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| ==Pathophysiology== | | ==Pathophysiology== |
| ===Large vessel vasculitis===
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| * [[Takayasu arteritis]] - Primarily affects the [[aorta]] and its main branches.
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| * [[temporal arteritis|Giant cell (temporal) arteritis]] - Chronic vasculitis of both large and medium vessels, primarily affecting cranial branches of the arteries arising from the aortic arch.
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| ===Medium vessel vasculitis===
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| * [[Polyarteritis nodosa]] - Systemic necrotizing vasculitis and [[aneurysm]] formation affecting both medium and small arteries. If only small vessels are affected, it is called microscopic polyangiitis, although it is more associated with [[Wegener's granulomatosis]] than to classic [[PAN]].
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| * [[Wegener's granulomatosis]] - Systemic vasculitis of medium and small arteries, including venules and arterioles. Produces granulomatous inflammation of the respiratory tracts and necrotizing, pauci-immune glomerulonephritis. Most common cause of saddle nose deformity in USA (nose flattened due to destruction of nasal septum by granulomatous inflammation).
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| * [[Kawasaki disease]] - Usually in children, it affects large, medium, and small vessels, prominently the coronary arteries. Associated with a mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome.
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| * Isolated CNS vasculitis - Affects medium and small arteries over a diffuse CNS area, without symptomatic extracranial vessel involvement.
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| ===Small vessel vasculitis===
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| * [[Churg-Strauss syndrome|Churg-Strauss arteritis]] - Affects medium and small vessels with vascular and extravascular granulomatosis. Classically involves arteries of lungs and skin, but may be generalized.
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| * [[microscopic polyangiitis|Microscopic polyarteritis/polyangiitis]] - Affects [[capillaries]], [[venules]], or [[arterioles]]. Thought to be part of a group that includes [[Wegeners]] since both are associated with [[ANCA]] and similar extrapulmonary manifestations. Patients do not usually have symptomatic or histologic respiratory involvement.
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| * [[Hypersensitivity vasculitis]] - Usually due to a [[hypersensitivity]] reaction to a known drug. There is presence of skin vaculitis with palpable [[petechiae]] or [[purpura]]. Biopsy of these lesions reveal inflammation of the small vessels, termed leukocytoclastic vasculitis, which is most prominent in postcapillary venules.
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| * [[Henoch-Schonlein purpura]] - Systemic vasculitis due to tissue deposition of [[IgA]]-containing immune complexes. Biopsy of lesions shows inflammation of small vessels. It is considered a form of hypersensitivity vasculitis but is distinguished by prominent deposits of IgA. This is the most common vasculitis in children.
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| * [[Essential cryoglobulinemic vasculitis]] - Most often due to [[hepatitis C infection]], immune complexes of [[cryoglobulins]] --- proteins that consists of [[immunoglobulins]] and [[complement]] and precipitate in the cold while dissolving upon rewarming --- are deposited in walls of capillaries, venules, or arterioles.
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| * Vasculitis secondary to connective tissue disorders - Usually secondary to [[lupus erythematosus| systemic lupus erythematosus]] (SLE), [[rheumatoid arthritis]] (RA), relapsing [[polychondritis]], [[Behcet's disease]], and other connective tissue disorders.
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| * Vasculitis secondary to viral infection
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| ===Gross Pathology===
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| | [[Image:Kidney petechia 1.jpg|thumb|Kidney: Petechiae: Gross natural color, an excellent example of flea bitten kidney case had necrotizing vasculitis]]
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| | [[Image:Leucocytoclastic vasculitis 1.jpg|thumb|Skin:Leucocytolastic vasculitis; a close up view]]
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| ===Microscopic Pathology===
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| | [[Image:Acute vasculitis due to transplant rejection 2.jpg|thumb|Kidney: Transplant: Micro H&E high mag excellent example acute vasculitis due to rejection ]]
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| | [[Image:Coronary artery vasculitis due to transplant rejection 1.jpg|thumb|Coronary artery: Transplant Rejection: Micro high mag H&E small muscular artery vasculitis ]]
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| | [[Image:Ricketsia vasculitis.jpg|thumb|Vasculitis, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, immunoperoxidase staining vessels for Rickettsia rickettsii]]
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| ==References== | | ==References== |
| {{Reflist|2}} | | {{Reflist|2}} |
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| | [[Category:Rheumatology]] |
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| {{WH}} | | {{WH}} |
| {{WS}} | | {{WS}} |