Bowel obstruction causes: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
Small bowel obstruction causes include post-adbominal surgery [[Adhesion (medicine)|adhesions]], [[foreign bodies]] and [[intussusception]]. Large bowel obstruction causes include [[Neoplasm|neoplasms]], [[Hernia|hernias]] and [[constipation]]. Miscellaneous causes include, [[Ileus|paralytic ileus]] and [[Down syndrome]]. Causes by organ system include, [[ovarian cancer]], bowel strangulation and [[ascariasis]]. Mechanical obstruction can be caused by [[pregnancy]], [[Hirschsprung's disease]] and [[Crohn's disease]]. Non-mechanical obstruction may be caused by [[ovarian torsion]], [[pancreatitis]] and [[lead poisoning]]. Drug induced bowel obstruction can occur by intake of [[lanthanum carbonate]], [[methscopolamine bromide]], and [[teduglutide]].
Small bowel obstruction causes include post-adbominal surgery [[Adhesion (medicine)|adhesions]], [[foreign bodies]] and [[intussusception]]. Large bowel obstruction causes include [[Neoplasm|neoplasms]], [[Hernia|hernias]] and [[constipation]]. Miscellaneous causes include, [[Ileus|paralytic ileus]] and [[Down syndrome]]. Causes by organ system include, [[ovarian cancer]], bowel [[strangulation]] and [[ascariasis]]. Mechanical obstruction can be caused by [[pregnancy]], [[Hirschsprung's disease]] and [[Crohn's disease]]. Non-mechanical obstruction may be caused by [[ovarian torsion]], [[pancreatitis]] and [[lead poisoning]]. Drug induced bowel obstruction can occur by intake of [[lanthanum carbonate]], [[methscopolamine bromide]], and [[teduglutide]].
 


==Causes==
==Causes==
===Causes by Localization===
===Causes by Localization===
====Small bowel obstruction====
====Small bowel obstruction====
Causes of [[small bowel]] obstruction include:<ref name="pmid26526435">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gore RM, Silvers RI, Thakrar KH, Wenzke DR, Mehta UK, Newmark GM, Berlin JW |title=Bowel Obstruction |journal=Radiol. Clin. North Am. |volume=53 |issue=6 |pages=1225–40 |year=2015 |pmid=26526435 |doi=10.1016/j.rcl.2015.06.008 |url=}}</ref>
Causes of [[small bowel]] obstruction include:<ref name="pmid26526435">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gore RM, Silvers RI, Thakrar KH, Wenzke DR, Mehta UK, Newmark GM, Berlin JW |title=Bowel Obstruction |journal=Radiol. Clin. North Am. |volume=53 |issue=6 |pages=1225–40 |year=2015 |pmid=26526435 |doi=10.1016/j.rcl.2015.06.008 |url=}}</ref>
* [[Adhesion (medicine)|Adhesions]]  
* [[Adhesion (medicine)|Adhesions]]  
**from previous abdominal surgery
**From previous [[abdominal surgery]]
* [[Carcinoid]] tumor
* [[Carcinoid]] tumor
**rare, preferred location is ileum
**Rare, preferred location is the [[ileum]]
* [[Crohn's disease]]  
* [[Crohn's disease]]  
**causes adhesions or inflammatory strictures
**Causes [[adhesions]] or [[inflammatory]] [[strictures]]
* [[Foreign body|Foreign bodies]]  
* [[Foreign body|Foreign bodies]]  
**including [[gallstone]]s in [[Ileus|gallstone ileus]] and swallowed objects
**Including [[gallstone]]s in [[gallstone ileus]] and swallowed objects
* [[Hernia]]
* [[Hernia]]
**especially hernias containing bowel
**Especially hernias containing bowel
* [[Intestinal atresia]]
* [[Intestinal atresia]]
* [[Intussusception (medical disorder)|Intussusception]]  
* [[Intussusception (medical disorder)|Intussusception]]  
**specifically in children
**Specifically in children
* [[Ischaemia|Ischaemic]] strictures
* [[Ischaemia|Ischaemic]] strictures
* [[Neoplasia|Neoplasms]]
* [[Neoplasia|Neoplasms]]
**including both benign and malignant neoplasms
**Including both [[benign]] and [[malignant]] neoplasms
*[[Volvulus]]
*[[Volvulus]]


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* [[Inflammatory bowel disease]]
* [[Inflammatory bowel disease]]
* [[Volvulus]]  
* [[Volvulus]]  
**specifically sigmoid, caecal, and colonic volvulus
**Specifically [[sigmoid]], caecal, and [[colonic volvulus]]
* [[Constipation|Faecal impaction]]
* [[Constipation|Faecal impaction]]
* [[Intestinal atresia|Colon atresia]]
* [[Intestinal atresia|Colon atresia]]
*Benign strictures
*[[Benign]] [[stricture]]<nowiki/>s
**such as those that occur with diverticular disease
**Such as those that occur with [[Diverticulosis|diverticular disease]]
 
====Outlet obstruction====
*Functional outlet obstruction
**[[Sphincter ani internus muscle|Internal anal sphincter]] spasm
**Short-segment [[Hirschsprung's disease]]
**[[Chagas disease]]
**Hereditary internal sphincter [[myopathy]]
*Spasm of the striated pelvic floor muscles
**[[Anismus]]
**[[Multiple sclerosis]]
**[[Spinal cord lesions]]
*Mechanical outlet obstruction
**[[Intussusception]]
**[[Enterocele]]
**[[Rectocele]]
**[[Rectal prolapse]]
*Impaired rectal sensitivity
**[[Megarectum]]
**Rectal hyposensitivity


===Causes by organ system===
===Causes by organ system===
*Miscellaneous syndromes<ref name="pmid3296252">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mucha P |title=Small intestinal obstruction |journal=Surg. Clin. North Am. |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=597–620 |year=1987 |pmid=3296252 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11036136">{{cite journal |vauthors=Miller G, Boman J, Shrier I, Gordon PH |title=Etiology of small bowel obstruction |journal=Am. J. Surg. |volume=180 |issue=1 |pages=33–6 |year=2000 |pmid=11036136 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Miscellaneous syndromes<ref name="pmid3296252">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mucha P |title=Small intestinal obstruction |journal=Surg. Clin. North Am. |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=597–620 |year=1987 |pmid=3296252 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11036136">{{cite journal |vauthors=Miller G, Boman J, Shrier I, Gordon PH |title=Etiology of small bowel obstruction |journal=Am. J. Surg. |volume=180 |issue=1 |pages=33–6 |year=2000 |pmid=11036136 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
** Paralytic [[Ileus]]
** [[Ileus|Paralytic ileus]]
**[[Intestinal pseudoobstruction|Pseudo-obstruction]] ([[Ogilvie's syndrome]])
**[[Intestinal pseudoobstruction|Pseudo-obstruction]] ([[Ogilvie's syndrome]])
*Chromosomal abnormalities
*[[Chromosomal]] abnormalities
**[[Down syndrome]]
**[[Down syndrome]]
*Autosomal dominant conditions
*[[Autosomal dominant]] conditions
**[[Neurofibromatosis]] type 1
**[[Neurofibromatosis]] type 1
*Malignant neoplastic conditions
*Malignant neoplastic conditions
**[[Carcinoid tumours]] and [[carcinoid syndrome]]
**[[Carcinoid tumours]]
**[[Carcinoid syndrome]]
**[[Colorectal cancer]]
**[[Colorectal cancer]]
**[[Ovarian cancer]]
**[[Ovarian cancer]]
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**[[Stomach cancer]]
**[[Stomach cancer]]
*Trauma, mechanical and physical conditions:
*Trauma, mechanical and physical conditions:
**Bowel strangulation
**Bowel [[strangulation]]
**Femoral [[hernia]]
**Femoral [[hernia]]
**[[Ileus]]  
**[[Ileus]]  
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**Intestinal [[volvulus]]
**Intestinal [[volvulus]]
**[[Intussusception]]  
**[[Intussusception]]  
**Large bowel obstruction
**Large bowel [[obstruction]]
**Obturator [[hernia]]
**[[Obturator]] [[hernia]]
**Peritoneal [[adhesions]]
**[[Peritoneal]] [[adhesions]]
**Small bowel obstruction
**Small bowel obstruction
*Infectious disorders
*Infectious disorders
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===Causes by mechanism===
===Causes by mechanism===
====Mechanical bowel obstruction====
====Mechanical bowel obstruction====
*Adenomatous polyps<ref name="pmid17230614">{{cite journal |vauthors=Markogiannakis H, Messaris E, Dardamanis D, Pararas N, Tzertzemelis D, Giannopoulos P, Larentzakis A, Lagoudianakis E, Manouras A, Bramis I |title=Acute mechanical bowel obstruction: clinical presentation, etiology, management and outcome |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=432–7 |year=2007 |pmid=17230614 |pmc=4065900 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22351916">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kozol R |title=Mechanical bowel obstruction: a tale of 2 eras |journal=Arch Surg |volume=147 |issue=2 |pages=180 |year=2012 |pmid=22351916 |doi=10.1001/archsurg.2011.1415 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Adenomatous polyps]]<ref name="pmid17230614">{{cite journal |vauthors=Markogiannakis H, Messaris E, Dardamanis D, Pararas N, Tzertzemelis D, Giannopoulos P, Larentzakis A, Lagoudianakis E, Manouras A, Bramis I |title=Acute mechanical bowel obstruction: clinical presentation, etiology, management and outcome |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=432–7 |year=2007 |pmid=17230614 |pmc=4065900 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22351916">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kozol R |title=Mechanical bowel obstruction: a tale of 2 eras |journal=Arch Surg |volume=147 |issue=2 |pages=180 |year=2012 |pmid=22351916 |doi=10.1001/archsurg.2011.1415 |url=}}</ref>
*Adhesions
*[[Adhesion (medicine)|Adhesions]]
*Adhesive bands
*[[Adhesion (medicine)|Adhesive bands]]
*Annular [[pancreas]]
*Annular [[pancreas]]
*Ascariasis
*[[Ascariasis]]
*[[Atresia]]
*[[Atresia]]
*Biliary calculus
*[[Gallstone disease|Biliary calculus]]
*Bowel duplication
*Bowel duplication
*[[Carcinomatosis]]
*[[Carcinomatosis]]
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*[[Diverticulitis]]
*[[Diverticulitis]]
*[[Endometriosis]]
*[[Endometriosis]]
*Foreign body
*[[Foreign body]]
*[[Gallstone]] ileus
*[[Gallstone]] [[ileus]]
*Hematoma of the bowel wall
*[[Hematoma]] of the bowel wall
*[[Hernia]]
*[[Hernia]]
*Hirschprung's disease
*[[Hirschsprung's disease|Hirschprung's disease]]
*Iatrogenic
*[[Iatrogenic]]
*Imperforate anus
*[[Imperforate anus]]
*Incarcerated hernia
*[[Incarcerated hernia]]
*Inflammatory
*Intrabdominal [[abscess]]
*Intrabdominal abscess
*[[Intussusception]]
*Intrabdominal hematoma
*Invagination
*Intussusception
*[[Ischemia]]
*[[Ischemia]]
*Malrotation
*[[Intestinal malrotation|Malrotation]]
*[[Meckel's Diverticulum]]
*[[Meckel's Diverticulum]]
*Megacolon
*[[Megacolon]]
*Multiple polyposis syndromes
*Multiple polyposis syndromes
*Neoplasm
*[[Neoplasm]]
*[[Ovarian Cancer]]
*[[Ovarian Cancer]]
*Pneumatosis intestinalis
*[[Pneumatosis intestinalis]]
*[[Iatrogenic]]
*[[Iatrogenic]]
*[[Pregnancy]]
*[[Pregnancy]]
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*Acid-base imbalance
*Acid-base imbalance
*Acute [[pancreatitis]]
*Acute [[pancreatitis]]
*Apoplexy
*[[Apoplexy]]
*[[Brain tumor]]
*[[Brain tumor]]
*[[Cancer]]
*[[Cancer]]
*[[Cholecystolithiasis]]
*[[Cholecystolithiasis]]
*Connective tissue disease
*[[Connective tissue disease]]
*Diabetic [[coma]]
*Diabetic [[coma]]
*[[Empyema]]
*[[Empyema]]
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*[[Pancreatitis]]
*[[Pancreatitis]]
*Penetrating wounds
*Penetrating wounds
*Perinephric [[abscess]]
*[[Perinephric abscess]]
*Peritoneal [[carcinomatosis]]
*Peritoneal [[carcinomatosis]]
*[[Peritonitis]]
*[[Peritonitis]]
*[[Pneumonia]]
*[[Pneumonia]]
*[[Porphyria]]
*[[Porphyria]]
*Iatrogenic
*[[Iatrogenic]]
*Psoas [[abscess]]
*[[Psoas]] [[abscess]]
*[[Pyelonephritis]]
*[[Pyelonephritis]]
*[[Renal colic]]
*[[Renal colic]]
*[[Retroperitoneal hematoma]]
*[[Retroperitoneal hematoma]]
*Spinal cord inflammation
*Spinal cord [[inflammation]]
*Spinal cord injury
*Spinal cord injury
*Spinal cord trauma
*Spinal cord trauma
Line 171: Line 185:


====Pseudo-bowel obstruction====
====Pseudo-bowel obstruction====
*Aerophagia
*[[Aerophagia]]
*Functional bowel disease
*Functional bowel disease


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*[[Teduglutide]]
*[[Teduglutide]]
*[[Morphine]]
*[[Morphine]]
*Narcotics
*[[Narcotic|Narcotics]]
*Anticholinergics
*[[Anticholinergic|Anticholinergics]]
*Antihistamines
*[[H1 antihistamine|Antihistamines]]
*[[Catecholamines]]
*[[Catecholamines]]


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[[Category:Surgery]]
[[Category:Surgery]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
​​
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]


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Latest revision as of 16:49, 26 February 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Hadeel Maksoud M.D.[2]

Overview

Small bowel obstruction causes include post-adbominal surgery adhesions, foreign bodies and intussusception. Large bowel obstruction causes include neoplasms, hernias and constipation. Miscellaneous causes include, paralytic ileus and Down syndrome. Causes by organ system include, ovarian cancer, bowel strangulation and ascariasis. Mechanical obstruction can be caused by pregnancy, Hirschsprung's disease and Crohn's disease. Non-mechanical obstruction may be caused by ovarian torsion, pancreatitis and lead poisoning. Drug induced bowel obstruction can occur by intake of lanthanum carbonate, methscopolamine bromide, and teduglutide.

Causes

Causes by Localization

Small bowel obstruction

Causes of small bowel obstruction include:[1]

Large bowel obstruction

Causes of large bowel obstruction include:[1]

Outlet obstruction

Causes by organ system

Causes by mechanism

Mechanical bowel obstruction

Non-mechanical bowel obstruction

Pseudo-bowel obstruction

Drug induced

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Gore RM, Silvers RI, Thakrar KH, Wenzke DR, Mehta UK, Newmark GM, Berlin JW (2015). "Bowel Obstruction". Radiol. Clin. North Am. 53 (6): 1225–40. doi:10.1016/j.rcl.2015.06.008. PMID 26526435.
  2. ↑ Mucha P (1987). "Small intestinal obstruction". Surg. Clin. North Am. 67 (3): 597–620. PMID 3296252.
  3. ↑ Miller G, Boman J, Shrier I, Gordon PH (2000). "Etiology of small bowel obstruction". Am. J. Surg. 180 (1): 33–6. PMID 11036136.
  4. ↑ Markogiannakis H, Messaris E, Dardamanis D, Pararas N, Tzertzemelis D, Giannopoulos P, Larentzakis A, Lagoudianakis E, Manouras A, Bramis I (2007). "Acute mechanical bowel obstruction: clinical presentation, etiology, management and outcome". World J. Gastroenterol. 13 (3): 432–7. PMC 4065900. PMID 17230614.
  5. ↑ Kozol R (2012). "Mechanical bowel obstruction: a tale of 2 eras". Arch Surg. 147 (2): 180. doi:10.1001/archsurg.2011.1415. PMID 22351916.

​​


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