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{{ otheruses4|a human gene|the airport in Canada|Kugaaruk Airport}}
{{About|a human gene|the airport in Canada|Kugaaruk Airport}}
<!-- The PBB_Controls template provides controls for Protein Box Bot, please see Template:PBB_Controls for details. -->
{{Infobox_gene}}
{{PBB_Controls
'''Cytochrome b-245 heavy chain''' also known as '''cytochrome b(558) subunit beta''' or '''NADPH oxidase 2''' or '''Nox2''' is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the '''CYBB''' [[gene]].<ref name = "entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: CYBB cytochrome b-245, beta polypeptide (chronic granulomatous disease)| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=1536| accessdate = }}</ref> The protein is a super-oxide generating enzyme which forms [[reactive oxygen species]] (ROS).
| update_page = yes
| require_manual_inspection = no
| update_protein_box = yes
| update_summary = no
| update_citations = yes
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<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
== Function ==
{{GNF_Protein_box
| image =
| image_source =
| PDB =
| Name = Cytochrome b-245, beta polypeptide (chronic granulomatous disease)
| HGNCid = 2578
| Symbol = CYBB
| AltSymbols =; CGD; GP91-1; GP91-PHOX; GP91PHOX; NOX2
| OMIM = 300481
| ECnumber = 
| Homologene = 68054
| MGIid = 88574
| GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_CYBB_203923_s_at_tn.png
| GeneAtlas_image2 = PBB_GE_CYBB_203922_s_at_tn.png
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005244 |text = voltage-gated ion channel activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005506 |text = iron ion binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016491 |text = oxidoreductase activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0046872 |text = metal ion binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0050660 |text = FAD binding}}
| Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005737 |text = cytoplasm}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005886 |text = plasma membrane}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005887 |text = integral to plasma membrane}}
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006118 |text = electron transport}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006811 |text = ion transport}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006954 |text = inflammatory response}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0019735 |text = antimicrobial humoral response}}
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
    | Hs_EntrezGene = 1536
    | Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000165168
    | Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_000388
    | Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_000397
    | Hs_GenLoc_db = 
    | Hs_GenLoc_chr = X
    | Hs_GenLoc_start = 37524208
    | Hs_GenLoc_end = 37557658
    | Hs_Uniprot = P04839
    | Mm_EntrezGene = 13058
    | Mm_Ensembl = ENSMUSG00000015340
    | Mm_RefseqmRNA = NM_007807
    | Mm_RefseqProtein = NP_031833
    | Mm_GenLoc_db = 
    | Mm_GenLoc_chr = X
    | Mm_GenLoc_start = 8592987
    | Mm_GenLoc_end = 8626250
    | Mm_Uniprot = Q3TVP4
  }}
}}
'''Cytochrome b-245, beta polypeptide (chronic granulomatous disease)''', also known as '''CYBB''' and '''P91-PHOX''', is a human [[gene]] encoding a [[glycoprotein]].


<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
Nox2, or Cytochrome b (-245) is composed of [[Cytochrome b-245, alpha polypeptide|cytochrome b alpha]] (CYBA) and beta (CYBB) chain. It has been proposed as a primary component of the [[microbicide|microbicidal]] oxidase system of [[phagocyte]]s.<ref name = "entrez"/>
{{PBB_Summary
| section_title =
| summary_text = Cytochrome b (-245) is composed of [[Cytochrome b-245, alpha polypeptide|cytochrome b alpha (CYBA)]] and beta (CYBB) chain. It has been proposed as a primary component of the microbicidal oxidase system of phagocytes. CYBB deficiency is one of five described biochemical defects associated with [[chronic granulomatous disease]] (CGD). In this disorder, there is decreased activity of phagocyte NADPH oxidase; neutrophils are able to phagocytize bacteria but cannot kill them in the phagocytic vacuoles. The cause of the killing defect is an inability to increase the cell's respiration and consequent failure to deliver activated oxygen into the phagocytic vacuole.<ref>{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: CYBB cytochrome b-245, beta polypeptide (chronic granulomatous disease)| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=1536| accessdate = }}</ref>
}}


==References==
Nox2 is the catalytic, membrane-bound subunit of [[NADPH oxidase]]. It is inactive until it binds to the membrane-anchored [[P22phox|p22''phox'']], forming the heterodimer known as flavocytochrome b558.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hervé C, Tonon T, Collén J, Corre E, Boyen C | title = NADPH oxidases in Eukaryotes: red algae provide new hints! | journal = Current Genetics | volume = 49 | issue = 3 | pages = 190–204 | date = March 2006 | pmid = 16344959 | doi = 10.1007/s00294-005-0044-z }}</ref> After activation, the regulatory subunits [[Neutrophil cytosolic factor 2|p67''phox'']], [[Neutrophil cytosolic factor 1|p47''phox'']], [[Neutrophil cytosolic factor 4|p40''phox'']] and a [[GTPase]], typically Rac, are recruited to the complex to form NADPH oxidase on the plasma membrane or phagosomal membrane.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kawahara T, Lambeth JD | title = Molecular evolution of Phox-related regulatory subunits for NADPH oxidase enzymes | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 7 | pages = 178 | date = September 2007 | pmid = 17900370 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-7-178 | via =  }}</ref> Nox2 itself is composed of an N-terminal transmembrane domain that binds two [[Heme|heme groups]], and a C-terminal domain that is able to bind to [[Flavin adenine dinucleotide|FAD]] and [[Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate|NADPH]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Aguirre|first=Jesús|last2=Lambeth|first2=J|date=2010|title=Nox enzymes from fungus to fly to fish and what they tell us about Nox function in mammals|url=|journal=Free Radical Biology and Medicine|volume=49|pages=1342-1353|via=}}</ref>
{{reflist|2}}
 
==Further reading==
There has been recent evidence that it plays an important role in [[Atherosclerosis|atherosclerotic]] lesion development in the [[aortic arch]], [[thoracic aorta|thoracic]], and [[abdominal aorta]].<ref name="one">{{cite web|url=http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0054869|title=Nox2 is required for macrophage chemotaxis towards CSF-1|pmid= 23383302}}</ref>
 
It has also been shown to play a part in determining the size of a [[myocardial infarction]] due to its connection to ROS, which play a role in myocardial reperfusion injury. This was a result of the relation between Nox2 and signaling necessary for [[Neutrophil granulocyte|neutrophil]] recruitment.<ref name = "two">{{cite journal | vauthors = Braunersreuther V, Montecucco F, Asrih M, Ashri M, Pelli G, Galan K, Frias M, Burger F, Quinderé AL, Montessuit C, Krause KH, Mach F, Jaquet V | title = Role of NADPH oxidase isoforms NOX1, NOX2 and NOX4 in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury | journal = Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology | volume = 64 | pages = 99–107 | date = November 2013 | pmid = 24051369 | doi = 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.09.007 }}</ref>
Furthermore, it increases global post-reperfusion oxidative stress, likely due to decreased [[STAT3]] and [[Extracellular signal-regulated kinases|Erk]] phosphorylation.<ref name = "two"/>
 
In addition, it appears that [[Hippocampus|hippocampal]] oxidative stress is increased in [[sepsis|septic]] animals due to the actions of Nox2. This connection also came about through the actions of the chemically active ROS, which work as one of the main components that help in the development of [[neuroinflammation]] associated with Sepsis-associated [[encephalopathy]] (SAE).<ref name = "three">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hernandes MS, D'Avila JC, Trevelin SC, Reis PA, Kinjo ER, Lopes LR, Castro-Faria-Neto HC, Cunha FQ, Britto LR, Bozza FA | title = The role of Nox2-derived ROS in the development of cognitive impairment after sepsis | journal = Journal of Neuroinflammation | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 36 | date = February 2014 | pmid = 24571599 | pmc = 3974031 | doi = 10.1186/1742-2094-11-36 }}</ref>
 
Lastly, due to recent experiments, it seems that Nox2 also plays an important role in [[angiotensin]] II-mediated inward remodelling in cerebral arterioles due to the emittance of superoxides from Nox2-containing [[NADPH oxidase]]s.<ref name = "four">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chan SL, Baumbach GL | title = Deficiency of Nox2 prevents angiotensin II-induced inward remodeling in cerebral arterioles | journal = Frontiers in Physiology | volume = 4 | pages = 133 | date = 26 June 2013 | pmid = 23805104 | pmc = 3693079 | doi = 10.3389/fphys.2013.00133 }}</ref>
 
== Clinical significance ==
 
CYBB deficiency is one of five described biochemical defects associated with [[chronic granulomatous disease]] (CGD). CGD is characterized by recurrent, severe infections to pathogens that are normally harmless to humans, such as the common mold ''Aspergillus niger,'' and can result from point mutations in the gene encoding Nox2. <ref name=":0" /> In this disorder, there is decreased activity of phagocyte [[NADPH oxidase]]; [[neutrophil]]s are able to phagocytize bacteria but cannot kill them in the phagocytic [[vacuole]]s. The cause of the killing defect is an inability to increase the cell's respiration and consequent failure to deliver activated oxygen into the phagocytic vacuole.<ref name = "entrez"/>
 
Since Nox2 was shown to play a huge part in determining the size of a [[myocardial infarction]], this transforms the protein into a possible future target through drug medication due to its negative effect on myocardial reperfusion.<ref name = "two"/>
 
Recent evidence highly suggests that Nox2 generates ROS which contribute to reduce flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in patients with periphery artery disease (PAD). Scientists have gone to conclude that administering an antioxidant helps with inhibiting Nox2 activity and allowing in the improvement of arterial dilation.<ref name="LoffredoCarnevale2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Loffredo L, Carnevale R, Cangemi R, Angelico F, Augelletti T, Di Santo S, Calabrese CM, Della Volpe L, Pignatelli P, Perri L, Basili S, Violi F | title = NOX2 up-regulation is associated with artery dysfunction in patients with peripheral artery disease | journal = International Journal of Cardiology | volume = 165 | issue = 1 | pages = 184–92 | date = April 2013 | pmid = 22336250 | doi = 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.01.069 }}</ref>
 
Lastly, targeting Nox2 in the bone marrow could be a great therapeutic attempt at treating vascular injury during [[diabetic retinopathy]] (damage to the retina), because the Nox2-generated ROS which are produced by the bone-marrow derived cells & local retinal cells are accumulating the vascular injury in the diabetic retina area.<ref name = "five">{{cite web  | title = Requirement of NOX2 Expression in Both Retina and Bone Marrow for Diabetes-Induced Retinal Vascular Injury | url = http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0084357 | accessdate = }}</ref>
 
== Interactions ==
 
Nox2 has been shown to interact directly with [[podocyte]] TRPC6 channels.<ref name ="six">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kim EY, Anderson M, Wilson C, Hagmann H, Benzing T, Dryer SE | title = NOX2 interacts with podocyte TRPC6 channels and contributes to their activation by diacylglycerol: essential role of podocin in formation of this complex | journal = American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology | volume = 305 | issue = 9 | pages = C960-71 | date = November 2013 | pmid = 23948707 | doi = 10.1152/ajpcell.00191.2013 }}</ref>
 
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
 
== Further reading ==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{PBB_Further_reading
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Bolscher BG, de Boer M, de Klein A, Weening RS, Roos D | title = Point mutations in the beta-subunit of cytochrome b558 leading to X-linked chronic granulomatous disease | journal = Blood | volume = 77 | issue = 11 | pages = 2482–7 | date = June 1991 | pmid = 1710153 | doi =  }}
| citations =
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Nong Y, Kandil O, Tobin EH, Rose RM, Remold HG | title = The HIV core protein p24 inhibits interferon-gamma-induced increase of HLA-DR and cytochrome b heavy chain mRNA levels in the human monocyte-like cell line THP1 | journal = Cellular Immunology | volume = 132 | issue = 1 | pages = 10–6 | date = January 1991 | pmid = 1905983 | doi = 10.1016/0008-8749(91)90002-S }}
*{{cite journal | author=Bolscher BG, de Boer M, de Klein A, ''et al.'' |title=Point mutations in the beta-subunit of cytochrome b558 leading to X-linked chronic granulomatous disease. |journal=Blood |volume=77 |issue= 11 |pages= 2482-7 |year= 1991 |pmid= 1710153 |doi=  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Dinauer MC, Pierce EA, Bruns GA, Curnutte JT, Orkin SH | title = Human neutrophil cytochrome b light chain (p22-phox). Gene structure, chromosomal location, and mutations in cytochrome-negative autosomal recessive chronic granulomatous disease | journal = The Journal of Clinical Investigation | volume = 86 | issue = 5 | pages = 1729–37 | date = November 1990 | pmid = 2243141 | pmc = 296926 | doi = 10.1172/JCI114898 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Nong Y, Kandil O, Tobin EH, ''et al.'' |title=The HIV core protein p24 inhibits interferon-gamma-induced increase of HLA-DR and cytochrome b heavy chain mRNA levels in the human monocyte-like cell line THP1. |journal=Cell. Immunol. |volume=132 |issue= 1 |pages= 10-6 |year= 1991 |pmid= 1905983 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Royer-Pokora B, Kunkel LM, Monaco AP, Goff SC, Newburger PE, Baehner RL, Cole FS, Curnutte JT, Orkin SH | title = Cloning the gene for an inherited human disorder--chronic granulomatous disease--on the basis of its chromosomal location | journal = Nature | volume = 322 | issue = 6074 | pages = 32–8 | year = 1986 | pmid = 2425263 | doi = 10.1038/322032a0 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Dinauer MC, Pierce EA, Bruns GA, ''et al.'' |title=Human neutrophil cytochrome b light chain (p22-phox). Gene structure, chromosomal location, and mutations in cytochrome-negative autosomal recessive chronic granulomatous disease. |journal=J. Clin. Invest. |volume=86 |issue= 5 |pages= 1729-37 |year= 1990 |pmid= 2243141 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Dinauer MC, Curnutte JT, Rosen H, Orkin SH | title = A missense mutation in the neutrophil cytochrome b heavy chain in cytochrome-positive X-linked chronic granulomatous disease | journal = The Journal of Clinical Investigation | volume = 84 | issue = 6 | pages = 2012–6 | date = December 1989 | pmid = 2556453 | pmc = 304086 | doi = 10.1172/JCI114393 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Royer-Pokora B, Kunkel LM, Monaco AP, ''et al.'' |title=Cloning the gene for an inherited human disorder--chronic granulomatous disease--on the basis of its chromosomal location. |journal=Nature |volume=322 |issue= 6074 |pages= 32-8 |year= 1986 |pmid= 2425263 |doi= 10.1038/322032a0 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Dinauer MC, Orkin SH, Brown R, Jesaitis AJ, Parkos CA | title = The glycoprotein encoded by the X-linked chronic granulomatous disease locus is a component of the neutrophil cytochrome b complex | journal = Nature | volume = 327 | issue = 6124 | pages = 717–20 | year = 1987 | pmid = 3600768 | doi = 10.1038/327717a0 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Dinauer MC, Curnutte JT, Rosen H, Orkin SH |title=A missense mutation in the neutrophil cytochrome b heavy chain in cytochrome-positive X-linked chronic granulomatous disease. |journal=J. Clin. Invest. |volume=84 |issue= 6 |pages= 2012-6 |year= 1990 |pmid= 2556453 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Teahan C, Rowe P, Parker P, Totty N, Segal AW | title = The X-linked chronic granulomatous disease gene codes for the beta-chain of cytochrome b-245 | journal = Nature | volume = 327 | issue = 6124 | pages = 720–1 | year = 1987 | pmid = 3600769 | doi = 10.1038/327720a0 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Dinauer MC, Orkin SH, Brown R, ''et al.'' |title=The glycoprotein encoded by the X-linked chronic granulomatous disease locus is a component of the neutrophil cytochrome b complex. |journal=Nature |volume=327 |issue= 6124 |pages= 717-20 |year= 1987 |pmid= 3600768 |doi= 10.1038/327717a0 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Rabbani H, de Boer M, Ahlin A, Sundin U, Elinder G, Hammarström L, Palmblad J, Smith CI, Roos D | title = A 40-base-pair duplication in the gp91-phox gene leading to X-linked chronic granulomatous disease | journal = European Journal of Haematology | volume = 51 | issue = 4 | pages = 218–22 | date = October 1993 | pmid = 7694872 | doi = 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1993.tb00634.x }}
*{{cite journal | author=Teahan C, Rowe P, Parker P, ''et al.'' |title=The X-linked chronic granulomatous disease gene codes for the beta-chain of cytochrome b-245. |journal=Nature |volume=327 |issue= 6124 |pages= 720-1 |year= 1987 |pmid= 3600769 |doi= 10.1038/327720a0 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Pollock JD, Williams DA, Gifford MA, Li LL, Du X, Fisherman J, Orkin SH, Doerschuk CM, Dinauer MC | title = Mouse model of X-linked chronic granulomatous disease, an inherited defect in phagocyte superoxide production | journal = Nature Genetics | volume = 9 | issue = 2 | pages = 202–9 | date = February 1995 | pmid = 7719350 | doi = 10.1038/ng0295-202 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Rabbani H, de Boer M, Ahlin A, ''et al.'' |title=A 40-base-pair duplication in the gp91-phox gene leading to X-linked chronic granulomatous disease. |journal=Eur. J. Haematol. |volume=51 |issue= 4 |pages= 218-22 |year= 1994 |pmid= 7694872 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Ariga T, Sakiyama Y, Matsumoto S | title = Two novel point mutations in the cytochrome b 558 heavy chain gene, detected in two Japanese patients with X-linked chronic granulomatous disease | journal = Human Genetics | volume = 94 | issue = 4 | pages = 441 | date = October 1994 | pmid = 7927345 | doi = 10.1007/BF00201609 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Pollock JD, Williams DA, Gifford MA, ''et al.'' |title=Mouse model of X-linked chronic granulomatous disease, an inherited defect in phagocyte superoxide production. |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=9 |issue= 2 |pages= 202-9 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7719350 |doi= 10.1038/ng0295-202 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Leto TL, Adams AG, de Mendez I | title = Assembly of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase: binding of Src homology 3 domains to proline-rich targets | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 91 | issue = 22 | pages = 10650–4 | date = October 1994 | pmid = 7938008 | pmc = 45079 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.91.22.10650 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Ariga T, Sakiyama Y, Matsumoto S |title=Two novel point mutations in the cytochrome b 558 heavy chain gene, detected in two Japanese patients with X-linked chronic granulomatous disease. |journal=Hum. Genet. |volume=94 |issue= 4 |pages= 441 |year= 1994 |pmid= 7927345 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Ariga T, Sakiyama Y, Tomizawa K, Imajoh-Ohmi S, Kanegasaki S, Matsumoto S | title = A newly recognized point mutation in the cytochrome b558 heavy chain gene replacing alanine57 by glutamic acid, in a patient with cytochrome b positive X-linked chronic granulomatous disease | journal = European Journal of Pediatrics | volume = 152 | issue = 6 | pages = 469–72 | date = June 1993 | pmid = 8101486 | doi = 10.1007/BF01955051 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Leto TL, Adams AG, de Mendez I |title=Assembly of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase: binding of Src homology 3 domains to proline-rich targets. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=91 |issue= 22 |pages= 10650-4 |year= 1994 |pmid= 7938008 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Leusen JH, de Boer M, Bolscher BG, Hilarius PM, Weening RS, Ochs HD, Roos D, Verhoeven AJ | title = A point mutation in gp91-phox of cytochrome b558 of the human NADPH oxidase leading to defective translocation of the cytosolic proteins p47-phox and p67-phox | journal = The Journal of Clinical Investigation | volume = 93 | issue = 5 | pages = 2120–6 | date = May 1994 | pmid = 8182143 | pmc = 294341 | doi = 10.1172/JCI117207 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Ariga T, Sakiyama Y, Tomizawa K, ''et al.'' |title=A newly recognized point mutation in the cytochrome b558 heavy chain gene replacing alanine57 by glutamic acid, in a patient with cytochrome b positive X-linked chronic granulomatous disease. |journal=Eur. J. Pediatr. |volume=152 |issue= 6 |pages= 469-72 |year= 1993 |pmid= 8101486 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Meindl A, Carvalho MR, Herrmann K, Lorenz B, Achatz H, Lorenz B, Apfelstedt-Sylla E, Wittwer B, Ross M, Meitinger T | title = A gene (SRPX) encoding a sushi-repeat-containing protein is deleted in patients with X-linked retinitis pigmentosa | journal = Human Molecular Genetics | volume = 4 | issue = 12 | pages = 2339–46 | date = December 1995 | pmid = 8634708 | doi = 10.1093/hmg/4.12.2339 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Leusen JH, de Boer M, Bolscher BG, ''et al.'' |title=A point mutation in gp91-phox of cytochrome b558 of the human NADPH oxidase leading to defective translocation of the cytosolic proteins p47-phox and p67-phox. |journal=J. Clin. Invest. |volume=93 |issue= 5 |pages= 2120-6 |year= 1994 |pmid= 8182143 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Sathyamoorthy M, de Mendez I, Adams AG, Leto TL | title = p40(phox) down-regulates NADPH oxidase activity through interactions with its SH3 domain | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 272 | issue = 14 | pages = 9141–6 | date = April 1997 | pmid = 9083043 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.272.14.9141 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Meindl A, Carvalho MR, Herrmann K, ''et al.'' |title=A gene (SRPX) encoding a sushi-repeat-containing protein is deleted in patients with X-linked retinitis pigmentosa. |journal=Hum. Mol. Genet. |volume=4 |issue= 12 |pages= 2339-46 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8634708 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Eklund EA, Kakar R | title = Identification and characterization of TF1(phox), a DNA-binding protein that increases expression of gp91(phox) in PLB985 myeloid leukemia cells | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 272 | issue = 14 | pages = 9344–55 | date = April 1997 | pmid = 9083071 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.272.14.9344 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Sathyamoorthy M, de Mendez I, Adams AG, Leto TL |title=p40(phox) down-regulates NADPH oxidase activity through interactions with its SH3 domain. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=272 |issue= 14 |pages= 9141-6 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9083043 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Jendrossek V, Ritzel A, Neubauer B, Heyden S, Gahr M | title = An in-frame triplet deletion within the gp91-phox gene in an adult X-linked chronic granulomatous disease patient with residual NADPH-oxidase activity | journal = European Journal of Haematology | volume = 58 | issue = 2 | pages = 78–85 | date = February 1997 | pmid = 9111587 | doi = 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1997.tb00928.x }}
*{{cite journal | author=Eklund EA, Kakar R |title=Identification and characterization of TF1(phox), a DNA-binding protein that increases expression of gp91(phox) in PLB985 myeloid leukemia cells. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=272 |issue= 14 |pages= 9344-55 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9083071 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Rae J, Newburger PE, Dinauer MC, Noack D, Hopkins PJ, Kuruto R, Curnutte JT | title = X-Linked chronic granulomatous disease: mutations in the CYBB gene encoding the gp91-phox component of respiratory-burst oxidase | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 62 | issue = 6 | pages = 1320–31 | date = June 1998 | pmid = 9585602 | pmc = 1377153 | doi = 10.1086/301874 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Jendrossek V, Ritzel A, Neubauer B, ''et al.'' |title=An in-frame triplet deletion within the gp91-phox gene in an adult X-linked chronic granulomatous disease patient with residual NADPH-oxidase activity. |journal=Eur. J. Haematol. |volume=58 |issue= 2 |pages= 78-85 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9111587 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Ariga T, Furuta H, Cho K, Sakiyama Y | title = Genetic analysis of 13 families with X-linked chronic granulomatous disease reveals a low proportion of sporadic patients and a high proportion of sporadic carriers | journal = Pediatric Research | volume = 44 | issue = 1 | pages = 85–92 | date = July 1998 | pmid = 9667376 | doi = 10.1203/00006450-199807000-00014 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Rae J, Newburger PE, Dinauer MC, ''et al.'' |title=X-Linked chronic granulomatous disease: mutations in the CYBB gene encoding the gp91-phox component of respiratory-burst oxidase. |journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=62 |issue= 6 |pages= 1320-31 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9585602 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Kumatori A, Faizunnessa NN, Suzuki S, Moriuchi T, Kurozumi H, Nakamura M | title = Nonhomologous recombination between the cytochrome b558 heavy chain gene (CYBB) and LINE-1 causes an X-linked chronic granulomatous disease | journal = Genomics | volume = 53 | issue = 2 | pages = 123–8 | date = October 1998 | pmid = 9790760 | doi = 10.1006/geno.1998.5510 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Ariga T, Furuta H, Cho K, Sakiyama Y |title=Genetic analysis of 13 families with X-linked chronic granulomatous disease reveals a low proportion of sporadic patients and a high proportion of sporadic carriers. |journal=Pediatr. Res. |volume=44 |issue= 1 |pages= 85-92 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9667376 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Kumatori A, Faizunnessa NN, Suzuki S, ''et al.'' |title=Nonhomologous recombination between the cytochrome b558 heavy chain gene (CYBB) and LINE-1 causes an X-linked chronic granulomatous disease. |journal=Genomics |volume=53 |issue= 2 |pages= 123-8 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9790760 |doi= 10.1006/geno.1998.5510 }}
}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


==External links==
== External links ==
* {{MeshName|gp91phox+protein,+human}}
* {{MeshName|gp91phox+protein,+human}}
* {{UCSC gene info|CYBB}}


{{oxidoreductase-stub}}
{{NADH or NADPH oxidoreductases}}
{{NADH or NADPH oxidoreductases}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

Latest revision as of 00:18, 12 November 2017

This article is about a human gene. For the airport in Canada, see Kugaaruk Airport.
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SpeciesHumanMouse
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RefSeq (protein)

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Cytochrome b-245 heavy chain also known as cytochrome b(558) subunit beta or NADPH oxidase 2 or Nox2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYBB gene.[1] The protein is a super-oxide generating enzyme which forms reactive oxygen species (ROS).

Function

Nox2, or Cytochrome b (-245) is composed of cytochrome b alpha (CYBA) and beta (CYBB) chain. It has been proposed as a primary component of the microbicidal oxidase system of phagocytes.[1]

Nox2 is the catalytic, membrane-bound subunit of NADPH oxidase. It is inactive until it binds to the membrane-anchored p22phox, forming the heterodimer known as flavocytochrome b558.[2] After activation, the regulatory subunits p67phox, p47phox, p40phox and a GTPase, typically Rac, are recruited to the complex to form NADPH oxidase on the plasma membrane or phagosomal membrane.[3] Nox2 itself is composed of an N-terminal transmembrane domain that binds two heme groups, and a C-terminal domain that is able to bind to FAD and NADPH.[4]

There has been recent evidence that it plays an important role in atherosclerotic lesion development in the aortic arch, thoracic, and abdominal aorta.[5]

It has also been shown to play a part in determining the size of a myocardial infarction due to its connection to ROS, which play a role in myocardial reperfusion injury. This was a result of the relation between Nox2 and signaling necessary for neutrophil recruitment.[6] Furthermore, it increases global post-reperfusion oxidative stress, likely due to decreased STAT3 and Erk phosphorylation.[6]

In addition, it appears that hippocampal oxidative stress is increased in septic animals due to the actions of Nox2. This connection also came about through the actions of the chemically active ROS, which work as one of the main components that help in the development of neuroinflammation associated with Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE).[7]

Lastly, due to recent experiments, it seems that Nox2 also plays an important role in angiotensin II-mediated inward remodelling in cerebral arterioles due to the emittance of superoxides from Nox2-containing NADPH oxidases.[8]

Clinical significance

CYBB deficiency is one of five described biochemical defects associated with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). CGD is characterized by recurrent, severe infections to pathogens that are normally harmless to humans, such as the common mold Aspergillus niger, and can result from point mutations in the gene encoding Nox2. [4] In this disorder, there is decreased activity of phagocyte NADPH oxidase; neutrophils are able to phagocytize bacteria but cannot kill them in the phagocytic vacuoles. The cause of the killing defect is an inability to increase the cell's respiration and consequent failure to deliver activated oxygen into the phagocytic vacuole.[1]

Since Nox2 was shown to play a huge part in determining the size of a myocardial infarction, this transforms the protein into a possible future target through drug medication due to its negative effect on myocardial reperfusion.[6]

Recent evidence highly suggests that Nox2 generates ROS which contribute to reduce flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in patients with periphery artery disease (PAD). Scientists have gone to conclude that administering an antioxidant helps with inhibiting Nox2 activity and allowing in the improvement of arterial dilation.[9]

Lastly, targeting Nox2 in the bone marrow could be a great therapeutic attempt at treating vascular injury during diabetic retinopathy (damage to the retina), because the Nox2-generated ROS which are produced by the bone-marrow derived cells & local retinal cells are accumulating the vascular injury in the diabetic retina area.[10]

Interactions

Nox2 has been shown to interact directly with podocyte TRPC6 channels.[11]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Entrez Gene: CYBB cytochrome b-245, beta polypeptide (chronic granulomatous disease)".
  2. ↑ Hervé C, Tonon T, Collén J, Corre E, Boyen C (March 2006). "NADPH oxidases in Eukaryotes: red algae provide new hints!". Current Genetics. 49 (3): 190–204. doi:10.1007/s00294-005-0044-z. PMID 16344959.
  3. ↑ Kawahara T, Lambeth JD (September 2007). "Molecular evolution of Phox-related regulatory subunits for NADPH oxidase enzymes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7: 178. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-178. PMID 17900370.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Aguirre, Jesús; Lambeth, J (2010). "Nox enzymes from fungus to fly to fish and what they tell us about Nox function in mammals". Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 49: 1342–1353.
  5. ↑ "Nox2 is required for macrophage chemotaxis towards CSF-1". PMID 23383302.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Braunersreuther V, Montecucco F, Asrih M, Ashri M, Pelli G, Galan K, Frias M, Burger F, Quinderé AL, Montessuit C, Krause KH, Mach F, Jaquet V (November 2013). "Role of NADPH oxidase isoforms NOX1, NOX2 and NOX4 in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury". Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology. 64: 99–107. doi:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.09.007. PMID 24051369.
  7. ↑ Hernandes MS, D'Avila JC, Trevelin SC, Reis PA, Kinjo ER, Lopes LR, Castro-Faria-Neto HC, Cunha FQ, Britto LR, Bozza FA (February 2014). "The role of Nox2-derived ROS in the development of cognitive impairment after sepsis". Journal of Neuroinflammation. 11 (1): 36. doi:10.1186/1742-2094-11-36. PMC 3974031. PMID 24571599.
  8. ↑ Chan SL, Baumbach GL (26 June 2013). "Deficiency of Nox2 prevents angiotensin II-induced inward remodeling in cerebral arterioles". Frontiers in Physiology. 4: 133. doi:10.3389/fphys.2013.00133. PMC 3693079. PMID 23805104.
  9. ↑ Loffredo L, Carnevale R, Cangemi R, Angelico F, Augelletti T, Di Santo S, Calabrese CM, Della Volpe L, Pignatelli P, Perri L, Basili S, Violi F (April 2013). "NOX2 up-regulation is associated with artery dysfunction in patients with peripheral artery disease". International Journal of Cardiology. 165 (1): 184–92. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.01.069. PMID 22336250.
  10. ↑ "Requirement of NOX2 Expression in Both Retina and Bone Marrow for Diabetes-Induced Retinal Vascular Injury".
  11. ↑ Kim EY, Anderson M, Wilson C, Hagmann H, Benzing T, Dryer SE (November 2013). "NOX2 interacts with podocyte TRPC6 channels and contributes to their activation by diacylglycerol: essential role of podocin in formation of this complex". American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology. 305 (9): C960–71. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00191.2013. PMID 23948707.

Further reading

External links

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