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{{Plummer-Vinson syndrome}}
{{Plummer-Vinson syndrome}}
{{CMG}}
{{CMG}}; z{{AE}}{{Akshun}}
 
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==Overview==
==Overview==
There is no treatment for [disease name]; the mainstay of therapy is supportive care.
The mainstay of treatment for Plummer-Vinson syndrome is aimed at correcting [[iron deficiency anemia]]. Patients with Plummer-Vinson syndrome should receive [[oral]] [[iron]] salts ([[ferrous sulphate]]) and [[iron]] supplementation in their [[Diet (nutrition)|diet]]. [[Parenteral]] [[iron]] is used in patients who are unable to tolerate [[oral]] [[iron]] or with [[Malabsorption syndrome|malabsorption syndromes]]. Another important aspect in treating Plummer-Vinson syndrome is to identify the cause of [[iron deficiency]] in order to exclude active [[hemorrhage]], [[malignancy]] or [[celiac disease]].
 
OR
 
Supportive therapy for [disease name] includes [therapy 1], [therapy 2], and [therapy 3].
 
OR
 
The majority of cases of [disease name] are self-limited and require only supportive care.
 
OR
 
[Disease name] is a medical emergency and requires prompt treatment.
 
OR
 
The mainstay of treatment for [disease name] is [therapy].
 
OR
 
The optimal therapy for [malignancy name] depends on the stage at diagnosis.
 
OR
 
[Therapy] is recommended among all patients who develop [disease name].
 
OR
 
Pharmacologic medical therapy is recommended among patients with [disease subclass 1], [disease subclass 2], and [disease subclass 3].
 
OR
 
Pharmacologic medical therapies for [disease name] include (either) [therapy 1], [therapy 2], and/or [therapy 3].
 
OR
 
Empiric therapy for [disease name] depends on [disease factor 1] and [disease factor 2].
 
OR
 
Patients with [disease subclass 1] are treated with [therapy 1], whereas patients with [disease subclass 2] are treated with [therapy 2].


==Medical Therapy==
==Medical Therapy==
The treatment of Plummer-Vinson syndrome is primarily aimed at correcting [[iron deficiency anemia]].<ref name="pmid27913463">{{cite journal |vauthors=Auerbach M, Deloughery T |title=Single-dose intravenous iron for iron deficiency: a new paradigm |journal=Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program |volume=2016 |issue=1 |pages=57–66 |year=2016 |pmid=27913463 |doi=10.1182/asheducation-2016.1.57 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26408108">{{cite journal |vauthors=Auerbach M, Adamson JW |title=How we diagnose and treat iron deficiency anemia |journal=Am. J. Hematol. |volume=91 |issue=1 |pages=31–8 |year=2016 |pmid=26408108 |doi=10.1002/ajh.24201 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23314137">{{cite journal |vauthors=Macdougall IC, Geisser P |title=Use of intravenous iron supplementation in chronic kidney disease: an update |journal=Iran J Kidney Dis |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=9–22 |year=2013 |pmid=23314137 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23963731">{{cite journal |vauthors=Onken JE, Bregman DB, Harrington RA, Morris D, Buerkert J, Hamerski D, Iftikhar H, Mangoo-Karim R, Martin ER, Martinez CO, Newman GE, Qunibi WY, Ross DL, Singh B, Smith MT, Butcher A, Koch TA, Goodnough LT |title=Ferric carboxymaltose in patients with iron-deficiency anemia and impaired renal function: the REPAIR-IDA trial |journal=Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=833–42 |year=2014 |pmid=23963731 |doi=10.1093/ndt/gft251 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8482199">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dantas RO, Villanova MG |title=Esophageal motility impairment in Plummer-Vinson syndrome. Correction by iron treatment |journal=Dig. Dis. Sci. |volume=38 |issue=5 |pages=968–71 |year=1993 |pmid=8482199 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4449772">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chisholm M |title=The association between webs, iron and post-cricoid carcinoma |journal=Postgrad Med J |volume=50 |issue=582 |pages=215–9 |year=1974 |pmid=4449772 |pmc=2495558 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Patients with Plummer-Vinson syndrome should receive [[oral]] [[iron]] salts ([[ferrous sulphate]]) and [[iron]] supplementation in their [[Diet (nutrition)|diet]].
*Another important aspect in treating Plummer-Vinson syndrome is to identify the cause of [[iron deficiency]] in order to exclude active [[hemorrhage]], [[malignancy]] or [[celiac disease]].
*Patients with mild [[dysphagia]] may improve with [[iron]] replacement alone, if [[esophageal webs]] are not significantly obstructive.
*Patients with persistent and significant [[dysphagia]] (for [[solids]]) require mechanical [[dilation]] for [[Esophageal webs|esophageal web]](s).
**Mechanical dilatation with an [[endoscope]] can be used to disrupt [[esophageal web]]/stricture.
**In addition, needle-knife electro incision may be used as an alternative to endoscopic dilation.


The treatment of Plummer-Vinson syndrome is primarily aimed at correcting iron deficiency anemia.  
===Iron deficiency anemia===
*Patients with mild dysphagia may improve with iron replacement alone, if esophageal webs are not significantly obstructive.  
* 1.1 [[Ferrous sulphate]]<ref name="pmid25271605">{{cite journal |vauthors=DeLoughery TG |title=Microcytic anemia |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=371 |issue=14 |pages=1324–31 |year=2014 |pmid=25271605 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1215361 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9371267">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brittenham GM |title=New advances in iron metabolism, iron deficiency, and iron overload |journal=Curr. Opin. Hematol. |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=101–6 |year=1994 |pmid=9371267 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Patients with significant dysphagia (for solids) require mechanical dilation for esophageal web(s).  
** Preferred regimen (1): [[Ferrous sulphate]] 325 mg PO three times a day; may administer extended release form once daily.
**Mechanical dilatation with an endoscope can be used to disrupt esophageal web/stricture.
**:: '''Note(1):''' To increase [[absorption]], patients are advised to take [[vitamin C]] (500 units) PO once daily with the [[iron]] pill.
**Needle-knife electro incision is an alternative to dilation.
**:: '''Note(2):''' An indicator of successful [[iron]] therapy includes a 2-g/dL rise in [[hemoglobin]] (Hb) levels in 3 weeks.
** Alternate regimen (1): [[Iron sucrose]] or [[iron dextran]] three times weekly by slow [[intravenous]] injection.
**:: '''Dosage:''' ''[[Body weight]] x (14 - [[Hemoglobin|Hb]]) x (2.145) ÷ [[concentration]] of elemental iron''
**:: '''Note(1):''' [[Parenteral]] [[iron]] is used in patients who are unable to tolerate [[oral]] [[iron]] or with [[Malabsorption syndrome|malabsorption syndromes]].


====Food Sources of Iron====
*[[Iron deficiency]] can have serious [[health]] consequences that regular [[Diet (nutrition)|diet]] may not be able to quickly correct. Hence, [[iron]] supplementation is necessary in patients with Plummer-Vinson syndrome.
*[[Iron]] supplementation is often necessary if [[iron deficiency]] is symptomatic. However, mild [[iron deficiency]] can be corrected and prevented, by eating [[iron]]-rich foods.
**[[Iron]] rich foods from plants and animals are absorbed and processed differently by the [[body]].
**'''[[Iron]] from meat ([[heme]] iron source)''' is more easily broken down and absorbed than '''[[iron]] in grains (nonheme iron source).'''
**[[Minerals]] and [[chemicals]] in one type of food may inhibit [[absorption]] of [[iron]] from another type of [[food]] eaten at the same time.[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002422.htm]
**[[Heme]]-bound [[iron]] from animal source is readily [[Absorption|absorbed]] as compared to [[iron]] from plant sources.
***Thus, [[vegetarian]]s and [[vegan]]s should have a higher total daily iron intake than those who consume meat, fish or poultry.[http://www.vrg.org/nutrition/iron.htm]
***[[Legume]]s and dark-green leafy vegetables like [[broccoli]], kale and oriental greens are especially good sources of [[iron]] for vegetarians and vegans. However, spinach and swiss chard contain [[oxalates]] which bind [[iron]] making it largely unavailable for [[absorption]].
***[[Iron]] from non-heme sources (foodgrains) is more readily [[Absorption|absorbed]] if consumed with foods that contain either [[heme]]-bound [[iron]] or [[vitamin C]].


Treatment is primarily aimed at correcting the iron-deficiency anemia. Patients with Plummer-Vinson syndrome should receive [[iron]] supplementation in their [[Diet (nutrition)|diet]]. This may improve dysphagia and pain.
===Disease Name===
* '''1 Stage 1 - Iron deficiency anemia'''
** 1.1 Ferrous sulphate
**** Preferred regimen (1): Ferrous sulphate 8 mg/day 
***** Males: 8 mg/day
***** Females: 18 mg/day
***** Pregnant females: 27 mg/day
***** Lactating females: 9 mg/day 
****   
****   
****   
****   
****   
**** [[drug name]] 100 mg PO q12h for 10-21 days '''(Contraindications/specific instructions)''' 
**** Preferred regimen (2): [[drug name]] 500 mg PO q8h for 14-21 days
**** Preferred regimen (3): [[drug name]] 500 mg q12h for 14-21 days
**** Alternative regimen (1): [[drug name]] 500 mg PO q6h for 7–10 days 
**** Alternative regimen (2): [[drug name]] 500 mg PO q12h for 14–21 days
**** Alternative regimen (3): [[drug name]] 500 mg PO q6h for 14–21 days
*** 1.1.2 '''Pediatric'''
**** 1.1.2.1 (Specific population e.g. '''children < 8 years of age''')
***** Preferred regimen (1): [[drug name]] 50 mg/kg PO per day q8h (maximum, 500 mg per dose) 
***** Preferred regimen (2): [[drug name]] 30 mg/kg PO per day in 2 divided doses (maximum, 500 mg per dose)
***** Alternative regimen (1): [[drug name]]10 mg/kg PO q6h (maximum, 500 mg per day)
***** Alternative regimen (2): [[drug name]] 7.5 mg/kg PO q12h (maximum, 500 mg per dose)
***** Alternative regimen (3): [[drug name]] 12.5 mg/kg PO q6h (maximum, 500 mg per dose)
****1.1.2.2 (Specific population e.g. '<nowiki/>'''''children < 8 years of age'''''')
***** Preferred regimen (1): [[drug name]] 4 mg/kg/day PO q12h（maximum, 100 mg per dose）
***** Alternative regimen (1): [[drug name]] 10 mg/kg PO q6h (maximum, 500 mg per day)
***** Alternative regimen (2): [[drug name]] 7.5 mg/kg PO q12h (maximum, 500 mg per dose) 
***** Alternative regimen (3): [[drug name]] 12.5 mg/kg PO q6h (maximum, 500 mg per dose)
** 1.2 '''Specific Organ system involved 2'''
*** 1.2.1 '''Adult'''
**** Preferred regimen (1): [[drug name]] 500 mg PO q8h
*** 1.2.2  '''Pediatric'''
**** Preferred regimen (1): [[drug name]] 50 mg/kg/day PO q8h (maximum, 500 mg per dose)
* 2 '''Stage 2 - Name of stage'''
** 2.1 '''Specific Organ system involved 1 '''
**: '''Note (1):'''
**: '''Note (2)''':
**: '''Note (3):'''
*** 2.1.1 '''Adult'''
**** Parenteral regimen
***** Preferred regimen (1): [[drug name]] 2 g IV q24h for 14 (14–21) days
***** Alternative regimen (1): [[drug name]] 2 g IV q8h for 14 (14–21) days
***** Alternative regimen (2): [[drug name]] 18–24 MU/day IV q4h for 14 (14–21) days
**** Oral regimen
***** Preferred regimen (1): [[drug name]] 500 mg PO q8h for 14 (14–21) days
***** Preferred regimen (2): [[drug name]] 100 mg PO q12h for 14 (14–21) days
***** Preferred regimen (3): [[drug name]] 500 mg PO q12h for 14 (14–21) days
***** Alternative regimen (1): [[drug name]] 500 mg PO q6h for 7–10 days 
***** Alternative regimen (2): [[drug name]] 500 mg PO q12h for 14–21 days
***** Alternative regimen (3):[[drug name]] 500 mg PO q6h for 14–21 days
*** 2.1.2 '''Pediatric'''
**** Parenteral regimen
***** Preferred regimen (1): [[drug name]] 50–75 mg/kg IV q24h for 14 (14–21) days (maximum, 2 g)
***** Alternative regimen (1): [[drug name]] 150–200 mg/kg/day IV q6–8h for 14 (14–21) days (maximum, 6 g per day)
***** Alternative regimen (2):  [[drug name]] 200,000–400,000 U/kg/day IV q4h for 14 (14–21) days (maximum, 18–24 million U per day) '<nowiki/>'''''(Contraindications/specific instructions)''''''
**** Oral regimen
***** Preferred regimen (1):  [[drug name]] 50 mg/kg/day PO q8h for 14 (14–21) days  (maximum, 500 mg per dose)
***** Preferred regimen (2): [[drug name]] '''(for children aged ≥ 8 years)''' 4 mg/kg/day PO q12h for 14 (14–21) days (maximum, 100 mg per dose)
***** Preferred regimen (3): [[drug name]] 30 mg/kg/day PO q12h for 14 (14–21) days  (maximum, 500 mg per dose)
***** Alternative regimen (1):  [[drug name]] 10 mg/kg PO q6h 7–10 days  (maximum, 500 mg per day)
***** Alternative regimen (2): [[drug name]] 7.5 mg/kg PO q12h for 14–21 days  (maximum, 500 mg per dose)
***** Alternative regimen (3): [[drug name]] 12.5 mg/kg PO q6h for 14–21 days  (maximum,500 mg per dose)
** 2.2 '''Other Organ system involved 2'''
**: '''Note (1):'''
**: '''Note (2):'''
**: '''Note (3):'''
*** 2.2.1 '''Adult'''
**** Parenteral regimen
***** Preferred regimen (1): [[drug name]] 2 g IV q24h for 14 (14–21) days
***** Alternative regimen (1): [[drug name]] 2 g IV q8h for 14 (14–21) days
***** Alternative regimen (2): [[drug name]] 18–24 MU/day IV q4h for 14 (14–21) days
**** Oral regimen
***** Preferred regimen (1): [[drug name]] 500 mg PO q8h for 14 (14–21) days
***** Preferred regimen (2): [[drug name]] 100 mg PO q12h for 14 (14–21) days
***** Preferred regimen (3): [[drug name]] 500 mg PO q12h for 14 (14–21) days
***** Alternative regimen (1): [[drug name]] 500 mg PO q6h for 7–10 days 
***** Alternative regimen (2): [[drug name]] 500 mg PO q12h for 14–21 days
***** Alternative regimen (3):[[drug name]] 500 mg PO q6h for 14–21 days
*** 2.2.2 '''Pediatric'''
**** Parenteral regimen
***** Preferred regimen (1): [[drug name]] 50–75 mg/kg IV q24h for 14 (14–21) days (maximum, 2 g)
***** Alternative regimen (1): [[drug name]] 150–200 mg/kg/day IV q6–8h for 14 (14–21) days (maximum, 6 g per day)
***** Alternative regimen (2):  [[drug name]] 200,000–400,000 U/kg/day IV q4h for 14 (14–21) days (maximum, 18–24 million U per day)
**** Oral regimen
***** Preferred regimen (1):  [[drug name]] 50 mg/kg/day PO q8h for 14 (14–21) days  (maximum, 500 mg per dose)
***** Preferred regimen (2): [[drug name]] 4 mg/kg/day PO q12h for 14 (14–21) days (maximum, 100 mg per dose)
***** Preferred regimen (3): [[drug name]] 30 mg/kg/day PO q12h for 14 (14–21) days  (maximum, 500 mg per dose)
***** Alternative regimen (1):  [[drug name]] 10 mg/kg PO q6h 7–10 days  (maximum, 500 mg per day)
***** Alternative regimen (2): [[drug name]] 7.5 mg/kg PO q12h for 14–21 days  (maximum, 500 mg per dose)
***** Alternative regimen (3): [[drug name]] 12.5 mg/kg PO q6h for 14–21 days  (maximum,500 mg per dose)
===Food Sources of Iron===
*Iron deficiency can have serious health consequences that diet may not be able to quickly correct.
*Iron supplementation is often necessary if iron deficiency is symptomatic. However, mild iron deficiency can be corrected, and prevented, by eating iron-rich foods.
**Iron rich foods from plants and animals are absorbed and processed differently by the body.
**'''Iron from meat ([[heme]] iron source)''' is more easily broken down and absorbed than '''iron in grains (nonheme iron source).'''
**Minerals and chemicals in one type of food may inhibit absorption of iron from another type of food eaten at the same time.[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002422.htm]
**Heme-bound iron from animal source is readily absorbed as compared to iron from plant sources.
***Thus, [[vegetarian]]s and [[vegan]]s should have a higher total daily iron intake than those who consume meat, fish or poultry.[http://www.vrg.org/nutrition/iron.htm]
***[[Legume]]s and dark-green leafy vegetables like broccoli, kale and oriental greens are especially good sources of iron for vegetarians and vegans. However, spinach and swiss chard contain oxalates which bind iron making it largely unavailable for absorption.
***Iron from nonheme sources (foodgrains) is more readily absorbed if consumed with foods that contain either heme-bound iron or [[vitamin C]].
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:97%;"
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:97%;"
|+Selected Food Sources of Heme Iron
|+Selected Food Sources of Heme Iron
|-
|-
! Food
! align="center" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; " |Food
! Serving<br />size
! align="center" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; " |Serving<br />size
! Miligrams<br />per serving
! align="center" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; " |Miligrams<br />per serving
! % DV*
! align="center" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; " |% DV*
|-
|-
| Chicken liver <small>(cooked)</small> || 3˝ ounces
| Chicken liver <small>(cooked)</small> || 3˝ ounces
Line 240: Line 107:
| 4
| 4
|}
|}
{{Col-2}}
 
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:97%;"
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:97%;"
|+Selected Food Sources of Nonheme Iron
|+Selected Food Sources of Nonheme Iron
|-
|-
! Food
! align="center" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; " | Food
! Serving<br />size
! align="center" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; " | Serving<br />size
! Miligrams<br />per serving
! align="center" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; " | Miligrams<br />per serving
! % DV*
! align="center" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; " | % DV*
|-
|-
| Ready-to-eat cereal <small>(100% iron fortified || cup
| Ready-to-eat cereal <small>(100% iron fortified || cup
Line 330: Line 197:
|-
|-
|}
|}
{{Col-end}}


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 19:53, 6 November 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; zAssociate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Akshun Kalia M.B.B.S.[2]

Overview

The mainstay of treatment for Plummer-Vinson syndrome is aimed at correcting iron deficiency anemia. Patients with Plummer-Vinson syndrome should receive oral iron salts (ferrous sulphate) and iron supplementation in their diet. Parenteral iron is used in patients who are unable to tolerate oral iron or with malabsorption syndromes. Another important aspect in treating Plummer-Vinson syndrome is to identify the cause of iron deficiency in order to exclude active hemorrhage, malignancy or celiac disease.

Medical Therapy

The treatment of Plummer-Vinson syndrome is primarily aimed at correcting iron deficiency anemia.[1][2][3][4][5][6]

Iron deficiency anemia

Food Sources of Iron

  • Iron deficiency can have serious health consequences that regular diet may not be able to quickly correct. Hence, iron supplementation is necessary in patients with Plummer-Vinson syndrome.
  • Iron supplementation is often necessary if iron deficiency is symptomatic. However, mild iron deficiency can be corrected and prevented, by eating iron-rich foods.
    • Iron rich foods from plants and animals are absorbed and processed differently by the body.
    • Iron from meat (heme iron source) is more easily broken down and absorbed than iron in grains (nonheme iron source).
    • Minerals and chemicals in one type of food may inhibit absorption of iron from another type of food eaten at the same time.[3]
    • Heme-bound iron from animal source is readily absorbed as compared to iron from plant sources.
      • Thus, vegetarians and vegans should have a higher total daily iron intake than those who consume meat, fish or poultry.[4]
      • Legumes and dark-green leafy vegetables like broccoli, kale and oriental greens are especially good sources of iron for vegetarians and vegans. However, spinach and swiss chard contain oxalates which bind iron making it largely unavailable for absorption.
      • Iron from non-heme sources (foodgrains) is more readily absorbed if consumed with foods that contain either heme-bound iron or vitamin C.
Selected Food Sources of Heme Iron
Food Serving
size 		Miligrams
per serving 		% DV*
Chicken liver (cooked) 3˝ ounces 12.8 70
Oysters(breaded and fried) 6 pieces 4.5 25
Beef, chuck (lean, braised) 3 ounces 3.2 20
Clams (breaded, fried) 1 cup 3.0 15
Beef tenderloin (roasted) 3 ounces 3.0 15
Turkey ( dark meat, roasted) 3˝ ounces 2.3 10
Beef, eye of round (roasted) 3 ounces 2.2 10
Turkey, light meat (roasted) 3˝ ounces 1.6 8
Chicken, leg, meat only (roasted) 3˝ ounces 1.3 6
Tuna, fresh bluefin (cooked) 3 ounces 1.1 6
Chicken breast (roasted) 3 ounces 1.1 6
Halibut (cooked) 3 ounces 0.9 6
Blue crab (cooked) 3 ounces 0.8 4
Pork loin (broiled) 3 ounces 0.8 4
Tuna white (canned in water) 3 ounces 0.8 4
Shrimp (mixed species, cooked) 4 large 0.7 4
Selected Food Sources of Nonheme Iron
Food Serving
size 		Miligrams
per serving 		% DV*
Ready-to-eat cereal (100% iron fortified cup 18.0 100
Oatmeal, instant, fortified (prepared with water 1 cup 10.0 60
Soybeans, mature (boiled) 1 cup 8.8 50
Lentils (boiled) 1 cup 6.6 35
Kidney beans mature (boiled) 1 cup 5.2 25
Lima beans large, mature (boiled) 1 cup 4.5 25
Navy beans mature (boiled) 1 cup 4.5 25
Ready-to-eat cereal (25% iron fortified) 1 cup 4.5 25
Black beans mature (boiled) 1 cup 3.6 20
Pinto beans mature (boiled) 1 cup 3.6 20
Molasses (blackstrap) 1 tablespoon 3.5 20
Tofu (raw, firm) ˝ cup 3.4 20
Spinach (boiled, drained) ˝ cup 3.2 20
Spinach (canned, drained solids) ˝ cup 2.5 10
Black-eyed peas (cowpeas) (boiled) ˝ cup 1.8 10
Spinach (frozen, chopped, boiled) ˝ cup 1.9 10
Grits (white, enriched 1 cup 1.5 8
Raisins (seedless, packed) ˝ cup 1.5 8
Whole wheat bread 1 slice 0.9 6
White bread (enriched) 1 slice 0.9 6

References

  1. ↑ Auerbach M, Deloughery T (2016). "Single-dose intravenous iron for iron deficiency: a new paradigm". Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2016 (1): 57–66. doi:10.1182/asheducation-2016.1.57. PMID 27913463.
  2. ↑ Auerbach M, Adamson JW (2016). "How we diagnose and treat iron deficiency anemia". Am. J. Hematol. 91 (1): 31–8. doi:10.1002/ajh.24201. PMID 26408108.
  3. ↑ Macdougall IC, Geisser P (2013). "Use of intravenous iron supplementation in chronic kidney disease: an update". Iran J Kidney Dis. 7 (1): 9–22. PMID 23314137.
  4. ↑ Onken JE, Bregman DB, Harrington RA, Morris D, Buerkert J, Hamerski D, Iftikhar H, Mangoo-Karim R, Martin ER, Martinez CO, Newman GE, Qunibi WY, Ross DL, Singh B, Smith MT, Butcher A, Koch TA, Goodnough LT (2014). "Ferric carboxymaltose in patients with iron-deficiency anemia and impaired renal function: the REPAIR-IDA trial". Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 29 (4): 833–42. doi:10.1093/ndt/gft251. PMID 23963731.
  5. ↑ Dantas RO, Villanova MG (1993). "Esophageal motility impairment in Plummer-Vinson syndrome. Correction by iron treatment". Dig. Dis. Sci. 38 (5): 968–71. PMID 8482199.
  6. ↑ Chisholm M (1974). "The association between webs, iron and post-cricoid carcinoma". Postgrad Med J. 50 (582): 215–9. PMC 2495558. PMID 4449772.
  7. ↑ DeLoughery TG (2014). "Microcytic anemia". N. Engl. J. Med. 371 (14): 1324–31. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1215361. PMID 25271605.
  8. ↑ Brittenham GM (1994). "New advances in iron metabolism, iron deficiency, and iron overload". Curr. Opin. Hematol. 1 (2): 101–6. PMID 9371267.

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