to LAD Not Patent==


It is well established that CABG provides more symptoms relief and survival benefits in some patients with chronic stable angina. However, the long term benefit of CABG is limited by the progression of atherosclerosis in other unbypassed vessels and stenosis of the graft itself. The CASS Trial (Coronary Artery Surgery Study) showed that more patients remained symptom-free after CABG compared to medical therapy at one year (66 versus 30 percent) and five years (63 versus 38 percent). However, by 10 years, this difference had disappeared (47 versus 42 percent). Trials from the 1970's showed that CABG offered no significant overall mortality benefits compared to medical therapy. However, several trials established the survival benefits in selected patients:
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 80%; text-align: justify;"


*Left main coronary artery stenosis or left main equivalent disease (defined as severe (≥70 percent) proximal left anterior descending and proximal left circumflex disease):
! colspan="9" style="width:52%" | '''Appropriate Use Score (1-9)'''
The Veterans Administration Cooperative Study compared a strategy of initial CABG versus deferred CABG: there was a substantial survival advantage patients assigned to initial CABG at two years (93 versus 71 percent) and at 11 years, but not at 18 years. The benefit was greatest in high-risk patients with >75 percent left main stenosis and/or left ventricular dysfunction. The CASS registry demonstrated similar results. Yusuf S et al published an overview of 10-year results from randomized trials by the Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery Trialists Collaboration. They found that the relative risk reduction for death provided by CABG over medical therapy alone was greater at five years for left main disease than for three vessel or one or two vessel disease (odds ratio 0.32 versus 0.58 and 0.77); the absolute survival benefit from CABG among those with left main disease was 19.3 months.
|-
|'''IMA to LAD Not Patent''' || colspan="2" | '''Asymptomatic'''  || colspan="6" | '''Ischemic Symptoms'''
|-
| || colspan="2" |Not on AA Therapy or With AA Therapy|| colspan="2" | Not on AA Therapy|| colspan="2" | On 1 AA Drug (BB Preferred)|| colspan="2" | On ≥2 AA Drugs
|-
|Indication ||PCI || CABG ||PCI || CABG ||PCI ||CABG ||PCI || CABG  
|-
| colspan="9" | '''Stenosis Supplying 1-Territory Disease (Bypass Graft or Native Artery)–Anterior (LAD) Territory'''
|-
| Low-risk findings on noninvasive testing|| bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (4) || bgcolor="LightCoral" | R (3) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (5) || bgcolor="LightCoral" | R (3)    || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (4) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (5)
|-
| Intermediate- or high-risk findings on noninvasive testing || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (4) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6)                || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (4) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (5) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (8) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6)
|-
| No stress test performed or, if performed, the results are indeterminate - FFR of stenosis ≤0.80 || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (5) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (4) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (4) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (5) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6)
|-  
| colspan="9" | '''Stenoses Supplying 2 Territories (Bypass Graft or Native Artery, Either 2 Separate Vessels or Sequential Graft Supplying 2 Territories) LAD Plus Other Territory'''
|-
| Low-risk findings on noninvasive testing|| bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (5) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (4) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (4)    || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (5) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6)
|-
| Intermediate- or high-risk findings on noninvasive testing || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (5) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7)                || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (8) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (8)
|-
| colspan="9" | '''Stenoses Supplying 3 Territories (Bypass Graft or Native Arteries, Separate Vessels, Sequential Grafts, or Combination Thereof) LAD Plus 2 Other Territories'''
|-
| Low-risk findings on noninvasive testing|| bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (5) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (5) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (5)    || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6) || bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | M (6) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7)
|-
| Intermediate- or high-risk findings on noninvasive testing || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7)                || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (7) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (8) || bgcolor="LightGreen" | A (8)
|-
| colspan="9" | A indicates appropriate; AA, Antianginal; BB, beta blockers; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; FFR, fractional flow reserve; iFR, instant wave-free ratio; IMA, internal mammary artery; LAD, left anterior descending coronary artery; M, may be appropriate; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; and R, rarely appropriate. A separate, independent rating panel scored the clinical scenarios on a scale of 1 to 9. Scores of 7 to 9 indicate that revascularization is considered appropriate for the clinical scenario presented. Scores of 1 to 3 indicate that revascularization is considered rarely appropriate for the clinical scenario, whereas scores in the mid-range of 4 to 6 indicate that coronary revascularization may be appropriate for the clinical scenario.
|}


PCI for left main coronary artery stenosis: PCI has been performed in patients with angina and left main disease who are considered inoperable, at high risk for CABG, or with prior CABG and one patent graft to either the left anterior descending or circumflex artery ("protected" left main).
==2014 Focused update of 2012 AHA guidelines for the management of chronic stable angina<ref name="pmid25077860">{{cite journal| author=Fihn SD, Blankenship JC, Alexander KP, Bittl JA, Byrne JG, Fletcher BJ et al.| title=2014 ACC/AHA/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS focused update of the guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, and the American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2014 | volume= 64 | issue= 18 | pages= 1929-49 | pmid=25077860 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2014.07.017 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25077860  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23166210">{{cite journal| author=Fihn SD, Gardin JM, Abrams J, Berra K, Blankenship JC, Dallas AP et al.| title=2012 ACCF/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines, and the American College of Physicians, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. | journal=Circulation | year= 2012 | volume= 126 | issue= 25 | pages= 3097-137 | pmid=23166210 | doi=10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182776f83 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23166210  }} </ref>==
===Heart Team Approach Revascularization Guidelines<ref name="pmid25077860">{{cite journal| author=Fihn SD, Blankenship JC, Alexander KP, Bittl JA, Byrne JG, Fletcher BJ et al.| title=2014 ACC/AHA/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS focused update of the guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, and the American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2014 | volume= 64 | issue= 18 | pages= 1929-49 | pmid=25077860 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2014.07.017 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25077860  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23166210">{{cite journal| author=Fihn SD, Gardin JM, Abrams J, Berra K, Blankenship JC, Dallas AP et al.| title=2012 ACCF/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines, and the American College of Physicians, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. | journal=Circulation | year= 2012 | volume= 126 | issue= 25 | pages= 3097-137 | pmid=23166210 | doi=10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182776f83 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23166210  }} </ref>===
{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%"
|-
|colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen"| [[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' A Heart Team approach to revascularization is recommended in patients with diabetes mellitus and complex multivessel CAD<nowiki>"</nowiki>''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence:C ]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}
{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%"
|-
|colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:Lemonchiffon"| [[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]
|-
| bgcolor="Lemonchiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' Calculation of the STS and SYNTAX scores is reasonable in patients with unprotected left main and complex CAD <nowiki>"</nowiki>''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence:B ]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}


*Multivessel coronary disease and left ventricular dysfunction:
You can read in greater detail about specific revascularization approaches for the treatment of chronic stable angina by clicking on the link below for that topic:
Reduced left ventricular function is an important determinant of prognosis in patients with stable angina and is an indication for revascularization. CABG may improve survival in patients with left ventricular dysfunction and hibernating myocardium; therefore, myocardial viability should be assessed prior to recommending CABG in patients with multivessel coronary disease and left ventricular dysfunction. CASS registry showed that survival at seven years was improved with CABG compared to medical treatment (88 versus 65 percent) in patients with an LVEF between 35 and 49 percent and had three vessel disease. No benefit from CABG could be identified in patients with one or two vessel disease.


===Clinical trials: Bypass surgery versus percutaneous intervention in the management of stable angina pectoris:===
*'''[[Chronic stable angina revascularization percutaneous coronary intervention|PCI]]'''
 
*'''[[Chronic stable angina revascularization coronary artery bypass grafting|CABG]]'''
====Limitations of the clinical trials====
*'''[[Chronic stable angina percutaneous coronary intervention versus coronary artery bypass grafting|PCI vs CABG]]'''
 
*'''[[Chronic stable angina ACC/AHA guidelines for revascularization|ACC/AHA Guidelines for Revascularization]]'''
Multiple trials have compared the strategy of initial PTCA with initial CABG for treatment of CAD. These large randomized trials were published in the mid-1990s. The findings from these studies constitute the primary source of data upon which clinical decision making has been made.
# The patients entered into these trials are poorly reflective of the general population (numerous patients were excluded and most included patients had preserved left ventricular function and focal atherosclerotic coronary disease).
# The initial trials are probably not relevant to current practice because of the lack of use of [[stents]] (especially drug eluting stents or DES) during PCI or of [[internal mammary artery]] rather than saphenous vein [[grafts]] during CABG. In addition, current [[antithrombotic]] regimens (eg, [[clopidogrel]] and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors) were not employed during PCI.
 
====Percutaneous intervention versus CABG for isolated LAD disease====
 
There is great evidence that CABG of the LAD using an arterial conduit is associated with improved survival compared to medical therapy, especially if the LAD lesion is severe or associated with multi-vessel disease and/or left ventricular dysfunction. The internal mammary artery grafts are preferred because of the increases in long-term patency and survival compared to venous grafts. On the other hand, medical therapy can be considered for patients with isolated LAD disease with minimal evidence of ischemia on stress testing. In regards to percutaneous interventions on the LAD (usually PTCA with stent), this can be performed with a great success and low risk of complications in proximal LAD disease. However, surgical [[revascularization]] should be considered in more complex lesions such as ostial location, particularly with involvement of the distal left main, adjacent circumflex ostial disease, or complex bifurcation lesions involving a dominant first diagonal branch. Despite this low incidence of major complications with stenting of the proximal lesion, the need for revascularization is still lower with CABG than with stenting. This was illustrated in the SIMA trial (Stent versus Internal Mammary Artery grafting):
*SIMA trial: The SIMA trial involved 123 patients with a proximal, isolated LAD stenosis, and compared stenting using bare-metal stent (BMS) to CABG using an internal mammary artery. At 10 years, the incidence of death and myocardial infarction was identical; only the need for additional revascularization was significantly higher in the stent group. It is remarkable that no patients randomized to CABG required a second revascularization of the LAD.
 
The restenosis rate after PCI is likely to decrease with the increased use of drug-eluting stents(DES). In fact, clinical trials of sirolimus-eluting stents (SES) and paclitaxel-eluting stents (PES) have demonstrated a marked reduction in the incidence of restenosis in trials evaluating patients with both single and multivessel coronary disease:
 
*The RAVEL trial (A Randomized Comparison of a Sirolimus-Eluting Stent With a Standard Stent for Coronary Revascularization) is the first controlled trial of a coronary drug-eluting stent. The The 5-year rate of target lesion revascularization (TLR) associated with SES was significantly lower than that with BMS.
 
*The role of drug-eluting stents in patients with LAD disease was evaluated in a post hoc analysis of data from the SIRIUS trial. Of 1101 patients enrolled in the original study, 459 had an LAD stenosis. All patients were randomly assigned to either a sirolimus-eluting stent or a bare metal stent. At eight months, the incidence of angiographic LAD restenosis was significantly lower among patients treated with a sirolimus-eluting stent (2 versus 42 percent). At one year, the incidence of major adverse events (death, MI, or target lesion revascularization) was also significantly reduced (10 versus 25 percent).
 
*Paclitaxel stent (PES): In 536 randomized patients with an LAD lesion in the TAXUS IV trial, at one year, the Paclitaxel stent was associated with significant reductions in target vessel revascularization (7.9 versus 18.6 percent) and the need for CABG (2.6 versus 6.3 percent).
 
*TAXi trial compared both types of drug-eluting stents: These stents were associated with very low rates of target lesion revascularization (1 and 3 percent at seven months). The three-year follow-up study, the TAXi-LATE trial, showed no difference in mortality of all causes in the PES and the SES groups (3% vs. 7%, P=0.98) or in major adverse cardiac event free survival (89% vs. 83%, P=0.28). Four stent thromboses were observed, two in the PES group (205 and 788 days) and two in the SES group (210 and 772 days).
 
Drug-eluting stents also appear to improve outcomes in patients with lesions at the origins of the LAD. This was illustrated in a study comparing sirolimus stents in 68 consecutive patients with such lesions to 77 patients treated with bare metal stents during the preceding two years. Positioning of the sirolimus stent into the distal left main trunk was required in one-third of patients for complete lesion coverage. The sirolimus stent was associated with significant reductions in angiographic restenosis at six months (5 versus 32 percent with bare metal stents) and target vessel revascularization at one year (0 versus 17 percent).
 
====Percutaneous intervention (PTCA/PCI) versus CABG for multivessel disease====
 
The two U.S. trials of PTCA versus CABG are the multicenter Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation (BARI) trial and the single-center Emory Angioplasty Surgery Trial (EAST).
 
In both trials, a majority of patients had two- rather than three-vessel disease and normal LV function. In the BARI trial, 37% of patients had a proximal LAD lesion. In the EAST trial, more than 70% of patients had proximal LAD lesions. The results of both these trials at an approximately seven to eight-year follow-up interval have shown that early and late survival rates have been equivalent for the PTCA and CABG groups. In the BARI trial, the subgroup of patients with treated diabetes had a significantly better survival rate with CABG. That survival advantage for CABG was focused in the group of diabetic patients with multiple severe lesions. In the EAST trial, persons with diabetes had an equivalent survival rate with CABG or PTCA at five years, after which the curves began to diverge but failed to reach a statistically significant difference at eight years (surgical survival 75.5%, PTCA 60.1%; p = 0.23). In both trials, the biggest differences in late outcomes were the need for repeat revascularization procedures and symptom status. In both BARI and EAST, 54% of PTCA patients underwent subsequent revascularization procedures during the five-year follow-up versus 8% of the BARI CABG group and 13% of the EAST CABG group. In addition, the rate of freedom from angina was better in the CABG group in both EAST and BARI, and fewer patients in the CABG groups needed to take anti-anginal medications.
 
Non U.S. trials:
*RITA trial: The Randomized Intervention Treatment of Angina (RITA) trial was the first of the large scale trials to be published, involving 1011 patients from the United Kingdom. The long-term outcome of patients in the RITA trial (median follow up of 6.5 years) showed that the rates of death or nonfatal infarction for PTCA or CABG were the same (17 versus 16 percent). Angina was consistently higher in the PTCA group, 26 percent of whom required CABG, and 19 percent of whom required another PTCA. Repeat revascularization was usually performed within the first year, while the reintervention rate was 4 percent per year after the first three years.
*GABI trial: The German Angioplasty Bypass Surgery Investigation showed that both bypass surgery and angioplasty were equally effective in relieving angina at one year. This was associated with an increased rate of periprocedural morbidity with bypass surgery but more reinterventions with angioplasty.
*CABRI trial: The Europe-based multicenter Coronary Angioplasty versus Bypass Revascularization Investigation (CABRI) compared CABG to PTCA in 1054 patients. There was a similar mortality rate in the two groups at one year. However, patients assigned to PTCA required more repeat procedures and had a higher incidence of clinically significant angina. Restenosis after PTCA only partially accounted for this difference; of greater importance was the higher likelihood of residual disease after PTCA compared with CABG.
 
Stenting versus CABG for multivessel disease:
 
The introduction of stents has resulted in a significant reduction of restenosis and of target vessel revascularization. 2 trials address this question: The ARTS and the SoS. However, these 2 trials did use bare metal stents and not the drug-eluting stents that further reduce the risk of restenosis. In addition, only few patients were treated with GP IIb/IIa inhibitors.
 
Bare metal stents
 
1205 patients were included in the ARTS 1 trial and were randomized to undergo bare metal stent implantation or bypass surgery. There was no difference in mortality (2.5 versus 2.8 percent at one year, 3.7 versus 4.6 percent at three years, 8.0 versus 7.6 percent at five years) or the rate of the combined end point of death, MI, or stroke for stented patients compared to those undergoing CABG. There was, however, a significant increase in the need for repeat revascularization with stenting (21 versus 4 percent at one year, 27 versus 7 percent at three years, and 30 versus 9 percent at five years). Diabetics and those with incomplete revascularization had the worse outcomes. 
 
The Medicine, Angioplasty, or Surgery Study for Multivessel Coronary Artery Disease (MASS II), the Argentine Randomized Study of Coronary Angioplasty with Stenting versus Coronary Bypass Surgery in Patients with Multiple Vessel Disease (ERACI-II) and the Angina with Extremely Serious Operative Mortality Evaluation (AWESOME) showed similar survival rates but higher revascularization rates among patients with bare-metal stents at 5 years. Others (the Stent or Surgery trial; SoS) have shown a significant long-term survival advantage with surgery.
 
SoS trial: This trial included 988 patients between 1996 and 1999. At a median follow-up of two years, PCI was associated with a significantly higher rate of repeat revascularization (21 versus 6 percent) with CABG. At six years, mortality was significantly higher in the PCI group (10.9 versus 6.8; hazard ratio 1.66, 95% CI 1.08 to 2.55. Of note, there was a large number of death related to cancer in the stenting group.
 
Meta-analyses: Three meta-analyses published in 1995, 2007, and 2008 showed no significant difference between the PCI and CABG in all-cause mortality or cardiac death at one to five years, although angioplasty for multivessel disease was associated with a significant increase in mortality compared to CABG at five and eight years in a subgroup analysis.
 
Drug eluting stents:
 
Data from randomized, controlled trials of drug-eluting stents as compared with bare-metal stents have shown significant reductions in the rate of repeat intervention, with similar rates of death and myocardial infarction. Studies comparing PCI involving drug-eluting stents with CABG have generally been smaller and nonrandomized.
 
Sirolimus-eluting stents (SES):
 
In ARTS II study, the CABG-control group was a historical group from the ARTS I trial. As a result, conclusions should be made with caution. This trial demonstrated lower rates of revascularization and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) with SES compared with BMS, as well as a higher rate of revascularization with equivalent MACCE to CABG at one year.
 
Paclitaxel-eluting stents (PES):
 
The Synergy between PCI with Taxus and Cardiac Surgery (SYNTAX): The SYNTAX trial is a prospective, clinical trial conducted in 85 sites that randomly assigned 1800 patients with three-vessel or left main coronary artery disease to undergo CABG or PCI (in a 1:1 ratio). A noninferiority comparison of the two groups was performed for the primary end point — a major adverse cardiac or cerebrovascular event (i.e., death from any cause, stroke, myocardial infarction, or repeat revascularization) during the 12-month period after randomization. The trial showed that the rates of major adverse cardiac or cerebrovascular events at 12 months were significantly higher in the PCI group (17.8%, vs. 12.4% for CABG; P=0.002), in large part because of an increased rate of repeat revascularization (13.5% vs. 5.9%, P<0.001); as a result, the criterion for noninferiority was not met. The study concluded that CABG remains the standard of care for patients with three-vessel or left main coronary artery disease.
 
A randomized trial is under way — the Future Revascularization Evaluation in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: Optimal Management of Multivessel Disease (FREEDOM) study — that specifically compares drug-eluting stents with bypass surgery in patients with diabetes who have multivessel disease.
 
 
==ACC / AHA Guidelines- Revascularization for Chronic Stable Angina (DO NOT EDIT)<ref name="Gibbons1"> Gibbons RJ, Chatterjee K, Daley J, et al. ACC/AHA/ACP–ASIM guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina: executive summary and recommendations: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina). Circulation. 1999; 99: 2829–2848. PMID 10351980</ref>==
{{cquote|
===Class I===
1. [[CABG]] for patients with significant [[left main]] coronary disease. ''(Level of Evidence: A)''
 
2. [[CABG]] for patients with 3-vessel disease. The survival benefit is greater in patients with abnormal [[LV function]] (ejection fraction <50%). ''(Level of Evidence: A)''
 
3. [[CABG]] for patients with 2-vessel disease with significant proximal [[left anterior descending artery|left anterior descending]] [[CAD]] and either abnormal [[LV function]] (ejection fraction <50%) or demonstrable [[ischemia]] on noninvasive testing. ''(Level of Evidence: A)''
 
4. [[PTCA]] for patients with 2- or 3-vessel disease with significant proximal [[left anterior descending artery|left anterior descending]] [[CAD]], who have anatomy suitable for catheter-based therapy, normal [[LV function]], and who do not have treated [[diabetes]]. ''(Level of Evidence: B)''
 
5. [[PTCA]] or [[CABG]] for patients with 1- or 2-vessel [[CAD]] without significant proximal [[left anterior descending artery|left anterior descending]] [[CAD]] but with a large area of viable [[myocardium]] and high-risk criteria on noninvasive testing. ''(Level of Evidence: B)''
 
6. [[CABG]] for patients with 1- or 2-vessel [[CAD]] without significant proximal [[left anterior descending artery|left anterior descending]] [[CAD]] who have survived [[sudden cardiac death]] or sustained [[ventricular tachycardia]]. ''(Level of Evidence: C)''
 
7. In patients with prior [[PTCA]], [[CABG]] or [[PTCA]] for recurrent [[stenosis]] associated with a large area of viable [[myocardium]] and/or high-risk criteria on noninvasive testing. ''(Level of Evidence: C)''
 
8. [[PTCA]] or [[CABG]] for patients who have not been successfully treated  by medical therapy and can undergo [[revascularization]] with acceptable risk. ''(Level of Evidence: B)''
 
===Class IIa===
1. Repeat [[CABG]] for patients with multiple [[saphenous vein graft]] stenoses, especially when there is significant [[stenosis]] of a graft supplying the [[left anterior descending coronary artery]]. [[PTCA]] may be appropriate for focal [[saphenous vein graft]] lesions or multiple stenoses in poor candidates for reoperative surgery. ''(Level of Evidence: C)''
 
2. [[PTCA]] or [[CABG]] for patients with 1- or 2-vessel [[CAD]] without significant proximal [[left anterior descending artery|left anterior descending]] [[CAD]] but with a moderate area of viable [[myocardium]] and demonstrable [[ischemia]] on noninvasive testing. ''(Level of Evidence: B)''
 
3. [[PTCA]] or [[CABG]] for patients with 1-vessel disease with significant proximal [[left anterior descending artery|left anterior descending]] [[CAD]]. ''(Level of Evidence: B)''
 
===Class IIb===
1. Compared with [[CABG]], [[PTCA]] for patients with 3- or 2-vessel disease with significant proximal [[left anterior descending artery|left anterior descending]] [[CAD]] who have anatomy suitable for catheter-based therapy and who have treated [[diabetes]] or abnormal [[LV function]]. ''(Level of Evidence: B)''
 
2. [[PTCA]] for patients with significant [[left main coronary artery|left main coronary]] disease who are not candidates for [[CABG]]. ''(Level of Evidence: C)''
 
3. [[PTCA]] for patients with 1- or 2-vessel [[CAD]] without significant proximal [[left anterior descending artery|left anterior descending]] [[CAD]] who have survived [[sudden cardiac death]] or sustained [[ventricular tachycardia]]. ''(Level of Evidence: C)''
 
===Class III===
1. [[PTCA]] or [[CABG]] for patients with 1- or 2-vessel [[CAD]] without significant [[left anterior descending artery|left anterior descending]] [[CAD]] who
:a. Have mild symptoms that are unlikely due to [[myocardial ischemia]] or have not received an adequate trial of medical therapy and
::1) Have only a small area of viable [[myocardium]] or
::2) Have no demonstrable [[ischemia]] on noninvasive testing. ''(Level of Evidence: C)''
 
2. [[PTCA]] or [[CABG]] for patients with borderline coronary stenoses (50% to 60% diameter in locations other than the [[left main]]) and no demonstrable [[ischemia]] on noninvasive testing. ''(Level of Evidence: C)''
 
3. [[PTCA]] or [[CABG]] for patients with insignificant coronary [[stenosis]] (<50% diameter). ''(Level of Evidence: C)''
 
4. [[PTCA]] in patients with significant [[left main]] [[CAD]] who are candidates for [[CABG]]. ''(Level of Evidence: B)''}}
 
 
==Sources==
*The ACC/AHA/ACP–ASIM Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina <ref name="Gibbons1"> Gibbons RJ, Chatterjee K, Daley J, et al. ACC/AHA/ACP–ASIM guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina: executive summary and recommendations: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina). Circulation. 1999; 99: 2829–2848. PMID 10351980</ref>
 
*The ACC/AHA 2002 Guideline Update for the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina <ref name="Gibbons2">Gibbons RJ, Abrams J, Chatterjee K, Daley J, Deedwania PC, Douglas JS, Ferguson TB Jr, Fihn SD, Fraker TD Jr, Gardin JM, O'Rourke RA, Pasternak RC, Williams SV, Gibbons RJ, Alpert JS, Antman EM, Hiratzka LF, Fuster V, Faxon DP, Gregoratos G, Jacobs AK, Smith SC Jr; American College of Cardiology; American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Committee on the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina. ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for the management of patients with chronic stable angina--summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina). Circulation. 2003 Jan 7; 107 (1): 149-58. PMID 12515758 </ref>
 
*The 2007 Chronic Angina Focused Update of the ACC/AHA 2002 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina <ref name="Fraker"> Fraker TD Jr, Fihn SD, Gibbons RJ, Abrams J, Chatterjee K, Daley J, Deedwania PC, Douglas JS, Ferguson TB Jr, Gardin JM, O'Rourke RA, Williams SV, Smith SC Jr, Jacobs AK, Adams CD, Anderson JL, Buller CE, Creager MA, Ettinger SM, Halperin JL, Hunt SA, Krumholz HM, Kushner FG, Lytle BW, Nishimura R, Page RL, Riegel B, Tarkington LG, Yancy CW; American College of Cardiology; American Heart Association; American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines Writing Group. 2007 chronic angina focused update of the ACC/AHA 2002 Guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines Writing Group to develop the focused update of the 2002 Guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina. Circulation. 2007 Dec 4; 116 (23): 2762-72. Epub 2007 Nov 12. PMID 17998462 </ref>


==References==
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Latest revision as of 18:22, 28 October 2017

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Editors-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Phone:617-632-7753; Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]; Associate Editors-In-Chief: John Fani Srour, M.D.; Smita Kohli, M.D.; Rim Halaby; Arzu Kalayci, M.D. [3]

Overview

The goal of the treatment of chronic stable angina is to reduce the symptoms, delay the progression of atherosclerosis, and prevent cardiovascular events. In order to achieve these goals, lifestyle modifications and medical therapy are the first line treatment. Revascularization is done to increase survival in specific conditions where the stenosis of the coronary arteries is anatomically and functionally significant and the symptoms are refractory to medical therapy. There are currently two well-established revascularization approaches for the treatment of chronic stable angina caused by coronary atherosclerosis: CABG and PCI. Since the introduction of coronary artery bypass surgery in 1967 and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) in 1977, research has supported the effective usage of both strategies for treatment of patients with chronic stable angina. However, as with any treatment method, both methodologies have weaknesses. The choice between PCI and CABG is based upon anatomy and other factors such as left ventricular function and the presence or absence of diabetes. In general, PTCA is reserved for single or some cases of two vessel disease, while CABG is reserved for patients with two or three vessel disease or left main disease. With the availability of drug-eluting stents, PCI is increasingly being performed for many lesions including more complex ones.

Revascularization

Indications for Revascularization Therapy

Increase Survival

  • Increased survival following revascularization depends on the location, severity, and number of lesions; the presence or absence of left ventricular dysfunction is an important factor as well. Therefore, revascularization is recommended in the following situations:
    • More than 50% stenosis of the left main coronary:
      • CABG is indicated
      • PCI is not indicated when patients are good candidates for CABG or when the anatomy is not favorable.
    • More than 70% stenosis of three major coronary artery or proximal left anterior descending artery:
  • Patients who would also have a survival benefit from revascularization (PCI or CABG) are survivors of sudden cardiac death secondary to ischemia induced tachycardia, where ischemia is caused by more than 70% stenosis of a major coronary artery:

Relief of Symptoms Refractory to Medical Therapy

  • Coronary angiography should be performed in the following settings:
    • More than 70% stenosis of a non left main artery or more than 50% stenosis of left main artery
  • The definition of inadequate response to medical therapy can be fairly broad and depends largely on the patient's lifestyle, occupation and expectations:
    • At one extreme are patients who are limited by angina pectoris despite optimal drug treatments and lifestyle modifications, including achievement of optimal weight and cessation of smoking.
    • At the other end are patients in whom we can consider medical therapy to have failed if control of angina pectoris requires higher doses of anti-anginal medications that cause side effects.
  • The following patients should also be considered:

Considerations

  • PCI should not be done in patients that will not be compliant with dual antiplatelet therapies.
  • Patients with diabetes and advanced three-vessel coronary artery disease have shown lower mortality and myocardial infarction rates and higher risk of strokes when undergoing CABG compared to PCI with drug eluting stents.[2]

Revascularization: Further Readings

ACC/AATS/AHA/ASE/ASNC/SCAI/SCCT/ STS 2017 Appropriate Use Criteria for Coronary Revascularization in Patients With Stable Ischemic Heart Disease

Revascularization to Improve Survival Compared With Medical Therapy (DO NOT EDIT)

Anatomic Setting COR LOE
UPLM or complex CAD
CABG and PCI I—Heart Team approach recommended C
CABG and PCI IIa—Calculation of STS and SYNTAX scores B
UPLM
CABG I B
PCI IIa - For SIHD when both of the following are present:

1) Anatomic conditions associated with a low risk of PCI procedural complications and a high likelihood of good long-term outcome (e.g., a low SYNTAX score of ≤ 22, ostial or trunk left main CAD) 2) Clinical characteristics that predict a significantly increased risk of adverse surgical outcomes (e.g., STS-predicted risk of operative mortality ≥ 5%)

B
PCI IIa—For UA/NSTEMI if not a CABG candidate B
PCI IIa—For STEMI when distal coronary flow is TIMI flow grade <3 and PCI can be performed more rapidly and safely than CABG C
PCI IIb—For SIHD when both of the following are present:1) Anatomic conditions associated with a low to intermediate risk of PCI procedural complications and an intermediate to high likelihood of good long-term outcome (e.g., low-intermediate SYNTAX score of <33, bifurcation left main CAD) 2) Clinical characteristics that predict an increased risk of adverse surgical outcomes (e.g., moderate—severe COPD, disability from prior stroke, or prior cardiac surgery; STS-predicted operative mortality >2%) B
PCI III: Harm—For SIHD in patients (versus performing CABG) with unfavorable anatomy for PCI and who are good candidates for CABG B
3-vessel disease with or without proximal LAD artery disease
CABG I B
IIa—It is reasonable to choose CABG over PCI in patients with complex 3-vessel CAD (e.g., SYNTAX score >22) who are good candidates for CABG. B
PCI IIb—Of uncertain benefit B
2-vessel disease with proximal LAD artery disease
CABG I B
PCI IIb—Of uncertain benefit B
2-vessel disease without proximal LAD artery disease
CABG IIa—With extensive ischemia B
CABG IIb—Of uncertain benefit without extensive ischemia C
CABG IIb—Of uncertain benefit B
1-vessel proximal LAD artery disease
CABG IIa—With LIMA for long-term benefit B
PCI IIb—With LIMA for long-term benefit B
1-vessel proximal LAD artery disease
CABG III: Harm B
PCI III: Harm B
LV dysfunction
CABG IIa—EF 35% to 50% B
CABG IIb—EF <35% without significant left main CAD B
PCI Insufficient data
Survivors of sudden cardiac death with presumed ischemia-mediated VT
CABG I B
PCI I C
No anatomic or physiological criteria for revascularization
CABG III: Harm B
PCI III: Harm B
CABG indicates coronary artery bypass graft; CAD, coronary artery disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; COR, class of recommendation; EF, ejection fraction; LAD, left anterior descending; LIMA, left internal mammary artery; LOE, level of evidence; LV, left ventricular; N/A, not available; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; SIHD, stable ischemic heart disease; STEMI, ST-elevation myocardial infarction; STS, Society of Thoracic Surgeons; SYNTAX, Synergy between Percutaneous Coronary Intervention with TAXUS and Cardiac Surgery; TIMI, Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction; UA/NSTEMI, unstable angina/non–ST-elevation myocardial infarction; UPLM, unprotected left main disease; and VT, ventricular tachycardia.

One Vessel Disease

Appropriate Use Score (1-9)
One-Vessel Disease Asymptomatic Ischemic Symptoms
One-Vessel Disease Not on AA Therapy or With AA Therapy Not on AA Therapy On 1 AA Drug (BB Preferred) On ≥2 AA Drugs
Indication PCI CABG PCI CABG PCI CABG PCI CABG
No Proximal LAD or Proximal Left Dominant LCX Involvement
Low-risk findings on noninvasive testing R (2) R (1) R (3) R (2) M (4) R (3) A (7) M (5)
Intermediate- or high-risk findings on noninvasive testing M (4) R (3) M (5) M (4) M (6) M (4) A (8) M (6)
No stress test performed or, if performed, results are indeterminate - FFR ≤0.80 M (4) R (2) M (5) R (3) M (6) M (4) A (8) M (6)
Proximal LAD or Proximal Left Dominant LCX Involvement Present
Low-risk findings on noninvasive testing M (4) R (3) M (4) M (4) M (5) M (5) A (7) A (7)
Intermediate- or high-risk findings on noninvasive testing M (5) M (5) M (6) M (6) A (7) A (7) A (8) A (8)
No stress test performed or, if performed, results are indeterminate - FFR ≤0.80 M (5) M (5) M (6) M (6) M (6) M (6) A (8) A (7)
A indicates appropriate; AA, antianginal; BB, beta blockers; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; FFR, fractional flow reserve; iFR, instant wave-free ratio; LAD, left anterior descending coronary artery; LCX, left circumflex artery; M, may be appropriate; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; and R, rarely appropriate. A separate, independent rating panel scored the clinical scenarios on a scale of 1 to 9. Scores of 7 to 9 indicate that revascularization is considered appropriate for the clinical scenario presented. Scores of 1 to 3 indicate that revascularization is considered rarely appropriate for the clinical scenario, whereas scores in the mid-range of 4 to 6 indicate that coronary revascularization may be appropriate for the clinical scenario.

Two-Vessel Disease

Appropriate Use Score (1-9)
Two-Vessel Disease Asymptomatic Ischemic Symptoms
Two-Vessel Disease Not on AA Therapy or With AA Therapy Not on AA Therapy On 1 AA Drug (BB Preferred) On ≥2 AA Drugs
Indication PCI CABG PCI CABG PCI CABG PCI CABG
No Proximal LAD Involvement
Low-risk findings on noninvasive testing R (3) R (2) M (4) R (3) M (5) M (4) A (7) M (6)
Intermediate- or high-risk findings on noninvasive testing M (5) M (4) M (6) M (5) M (6) M (4) A (7) M (6)
No stress test performed or, if performed, results are indeterminate - FFR ≤0.80 in both vessels M (5) M (4) M (6) M (4) A (7) M (5) A (8) A (8)
Proximal LAD Involvement and No Diabetes Present
Low-risk findings on noninvasive testing M (4) M (4) M (5) M (5) M (6) M (6) A (7) A (7)
Intermediate- or high-risk findings on noninvasive testing M (6) M (6) A (7) A (7) A (7) A (7) A (8) A (8)
No stress test performed or, if performed, results are indeterminate - FFR ≤0.80 in both vessels M (6) M (6) M (6) M (6) A (7) A (7) A (8) A (8)
Proximal LAD Involvement With Diabetes Present
Low-risk findings on noninvasive testing M (4) M (5) M (4) M (6) M (6) A (7) A (7) A (8)
Intermediate- or high-risk findings on noninvasive testing M (5) A (7) M (6) A (7) A (7) A (8) A (8) A (9)
No stress test performed or, if performed, results are indeterminate - FFR ≤0.80 in both vessels M (5) M (6) M (6) A (7) A (7) A (8) A (7) A (8)
A indicates appropriate; AA, antianginal; BB, beta blockers; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; FFR, fractional flow reserve; iFR, instant wave-free ratio; LAD, left anterior descending coronary artery; M, may be appropriate; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; and R, rarely appropriate. A separate, independent rating panel scored the clinical scenarios on a scale of 1 to 9. Scores of 7 to 9 indicate that revascularization is considered appropriate for the clinical scenario presented. Scores of 1 to 3 indicate that revascularization is considered rarely appropriate for the clinical scenario, whereas scores in the mid-range of 4 to 6 indicate that coronary revascularization may be appropriate for the clinical scenario.

Three-Vessel Disease

Appropriate Use Score (1-9)
Three-Vessel Disease Asymptomatic Ischemic Symptoms
Three-Vessel Disease Not on AA Therapy or With AA Therapy Not on AA Therapy On 1 AA Drug (BB Preferred) On ≥2 AA Drugs
Indication PCI CABG PCI CABG PCI CABG PCI CABG
Low Disease Complexity (e.g., Focal Stenoses, SYNTAX ≤22)
Low-risk findings on noninvasive testing M (4) M (5) M (5) M (6) M (6) M (6) A (7) A (7)
Intermediate- or high-risk findings on noninvasive testing - No diabetes M (6) A (7) A (7) A (7) A (7) A (8) A (8) A (8)
Low-risk findings on non-invasive testing - Diabetes present M (4) M (6) M (5) M (6) A (6) A (7) A (7) A (8)
Intermediate- or high-risk findings on noninvasive testing - Diabetes present M (6) A (7) M (6) A (8) A (7) A (8) A (7) A (9)
Intermediate or High Disease Complexity (e.g. Multiple Features of Complexity as Noted Previously, SYNTAX >22)
Low-risk findings on noninvasive testing - No diabetes M (4) M (6) M (4) A (7) M (5) A (7) M (6) A (8)
Intermediate- or high-risk findings on noninvasive testing - No diabetes M (5) A (7) M (6) A (7) M (6) A (8) M (6) A (9)
Low-risk findings on noninvasive testing - Diabetes present M (4) A (7) M (4) A (7) M (5) A (8) M (6) A (9)
Intermediate- or high-risk findings on noninvasive testing - Diabetes present M (4) A (8) M (5) A (8) M (5) A (8) M (6) A (9)
A indicates appropriate; AA, antianginal; BB, beta blockers; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; M, may be appropriate; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; and SYNTAX, Synergy between PCI with Taxus and Cardiac Surgery trial. A separate, independent rating panel scored the clinical scenarios on a scale of 1 to 9. Scores of 7 to 9 indicate that revascularization is considered appropriate for the clinical scenario presented. Scores of 1 to 3 indicate that revascularization is considered rarely appropriate for the clinical scenario, whereas scores in the mid-range of 4 to 6 indicate that coronary revascularization may be appropriate for the clinical scenario.

Left Main Coronary Artery Stenosis

Appropriate Use Score (1-9)
Left Main Disease Asymptomatic Ischemic Symptoms
Left Main Disease Not on AA Therapy or With AA Therapy Not on AA Therapy On 1 AA Drug (BB Preferred) On ≥2 AA Drugs
Indication PCI CABG PCI CABG PCI CABG PCI CABG
Isolated LMCA disease - Ostial or midshaft stenosis M (6) A (8) A (7) A (8) A (7) A (9) A (7) A (9)
Isolated LMCA disease - Bifurcation involvement M (5) A (8) M (5) A (8) M (5) A (9) M (6) A (9)
LMCA disease - Ostial or mid shaft stenosis - Concurrent multi vessel disease - Low disease burden (e.g., 1–2 additional focal stenoses, SYNTAX score ≤22) M (6) A (8) M (6) A (9) A (7) A (9) A (7) A (9)
Ostial or mid shaft stenosis - Concurrent multi vessel disease - Intermediate or high disease burden (e.g., 1–2 additional bifurcation stenosis, long stenoses, SYNTAX score >22) M (4) A (9) M (4) A (9) M (4) A (9) M (4) A (9)
Ostial or mid shaft stenosis - Concurrent multi vessel disease - Intermediate or high disease burden (e.g., 1–2 additional bifurcation stenosis, long stenoses, SYNTAX score >22) M (4) A (9) M (4) A (9) M (4) A (9) M (4) A (9)
LMCA disease - Bifurcation involvement - Low disease burden in other vessels (e.g., 1–2 additional focal stenosis, SYNTAX score ≤22) M (4) A (8) M (5) A (8) M (5) A (9) M (6) A (9)
LMCA disease - Bifurcation involvement - Intermediate or high disease burden in other vessels (e.g., 1–2 additional bifurcation stenosis, long stenoses, SYNTAX score >22) R (3) A (8) R (3) A (9) R (3) A (9) R (3) A (9)
A indicates appropriate; AA, antianginal; BB, beta blockers; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; LMCA, left main coronary artery; M, may be appropriate; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; R, rarely appropriate; and SYNTAX, Synergy between PCI with Taxus and Cardiac Surgery trial. A separate, independent rating panel scored the clinical scenarios on a scale of 1 to 9. Scores of 7 to 9 indicate that revascularization is considered appropriate for the clinical scenario presented. Scores of 1 to 3 indicate that revascularization is considered rarely appropriate for the clinical scenario, whereas scores in the mid-range of 4 to 6 indicate that coronary revascularization may be appropriate for the clinical scenario.

IMA to LAD Patent and Without Significant Stenoses

Appropriate Use Score (1-9)
IMA to LAD Patent and Without Significant Stenoses Asymptomatic Ischemic Symptoms
Not on AA Therapy or With AA Therapy Not on AA Therapy On 1 AA Drug (BB Preferred) On ≥2 AA Drugs
Indication PCI CABG PCI CABG PCI CABG PCI CABG
Stenosis Supplying 1 Territory Disease (Bypass Graft or Native Artery) to Territory Other Than Anterior
Low-risk findings on noninvasive testing R (3) R (1) R (3) R (2) M (6) R (3) A (7) M (4)
Intermediate- or high-risk findings on noninvasive testing M (5) R (3) M (5) R (3) A (7) M (4) A (8) M (5)
No stress test performed or, if performed, the results are indeterminate - FFR of stenosis ≤0.80 M (4) R (3) M (4) R (3) M (6) M (4) A (8) M (5)
Stenoses Supplying 2 Territories (Bypass Graft or Native Artery, Either 2 Separate Vessels or Sequential Graft Supplying 2 Territories) Not Including Anterior Territory
Low-risk findings on noninvasive testing R (3) R (2) M (4) R (3) M (6) R (3) A (7) M (5)
Intermediate- or high-risk findings on noninvasive testing M (5) R (3) M (5) M (4) A (7) M (5) A (8) M (6)
A indicates appropriate; AA, Antianginal; BB, beta blockers; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; FFR, fractional flow reserve; iFR, instant wave-free ratio; IMA, internal mammary artery; LAD, left anterior descending coronary artery; M, may be appropriate; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; and R, rarely appropriate. A separate, independent rating panel scored the clinical scenarios on a scale of 1 to 9. Scores of 7 to 9 indicate that revascularization is considered appropriate for the clinical scenario presented. Scores of 1 to 3 indicate that revascularization is considered rarely appropriate for the clinical scenario, whereas scores in the mid-range of 4 to 6 indicate that coronary revascularization may be appropriate for the clinical scenario.

IMA to LAD Not Patent

Appropriate Use Score (1-9)
IMA to LAD Not Patent Asymptomatic Ischemic Symptoms
Not on AA Therapy or With AA Therapy Not on AA Therapy On 1 AA Drug (BB Preferred) On ≥2 AA Drugs
Indication PCI CABG PCI CABG PCI CABG PCI CABG
Stenosis Supplying 1-Territory Disease (Bypass Graft or Native Artery)–Anterior (LAD) Territory
Low-risk findings on noninvasive testing M (4) R (3) M (5) R (3) M (6) M (4) A (7) M (5)
Intermediate- or high-risk findings on noninvasive testing M (6) M (4) M (6) M (4) A (7) M (5) A (8) M (6)
No stress test performed or, if performed, the results are indeterminate - FFR of stenosis ≤0.80 M (5) M (4) M (6) M (4) A (7) M (5) A (7) M (6)
Stenoses Supplying 2 Territories (Bypass Graft or Native Artery, Either 2 Separate Vessels or Sequential Graft Supplying 2 Territories) LAD Plus Other Territory
Low-risk findings on noninvasive testing M (5) M (4) M (6) M (4) A (7) M (5) A (7) M (6)
Intermediate- or high-risk findings on noninvasive testing M (6) M (5) A (7) M (6) A (7) A (7) A (8) A (8)
Stenoses Supplying 3 Territories (Bypass Graft or Native Arteries, Separate Vessels, Sequential Grafts, or Combination Thereof) LAD Plus 2 Other Territories
Low-risk findings on noninvasive testing M (5) M (5) M (6) M (5) M (6) M (6) A (7) A (7)
Intermediate- or high-risk findings on noninvasive testing A (7) A (7) A (7) A (7) A (7) A (7) A (8) A (8)
A indicates appropriate; AA, Antianginal; BB, beta blockers; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; FFR, fractional flow reserve; iFR, instant wave-free ratio; IMA, internal mammary artery; LAD, left anterior descending coronary artery; M, may be appropriate; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; and R, rarely appropriate. A separate, independent rating panel scored the clinical scenarios on a scale of 1 to 9. Scores of 7 to 9 indicate that revascularization is considered appropriate for the clinical scenario presented. Scores of 1 to 3 indicate that revascularization is considered rarely appropriate for the clinical scenario, whereas scores in the mid-range of 4 to 6 indicate that coronary revascularization may be appropriate for the clinical scenario.

2014 Focused update of 2012 AHA guidelines for the management of chronic stable angina[3][4]

Heart Team Approach Revascularization Guidelines[3][4]

Class I
"1. A Heart Team approach to revascularization is recommended in patients with diabetes mellitus and complex multivessel CAD"(Level of Evidence:C ) "
Class I
"1. Calculation of the STS and SYNTAX scores is reasonable in patients with unprotected left main and complex CAD "(Level of Evidence:B ) "

You can read in greater detail about specific revascularization approaches for the treatment of chronic stable angina by clicking on the link below for that topic:

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Qaseem A, Fihn SD, Dallas P, et al. Management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease: Executive summary of a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians, American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association/American Association for Thoracic Surgery/Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association/Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Ann Intern Med 2012.
  2. ↑ Farkouh ME, Domanski M, Sleeper LA, Siami FS, Dangas G, Mack M; et al. (2012). "Strategies for Multivessel Revascularization in Patients with Diabetes". N Engl J Med. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1211585. PMID 23121323.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Fihn SD, Blankenship JC, Alexander KP, Bittl JA, Byrne JG, Fletcher BJ; et al. (2014). "2014 ACC/AHA/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS focused update of the guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, and the American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons". J Am Coll Cardiol. 64 (18): 1929–49. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.07.017. PMID 25077860.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Fihn SD, Gardin JM, Abrams J, Berra K, Blankenship JC, Dallas AP; et al. (2012). "2012 ACCF/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines, and the American College of Physicians, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons". Circulation. 126 (25): 3097–137. doi:10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182776f83. PMID 23166210.

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