Bowel obstruction causes: Difference between revisions

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{{Bowel obstruction}}
{{Bowel obstruction}}
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==Overview==
Small bowel obstruction causes include post-adbominal surgery [[Adhesion (medicine)|adhesions]], [[foreign bodies]] and [[intussusception]]. Large bowel obstruction causes include [[Neoplasm|neoplasms]], [[Hernia|hernias]] and [[constipation]]. Miscellaneous causes include, [[Ileus|paralytic ileus]] and [[Down syndrome]]. Causes by organ system include, [[ovarian cancer]], bowel [[strangulation]] and [[ascariasis]]. Mechanical obstruction can be caused by [[pregnancy]], [[Hirschsprung's disease]] and [[Crohn's disease]]. Non-mechanical obstruction may be caused by [[ovarian torsion]], [[pancreatitis]] and [[lead poisoning]]. Drug induced bowel obstruction can occur by intake of [[lanthanum carbonate]], [[methscopolamine bromide]], and [[teduglutide]].
 
==Causes==
==Causes==
===Causes by Localization===
===Causes by Localization===
 
====Small bowel obstruction====
====Small Bowel obstruction====
Causes of [[small bowel]] obstruction include:<ref name="pmid26526435">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gore RM, Silvers RI, Thakrar KH, Wenzke DR, Mehta UK, Newmark GM, Berlin JW |title=Bowel Obstruction |journal=Radiol. Clin. North Am. |volume=53 |issue=6 |pages=1225–40 |year=2015 |pmid=26526435 |doi=10.1016/j.rcl.2015.06.008 |url=}}</ref>
 
* [[Adhesion (medicine)|Adhesions]]  
* [[Adhesion (medicine)|Adhesions]] from previous abdominal surgery
**From previous [[abdominal surgery]]
* [[Carcinoid]] rare, preferred location: ileum
* [[Carcinoid]] tumor
* [[Crohn's disease]] causing adhesions or inflammatory strictures
**Rare, preferred location is the [[ileum]]
* [[Foreign body|Foreign bodies]] (e.g. [[gallstone]]s in [[Ileus|gallstone ileus]], swallowed objects)
* [[Crohn's disease]]  
* [[Hernia]]s containing bowel
**Causes [[adhesions]] or [[inflammatory]] [[strictures]]
* [[Foreign body|Foreign bodies]]  
**Including [[gallstone]]s in [[gallstone ileus]] and swallowed objects
* [[Hernia]]
**Especially hernias containing bowel
* [[Intestinal atresia]]
* [[Intestinal atresia]]
* [[Intussusception (medical disorder)|Intussusception]] in children
* [[Intussusception (medical disorder)|Intussusception]]  
**Specifically in children
* [[Ischaemia|Ischaemic]] strictures
* [[Ischaemia|Ischaemic]] strictures
* [[Neoplasia|Neoplasms]], benign or malignant
* [[Neoplasia|Neoplasms]]
* [[Volvulus]]
**Including both [[benign]] and [[malignant]] neoplasms
 
*[[Volvulus]]
<div align="left">
<gallery heights="175" widths="175">
Image:Bowel Obstrution2008.jpg|Upright abdominal X-ray demonstrating a small bowel obstruction.  Note multiple air fluid levels.
</gallery>
</div>


====Large Bowel obstruction====
====Large bowel obstruction====
Causes of [[large bowel]] obstruction include:
Causes of [[large bowel]] obstruction include:<ref name="pmid26526435">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gore RM, Silvers RI, Thakrar KH, Wenzke DR, Mehta UK, Newmark GM, Berlin JW |title=Bowel Obstruction |journal=Radiol. Clin. North Am. |volume=53 |issue=6 |pages=1225–40 |year=2015 |pmid=26526435 |doi=10.1016/j.rcl.2015.06.008 |url=}}</ref>
* [[neoplasia|Neoplasm]]s
* [[neoplasia|Neoplasm]]s
* [[Hernia]]s
* [[Hernia]]s
* [[Inflammatory bowel disease]]
* [[Inflammatory bowel disease]]
* Colonic [[volvulus]] (sigmoid, caecal, transverse colon)
* [[Volvulus]]  
**Specifically [[sigmoid]], caecal, and [[colonic volvulus]]
* [[Constipation|Faecal impaction]]
* [[Constipation|Faecal impaction]]
* [[Intestinal atresia|Colon atresia]]
* [[Intestinal atresia|Colon atresia]]
* Benign strictures (Diverticular Disease)
*[[Benign]] [[stricture]]<nowiki/>s
 
**Such as those that occur with [[Diverticulosis|diverticular disease]]


<div align="left">
====Outlet obstruction====
<gallery heights="175" widths="175">
*Functional outlet obstruction
Image:LargeBowelObsUp2008.jpg|Upright abdominal X-ray of a patient with a large bowel obstruction showing multiple air fluid levels and dilated loops of bowel.
**[[Sphincter ani internus muscle|Internal anal sphincter]] spasm
</gallery>
**Short-segment [[Hirschsprung's disease]]
</div>
**[[Chagas disease]]
 
**Hereditary internal sphincter [[myopathy]]
===Causes by Organ System===
*Spasm of the striated pelvic floor muscles
 
**[[Anismus]]
*Miscellaneous syndromes
**[[Multiple sclerosis]]
:* Paralytic [[Ileus]]
**[[Spinal cord lesions]]
:* [[Intestinal pseudoobstruction|Pseudo-obstruction]] or [[Ogilvie's syndrome]]
*Mechanical outlet obstruction
 
**[[Intussusception]]
*Chromosomal abnormalities
**[[Enterocele]]
:* [[Down syndrome]]
**[[Rectocele]]
 
**[[Rectal prolapse]]
*Autosomal dominant conditions
*Impaired rectal sensitivity
:* [[Neurofibromatosis]] type 1
**[[Megarectum]]
**Rectal hyposensitivity


===Causes by organ system===
*Miscellaneous syndromes<ref name="pmid3296252">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mucha P |title=Small intestinal obstruction |journal=Surg. Clin. North Am. |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=597–620 |year=1987 |pmid=3296252 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11036136">{{cite journal |vauthors=Miller G, Boman J, Shrier I, Gordon PH |title=Etiology of small bowel obstruction |journal=Am. J. Surg. |volume=180 |issue=1 |pages=33–6 |year=2000 |pmid=11036136 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
** [[Ileus|Paralytic ileus]]
**[[Intestinal pseudoobstruction|Pseudo-obstruction]] ([[Ogilvie's syndrome]])
*[[Chromosomal]] abnormalities
**[[Down syndrome]]
*[[Autosomal dominant]] conditions
**[[Neurofibromatosis]] type 1
*Malignant neoplastic conditions
*Malignant neoplastic conditions
:* [[Carcinoid tumours]] and [[carcinoid syndrome]]
**[[Carcinoid tumours]]
:* [[Colorectal cancer]]
**[[Carcinoid syndrome]]
:* [[Ovarian cancer]]
**[[Colorectal cancer]]
:* [[Pseudomyxoma peritonei]]
**[[Ovarian cancer]]
:* [[Small bowel lymphoma]]
**[[Pseudomyxoma peritonei]]
:* [[Stomach cancer]]
**[[Small bowel lymphoma]]
 
**[[Stomach cancer]]
*Trauma, mechanical and physical conditions
*Trauma, mechanical and physical conditions:
**Bowel [[strangulation]]
:* Bowel strangulation
**Femoral [[hernia]]
:* Femoral [[hernia]]
**[[Ileus]]  
:* [[Ileus]]  
**Inguinal [[hernia]]
:* Inguinal [[hernia]]
**Intestinal stricture
:* Intestinal stricture
**Intestinal [[volvulus]]
:* Intestinal [[volvulus]]
**[[Intussusception]]  
:* [[Intussusception]] of intestine
**Large bowel [[obstruction]]
:* Large bowel obstruction
**[[Obturator]] [[hernia]]
:* Obturator [[hernia]]
**[[Peritoneal]] [[adhesions]]
:* Peritoneal [[adhesions]]
**Small bowel obstruction
:* Small bowel obstruction
 
*Infectious disorders
*Infectious disorders
:* [[Ascariasis]]
**[[Ascariasis]]
:* Intra-abdominal [[sepsis]]
**Intra-abdominal [[sepsis]]
:* [[Pneumonia]] or other systemic illness
**[[Pneumonia]]
 
*Drug Induced
*Drug Induced
**[[Panitumumab]]
**[[Panitumumab]]
**[[Pergolide]]


===Causes by Mechanism===
===Causes by mechanism===
====Mechanical bowel obstruction====
*[[Adenomatous polyps]]<ref name="pmid17230614">{{cite journal |vauthors=Markogiannakis H, Messaris E, Dardamanis D, Pararas N, Tzertzemelis D, Giannopoulos P, Larentzakis A, Lagoudianakis E, Manouras A, Bramis I |title=Acute mechanical bowel obstruction: clinical presentation, etiology, management and outcome |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=432–7 |year=2007 |pmid=17230614 |pmc=4065900 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22351916">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kozol R |title=Mechanical bowel obstruction: a tale of 2 eras |journal=Arch Surg |volume=147 |issue=2 |pages=180 |year=2012 |pmid=22351916 |doi=10.1001/archsurg.2011.1415 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Adhesion (medicine)|Adhesions]]
*[[Adhesion (medicine)|Adhesive bands]]
*Annular [[pancreas]]
*[[Ascariasis]]
*[[Atresia]]
*[[Gallstone disease|Biliary calculus]]
*Bowel duplication
*[[Carcinomatosis]]
*[[Colon Cancer]]
*Congenital [[megacolon]]
*[[Crohn's Disease]]
*Cysts
*Diverticular stricture
*[[Diverticulitis]]
*[[Endometriosis]]
*[[Foreign body]]
*[[Gallstone]] [[ileus]]
*[[Hematoma]] of the bowel wall
*[[Hernia]]
*[[Hirschsprung's disease|Hirschprung's disease]]
*[[Iatrogenic]]
*[[Imperforate anus]]
*[[Incarcerated hernia]]
*Intrabdominal [[abscess]]
*[[Intussusception]]
*[[Ischemia]]
*[[Intestinal malrotation|Malrotation]]
*[[Meckel's Diverticulum]]
*[[Megacolon]]
*Multiple polyposis syndromes
*[[Neoplasm]]
*[[Ovarian Cancer]]
*[[Pneumatosis intestinalis]]
*[[Iatrogenic]]
*[[Pregnancy]]
*[[Radiation]] induced stenosis
*[[Sarcoma]]
*[[Scleroderma]]
*Surgical anastomosis
*Therapy with dietary fiber
*[[Trauma]]
*[[Tuberculosis]]
*[[Ulcerative colitis]]
*[[Volvulus]]


==== Mechanical Bowel obstruction ====
====Non-mechanical bowel obstruction====
* Adenomatous polyps
*Acid-base imbalance
* Adhesions
*Acute [[pancreatitis]]
* Adhesive bands
*[[Apoplexy]]
* Annular [[pancreas]]
*[[Brain tumor]]
* Ascariades
*[[Cancer]]
* [[Atresia]]
*[[Cholecystolithiasis]]
* Biliary calculus
*[[Connective tissue disease]]
* Bowel duplication
*Diabetic [[coma]]
* [[Carcinomatosis]]
*[[Empyema]]
* [[Colon Cancer]]
*[[Hyperparathyroidism]]
* Congenital [[megacolon]]
*[[Hypokalemia]]
* [[Crohn's Disease]]
*[[Lead poisoning]]
* Cysts
*[[Lymphoma]]
* Diverticular stricture
*[[Mechanical ventilation]]
* [[Diverticulitis]]
*[[Mesenteric infarction]]
* [[Endometriosis]]
*[[Meropenem]]
* Foreign body
*[[Osteomyelitis]] of the spine
* [[Gallstone]] ileus
*[[Ovarian torsion]]
* Hematoma of the bowel wall
*[[Pancreatitis]]
* [[Hernia]]
*Penetrating wounds
* Hirschprung's disease
*[[Perinephric abscess]]
* Iatrogenic
*Peritoneal [[carcinomatosis]]
* Imperforate anus
*[[Peritonitis]]
* Incarcerated hernia
*[[Pneumonia]]
* Inflammatory
*[[Porphyria]]
* Intrabdominal abscess
*[[Iatrogenic]]
* Intrabdominal hematoma
*[[Psoas]] [[abscess]]
* Invagination, intussusception
*[[Pyelonephritis]]
* [[Ischemia]]
*[[Renal colic]]
* Malrotation
*[[Retroperitoneal hematoma]]
* [[Meckel's Diverticulum]]
*Spinal cord [[inflammation]]
* Megacolon
*Spinal cord injury
* Multiple polyposis syndromes
*Spinal cord trauma
* Neoplasm
*Systemic [[infection]]
* [[Ovarian Cancer]]
*[[Testicular torsion]]
* Pneumatosis intestinalis
*Ulcer perforation
* Postoperative
*[[Uremia]]
* [[Pregnancy]]
*Uro[[sepsis]]
* [[Radiation]] induced stenosis
*Vitamin deficiency
* [[Sarcoma]]
* [[Scleroderma]]
* Surgical anastomosis
* Therapy with dietary fiber
* [[Trauma]]
* [[Tuberculosis]]
* [[Ulcerative colitis]]
* [[Volvulus]]


==== Non Mechanical Bowel obstruction ====
====Pseudo-bowel obstruction====
* Acid-base imbalance
*[[Aerophagia]]
* Acute [[pancreatitis]]
*Functional bowel disease
* Anticholinergics
* Antihistamines
* Apoplexy
* [[Brain tumor]]
* [[Cancer]]
* [[Catecholamines]]
* [[Cholecystolithiasis]]
* Connective tissue disease
* Diabetic [[coma]]
* [[Empyema]]
* [[Hyperparathyroidism]]
* [[Hypokalemia]]
* [[Lead poisoning]]
* [[Lymphoma]]
* [[Mechanical ventilation]]
* [[Mesenteric infarction]]
* [[Meropenem]]
* [[Morphine]]
* Narcotics
* [[Osteomyelitis]] of the spine
* [[Ovarian torsion]]
* [[Pancreatitis]]
* Penetrating wounds
* Perinephric [[abscess]]
* Peritoneal [[carcinomatosis]]
* [[Peritonitis]]
* [[Pneumonia]]
* [[Porphyria]]
* Postoperative
* Psoas [[abscess]]
* [[Pyelonephritis]]
* [[Renal colic]]
* [[Retroperitoneal hematoma]]
* Spinal cord inflammation
* Spinal cord injury
* Spinal cord trauma
* Systemic [[infection]]
* [[Testicular torsion]]
* Ulcer perforation
* [[Uremia]]
* Uro[[sepsis]]
* Vitamin deficiency


==== Pseudo Bowel obstruction ====
===Drug induced===
* Aerophagia
*[[Lanthanum carbonate]]
* Functional bowel disease
*[[Methscopolamine bromide]]
*[[Teduglutide]]
*[[Morphine]]
*[[Narcotic|Narcotics]]
*[[Anticholinergic|Anticholinergics]]
*[[H1 antihistamine|Antihistamines]]
*[[Catecholamines]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


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Latest revision as of 16:49, 26 February 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Hadeel Maksoud M.D.[2]

Overview

Small bowel obstruction causes include post-adbominal surgery adhesions, foreign bodies and intussusception. Large bowel obstruction causes include neoplasms, hernias and constipation. Miscellaneous causes include, paralytic ileus and Down syndrome. Causes by organ system include, ovarian cancer, bowel strangulation and ascariasis. Mechanical obstruction can be caused by pregnancy, Hirschsprung's disease and Crohn's disease. Non-mechanical obstruction may be caused by ovarian torsion, pancreatitis and lead poisoning. Drug induced bowel obstruction can occur by intake of lanthanum carbonate, methscopolamine bromide, and teduglutide.

Causes

Causes by Localization

Small bowel obstruction

Causes of small bowel obstruction include:[1]

Large bowel obstruction

Causes of large bowel obstruction include:[1]

Outlet obstruction

Causes by organ system

Causes by mechanism

Mechanical bowel obstruction

Non-mechanical bowel obstruction

Pseudo-bowel obstruction

Drug induced

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Gore RM, Silvers RI, Thakrar KH, Wenzke DR, Mehta UK, Newmark GM, Berlin JW (2015). "Bowel Obstruction". Radiol. Clin. North Am. 53 (6): 1225–40. doi:10.1016/j.rcl.2015.06.008. PMID 26526435.
  2. ↑ Mucha P (1987). "Small intestinal obstruction". Surg. Clin. North Am. 67 (3): 597–620. PMID 3296252.
  3. ↑ Miller G, Boman J, Shrier I, Gordon PH (2000). "Etiology of small bowel obstruction". Am. J. Surg. 180 (1): 33–6. PMID 11036136.
  4. ↑ Markogiannakis H, Messaris E, Dardamanis D, Pararas N, Tzertzemelis D, Giannopoulos P, Larentzakis A, Lagoudianakis E, Manouras A, Bramis I (2007). "Acute mechanical bowel obstruction: clinical presentation, etiology, management and outcome". World J. Gastroenterol. 13 (3): 432–7. PMC 4065900. PMID 17230614.
  5. ↑ Kozol R (2012). "Mechanical bowel obstruction: a tale of 2 eras". Arch Surg. 147 (2): 180. doi:10.1001/archsurg.2011.1415. PMID 22351916.

​​


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