Gynecomastia natural history, complications and prognosis: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
 
(One intermediate revision by one other user not shown)
Line 4: Line 4:


==Overview==
==Overview==
If left untreated patients with gynecomastia may progress to develop [[Psychological stress|psychosocial stresses]] and rarely [[breast cancer]]. The majority of [[physiological]] gynecomastia is self-limited. [[Pathological]] gynecomastia has an excellent [[prognosis]] and responds well to treatment. [[Pharmacological]] gynecomastia responds very well to the cessation of the offending agent.
If left untreated patients with gynecomastia may progress to develop [[Psychological stress|psychosocial stresses]] and rarely [[breast cancer]]. The majority of [[physiological]] gynecomastia is self-limited. [[Pathological]] gynecomastia has an excellent [[prognosis]] and responds well to treatment. [[Pharmacological]] [[gynecomastia]] responds very well to the cessation of the offending agent.


==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==
Line 10: Line 10:
===Natural History===
===Natural History===
* The signs and symptoms of [[gynecomastia]] typically develop in [[neonatal]], [[pubertal]] age or in the [[elderly]].<ref name="pmid8421478">{{cite journal| author=Braunstein GD| title=Gynecomastia. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1993 | volume= 328 | issue= 7 | pages= 490-5 | pmid=8421478 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199302183280708 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8421478  }} </ref><ref name="pmid2137877">{{cite journal |vauthors=Biro FM, Lucky AW, Huster GA, Morrison JA |title=Hormonal studies and physical maturation in adolescent gynecomastia |journal=J. Pediatr. |volume=116 |issue=3 |pages=450–5 |year=1990 |pmid=2137877 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24872741">{{cite journal| author=Lemaine V, Cayci C, Simmons PS, Petty P| title=Gynecomastia in adolescent males. | journal=Semin Plast Surg | year= 2013 | volume= 27 | issue= 1 | pages= 56-61 | pmid=24872741 | doi=10.1055/s-0033-1347166 | pmc=3706045 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24872741  }} </ref>
* The signs and symptoms of [[gynecomastia]] typically develop in [[neonatal]], [[pubertal]] age or in the [[elderly]].<ref name="pmid8421478">{{cite journal| author=Braunstein GD| title=Gynecomastia. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1993 | volume= 328 | issue= 7 | pages= 490-5 | pmid=8421478 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199302183280708 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8421478  }} </ref><ref name="pmid2137877">{{cite journal |vauthors=Biro FM, Lucky AW, Huster GA, Morrison JA |title=Hormonal studies and physical maturation in adolescent gynecomastia |journal=J. Pediatr. |volume=116 |issue=3 |pages=450–5 |year=1990 |pmid=2137877 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24872741">{{cite journal| author=Lemaine V, Cayci C, Simmons PS, Petty P| title=Gynecomastia in adolescent males. | journal=Semin Plast Surg | year= 2013 | volume= 27 | issue= 1 | pages= 56-61 | pmid=24872741 | doi=10.1055/s-0033-1347166 | pmc=3706045 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24872741  }} </ref>
* Without treatment gynecomastia has some associated risk of [[breast cancer]], however, the majority of [[physiological]] gynecomastia resolves in months to years time.
* Without treatment [[gynecomastia]] has some associated risk of [[breast cancer]], however, the majority of [[physiological]] [[gynecomastia]] resolves in months to years.


===Complications===
===Complications===
Complications of gynecomastia include:<ref name="pmidorg/10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.01.009">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.01.009 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10  }} </ref><ref name="pmid26408934">{{cite journal| author=Ordaz DL, Thompson JK| title=Gynecomastia and psychological functioning: A review of the literature. | journal=Body Image | year= 2015 | volume= 15 | issue=  | pages= 141-8 | pmid=26408934 | doi=10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.08.004 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26408934  }} </ref><ref name="pmid26151806">{{cite journal| author=Rew L, Young C, Harrison T, Caridi R| title=A systematic review of literature on psychosocial aspects of gynecomastia in adolescents and young men. | journal=J Adolesc | year= 2015 | volume= 43 | issue=  | pages= 206-12 | pmid=26151806 | doi=10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.06.007 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26151806  }} </ref>
Complications of [[gynecomastia]] include:<ref name="pmidorg/10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.01.009">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.01.009 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10  }} </ref><ref name="pmid26408934">{{cite journal| author=Ordaz DL, Thompson JK| title=Gynecomastia and psychological functioning: A review of the literature. | journal=Body Image | year= 2015 | volume= 15 | issue=  | pages= 141-8 | pmid=26408934 | doi=10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.08.004 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26408934  }} </ref><ref name="pmid26151806">{{cite journal| author=Rew L, Young C, Harrison T, Caridi R| title=A systematic review of literature on psychosocial aspects of gynecomastia in adolescents and young men. | journal=J Adolesc | year= 2015 | volume= 43 | issue=  | pages= 206-12 | pmid=26151806 | doi=10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.06.007 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26151806  }} </ref>
* Persistent [[pubertal]] gynecomastia
* Persistent [[pubertal]] gynecomastia
*[[Breast cancer]]
*[[Breast cancer]]
*[[Psychological stress]] like [[depression]], reduced [[self-esteem]], and body dissatisfaction.
*[[Psychological stress]] like:
**[[depression]]
**Reduced [[self-esteem]]
**Body dissatisfaction


===Prognosis===
===Prognosis===
* Physiological [[gynecomastia]] has an excellent [[prognosis]] and the majority of [[physiological]] gynecomastia resolve spontaneously.
Gynecomastia prognosis is good overall:<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.annalsplasticsurgery.com/pt/re/annps/abstract.00000637-200408000-00001.htm;jsessionid=F9bRttLWlcgHnBWVVgG3xcHwF1KbpJTPbgyLjKvQJXG977J7s1pP!1570379021!-949856144!8091!-1  | title = ''Gynecomastia: An Outcome Analysis'' | author = Wiesman, IM. et al.}}</ref><ref name="pmid21712702">{{cite journal| author=Li CC, Fu JP, Chang SC, Chen TM, Chen SG| title=Surgical treatment of gynecomastia: complications and outcomes. | journal=Ann Plast Surg | year= 2012 | volume= 69 | issue= 5 | pages= 510-5 | pmid=21712702 | doi=10.1097/SAP.0b013e318222834d | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21712702  }} </ref><ref name="pmid28451801">{{cite journal| author=Choi BS, Lee SR, Byun GY, Hwang SB, Koo BH| title=The Characteristics and Short-Term Surgical Outcomes of Adolescent Gynecomastia. | journal=Aesthetic Plast Surg | year= 2017 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=28451801 | doi=10.1007/s00266-017-0886-z | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28451801  }} </ref>
* Pathological [[gynecomastia]] also responds well to treatment or removal of the underlying cause.
* Physiological gynecomastia has an excellent [[prognosis]] and the majority of [[physiological]] gynecomastia resolve spontaneously.
* [[Pharmacological]] [[gynecomastia]] responds very well to the cessation of the offending agent.
* Pathological gynecomastia also responds well to treatment or removal of the underlying cause.
* Persistent gynecomastia can cause [[psychological stress]] and increases the risk of [[breast cancer]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.annalsplasticsurgery.com/pt/re/annps/abstract.00000637-200408000-00001.htm;jsessionid=F9bRttLWlcgHnBWVVgG3xcHwF1KbpJTPbgyLjKvQJXG977J7s1pP!1570379021!-949856144!8091!-1  | title = ''Gynecomastia: An Outcome Analysis'' | author = Wiesman, IM. et al.}}</ref><ref name="pmid21712702">{{cite journal| author=Li CC, Fu JP, Chang SC, Chen TM, Chen SG| title=Surgical treatment of gynecomastia: complications and outcomes. | journal=Ann Plast Surg | year= 2012 | volume= 69 | issue= 5 | pages= 510-5 | pmid=21712702 | doi=10.1097/SAP.0b013e318222834d | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21712702  }} </ref><ref name="pmid28451801">{{cite journal| author=Choi BS, Lee SR, Byun GY, Hwang SB, Koo BH| title=The Characteristics and Short-Term Surgical Outcomes of Adolescent Gynecomastia. | journal=Aesthetic Plast Surg | year= 2017 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=28451801 | doi=10.1007/s00266-017-0886-z | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28451801  }} </ref>
* [[Pharmacological]] gynecomastia responds very well to the cessation of the offending agent.
* Persistent gynecomastia can cause [[psychological stress]] and increases the risk of [[breast cancer]].


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 23:29, 15 November 2017

Gynecomastia Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Gynecomastia from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic study of choice

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

Chest X Ray

CT

MRI

Ultrasound

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Gynecomastia natural history, complications and prognosis On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Gynecomastia natural history, complications and prognosis

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Gynecomastia natural history, complications and prognosis

CDC on Gynecomastia natural history, complications and prognosis

Gynecomastia natural history, complications and prognosis in the news

Blogs on Gynecomastia natural history, complications and prognosis

Directions to Hospitals Treating Gynecomastia

Risk calculators and risk factors for Gynecomastia natural history, complications and prognosis

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Husnain Shaukat, M.D [2]

Overview

If left untreated patients with gynecomastia may progress to develop psychosocial stresses and rarely breast cancer. The majority of physiological gynecomastia is self-limited. Pathological gynecomastia has an excellent prognosis and responds well to treatment. Pharmacological gynecomastia responds very well to the cessation of the offending agent.

Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

Natural History

Complications

Complications of gynecomastia include:[4][5][6]

Prognosis

Gynecomastia prognosis is good overall:[7][8][9]

  • Physiological gynecomastia has an excellent prognosis and the majority of physiological gynecomastia resolve spontaneously.
  • Pathological gynecomastia also responds well to treatment or removal of the underlying cause.
  • Pharmacological gynecomastia responds very well to the cessation of the offending agent.
  • Persistent gynecomastia can cause psychological stress and increases the risk of breast cancer.

References

  1. Braunstein GD (1993). "Gynecomastia". N Engl J Med. 328 (7): 490–5. doi:10.1056/NEJM199302183280708. PMID 8421478.
  2. Biro FM, Lucky AW, Huster GA, Morrison JA (1990). "Hormonal studies and physical maturation in adolescent gynecomastia". J. Pediatr. 116 (3): 450–5. PMID 2137877.
  3. Lemaine V, Cayci C, Simmons PS, Petty P (2013). "Gynecomastia in adolescent males". Semin Plast Surg. 27 (1): 56–61. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1347166. PMC 3706045. PMID 24872741.
  4. Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMID org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.01.009 Check |pmid= value (help).
  5. Ordaz DL, Thompson JK (2015). "Gynecomastia and psychological functioning: A review of the literature". Body Image. 15: 141–8. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.08.004. PMID 26408934.
  6. Rew L, Young C, Harrison T, Caridi R (2015). "A systematic review of literature on psychosocial aspects of gynecomastia in adolescents and young men". J Adolesc. 43: 206–12. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.06.007. PMID 26151806.
  7. Wiesman, IM.; et al. "Gynecomastia: An Outcome Analysis".
  8. Li CC, Fu JP, Chang SC, Chen TM, Chen SG (2012). "Surgical treatment of gynecomastia: complications and outcomes". Ann Plast Surg. 69 (5): 510–5. doi:10.1097/SAP.0b013e318222834d. PMID 21712702.
  9. Choi BS, Lee SR, Byun GY, Hwang SB, Koo BH (2017). "The Characteristics and Short-Term Surgical Outcomes of Adolescent Gynecomastia". Aesthetic Plast Surg. doi:10.1007/s00266-017-0886-z. PMID 28451801.

Template:WH Template:WS