Diffuse esophageal spasm historical perspective: Difference between revisions

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Latest revision as of 02:16, 1 December 2017

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1], Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Madhu Sigdel M.B.B.S.[2]

Overview

DES was first described by Osgood, in 1889 in 6 patients presenting with chest pain and dysphagia. Development of high resolution esophageal manometry in 2000 has led to classification of esophageal motility disorders.

Historical Perspective

Discovery

In 1543: Vesalius, a Belgian anatomist was the first to describe the anatomy of the esophagus.

In 1674: T. Willis, an English physician used whale bone to dilate the esophagus.
In 1806: Philipp Bozzini, a German physician develops an early endoscope using a mirror and reflected light from a candle in an attempt to see the upper esophagus.
In 1843: Switzer, a Denmark physician invented esophageal dilators.
In 1844: John Watson, an American surgeon first performed esophagotomy for the relief of esophageal stricture.
In 1872: Christian Albert Theodor Billroth, an Austrian surgeon performed the first excision of the esophagus.
In 1883: H. Kronecker and S. Meltzer first used inserted balloons to describe esophageal motility and pressure measurements.
In 1954: L.R. Celestin first developed an esophageal tube for the treatment of malignant dysphagia.
DES was first described by Osgood, in 1889 in 6 patients presenting with chest pain and dysphagia.

Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies

In 2000, development of high resolution esophageal manometry has led to classification of esophageal motility disorders.

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 {{CMG}}, {{AE}}{{MSI}}
 ==Overview==
+DES was first described by Osgood, in 1889 in 6 patients presenting with chest pain and dysphagia. Development of high resolution esophageal manometry in 2000 has led to classification of esophageal motility disorders.
-==Historical Perspective==
 == Historical Perspective ==
 === Discovery ===
-* DES was first described by Osgood, in 1889 in 6 patients who presented with chest pain and dysphagia.
+*In 1543: Vesalius, a Belgian anatomist was the first to describe the anatomy of the esophagus.
-* Creamer (1954) made the first manometric descriptions of DES.
+*In 1674: T. Willis, an English physician used whale bone to dilate the esophagus.
+*In 1806: Philipp Bozzini, a German physician develops an early endoscope using a mirror and reflected light from a candle in an attempt to see the upper esophagus.
+*In 1843: Switzer, a Denmark physician invented esophageal dilators.
+*In 1844: John Watson, an American surgeon first performed esophagotomy for the relief of esophageal stricture.
+*In 1872: Christian Albert Theodor Billroth, an Austrian surgeon performed the first excision of the esophagus.
+*In 1883: H. Kronecker and S. Meltzer first used inserted balloons to describe esophageal motility and pressure measurements.
+*In 1954: L.R. Celestin first developed an esophageal tube for the treatment of malignant dysphagia.
+*DES was first described by Osgood, in 1889 in 6 patients presenting with chest pain and dysphagia.
 == Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies ==
-* In 2000, development of high resolution esophageal manometry has led to classification of esophageal motility disorders.
+* In 2000, development of high resolution [[Esophageal motility study|esophageal manometry]] has led to classification of esophageal motility disorders.<br>
+== References ==
-==Pathophysiology==
+<references />
-=== Pathogenesis ===
-* The exact pathogenesis of DES is not fully understood. However, current high-resolution manometry studies suggest impairment of inhibitory myenteric plexus neuron. These neurons use nitric oxide (NO) as neurotransmitter. Hence, these patients may also have dysregulation of endogenous NO synthesis or/and degradation. The final result is premature and rapidly propagated or simultaneous contraction of smooth muscles of distal esophagus.