Sandbox:Madhu: Difference between revisions

	Xyz Microchapters
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Historical Perspective
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Diagnostic Study of Choice
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Latest revision as of 17:55, 26 February 2018

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Madhu Sigdel M.B.B.S.[2]

Check pH on ABG

pH<7.35=Acidosis

pH>7.45=Alkalosis

Check PaCO2

PaCO2 > 45mm Hg = Respiratory acidosis Primary cause: hypoventilation

PaCO2 Normal or > 35mm Hg = Metabolic acidosis

Check PaCO2

PaCO2 > 45mm Hg = Metabolic alkalosis

PaCO2<35mm Hg = Respiratory alkalosis Primary cause: hyperventilation

HCO3- > 29 eg. vomiting

Check HCO3-

Normal or slight decrease = Acute respiratory alkalosis eg. fever, panic attack

Decreased < 24 = Chronic respiratory alkalosis eg. Anemia, CNS causes

Overview

The majority of patients with [disease name] are asymptomatic.

OR

The hallmark of [disease name] is [finding]. A positive history of [finding 1] and [finding 2] is suggestive of [disease name]. The most common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Common symptoms of [disease] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Less common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3].

History and Symptoms

The majority of patients with [disease name] are asymptomatic.

OR

The hallmark of [disease name] is [finding]. A positive history of [finding 1] and [finding 2] is suggestive of [disease name]. The most common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3].
Symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3].

History

Patients with [disease name]] may have a positive history of:

[History finding 1]
[History finding 2]
[History finding 3]

Common Symptoms

Common symptoms of [disease] include:

[Symptom 1]
[Symptom 2]
[Symptom 3]

Less Common Symptoms

Less common symptoms of [disease name] include

[Symptom 1]
[Symptom 2]
[Symptom 3]

References

Template:WH Template:WS

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __NOTOC__
+{{Xyz}}
-{{CMG}}; {{AE}}Madhu Sigdel
+{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{MSI}}
-== Historical Perspective ==
+{{familytree/start |summary=Sample 1}}
+{{familytree | | | | | | | | A01 |A01=Check pH on ABG}}
+{{familytree | | | | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|.| | | }}
+{{familytree | | | B01 | | | | | | | |B02| | |B01=pH<7.35=Acidosis|B02=pH>7.45=Alkalosis}}
+{{familytree | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| }}
+{{familytree | | | C01 | | | | | | | | |!| |C01=Check PaCO2}}
+{{familytree | |,|-|^|.| | | | | | | | |!| }}
+{{familytree | D01 | | D02 | | | | | | D03 |D01=PaCO2 > 45mm Hg = Respiratory acidosis Primary cause: hypoventilation|D02= PaCO2 Normal or > 35mm Hg = Metabolic acidosis|D03=Check PaCO2}}
+{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|.| }}
+{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | |E02| | E03 | |E02=PaCO2 > 45mm Hg = Metabolic alkalosis|E03=PaCO2<35mm Hg = Respiratory alkalosis Primary cause: hyperventilation}}
+{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | |!| }}
+{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | F01 | | | F02 |F01=HCO3- > 29 eg. vomiting|F02=Check HCO3-}}
+{{Familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|^|-|-|.| | }}
+{{Familytree | | | | | | | | | | | |C01 | | | | C02 |C01= Normal or slight decrease = Acute respiratory alkalosis eg. fever, panic attack| C02= Decreased < 24 = Chronic respiratory alkalosis eg. Anemia, CNS causes}}
+{{familytree/end}}
-=== Discovery ===
+==Overview==
-* DES was first described by Osgood, in 1889 in 6 patients who presented with chest pain and dysphagia.<ref name="pmid248038782">{{cite journal| author=Achem SR| title=Diffuse esophageal spasm in the era of high-resolution manometry. | journal=Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y) | year= 2014 | volume= 10 | issue= 2 | pages= 130-3 | pmid=24803878 | doi= | pmc=4011379 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24803878  }}</ref>
+The majority of patients with [disease name] are asymptomatic.
-* Creamer (1954) made the first manometric descriptions of DES.
+OR
-References
-== Classification of DES ==
+The hallmark of [disease name] is [finding]. A positive history of [finding 1] and [finding 2] is suggestive of [disease name]. The most common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Common symptoms of [disease] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Less common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3].
-* There is no established system for the classification of DES although it is categorized as one of the major disorders of peristalsis according to The Chicago Classification v.3.0.
-== Risk Factors ==
+==History and Symptoms==
-* Common risk factors in the development of Diffuse Esophageal Spasm include Age (60-80 years), presence of GERD, Hypertension, anxiety or depression, and drinks (eg. red wine, very hot or cold liquid or fluid).
+*The majority of patients with [disease name] are asymptomatic.
+OR
+*The hallmark of [disease name] is [finding]. A positive history of [finding 1] and [finding 2] is suggestive of [disease name]. The most common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3].
+*Symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3].
+===History===
+Patients with [disease name]] may have a positive history of:
+*[History finding 1]
+*[History finding 2]
+*[History finding 3]
+===Common Symptoms===
+Common symptoms of [disease] include:
+*[Symptom 1]
+*[Symptom 2]
+*[Symptom 3]
-== Pathophysiology ==
+===Less Common Symptoms===
+Less common symptoms of [disease name] include
+*[Symptom 1]
+*[Symptom 2]
+*[Symptom 3]
-=== Pathogenesis ===
+==References==
-* The exact pathogenesis of DES is not fully understood. However, current high-resolution manometric studies suggest impairment of inhibitory myenteric plexus neuron. These neurons use nitric oxide (NO) as neurotransmitter. Hence, these patients may also have dysregulation of endogenous NO synthesis or/and degradation<ref name="pmid4196712">{{cite journal| author=Orlando RC, Bozymski EM| title=Clinical and manometric effects of nitroglycerin in diffuse esophageal spasm. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1973 | volume= 289 | issue= 1 | pages= 23-5 | pmid=4196712 | doi=10.1056/NEJM197307052890106 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4196712  }}</ref>. The final result is premature and rapidly propagated or simultaneous contraction of smooth muscles of distal esophagus.
+{{Reflist|2}}
-References<references />
-== Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis ==
+{{WH}}
+{{WS}}
-=== Natural History ===
+[[Category: (name of the system)]]
-* The symptoms of DES usually develop in the first/ second/ third decade of life, and start with symptoms such as ___.
-* The symptoms of (disease name) typically develop ___ years after exposure to ___.
-* If left untreated, [#]% of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
-=== Complications ===
-* Common complications of [disease name] include:
-** [Complication 1]
-** [Complication 2]
-** [Complication 3]
-=== Prognosis ===
-* Prognosis is generally excellent/good/poor, and the 1/5/10-year mortality/survival rate of patients with [disease name] is approximately [#]%.
-* Depending on the extent of the [tumor/disease progression/etc.] at the time of diagnosis, the prognosis may vary. However, the prognosis is generally regarded as poor/good/excellent.
-* The presence of [characteristic of disease] is associated with a particularly [good/poor] prognosis among patients with [disease/malignancy].
-* [Subtype of disease/malignancy] is associated with the most favorable prognosis.
-* The prognosis varies with the [characteristic] of tumor; [subtype of disease/malignancy] have the most favorable prognosis.
-== References ==
-== Diagnostic Criteria ==
-* The diagnosis of [disease name] is made when at least [number] of the following [number] diagnostic criteria are met:
-** [Criterion 1]
-** [Criterion 2]
-** [Criterion 3]
-** [Criterion 4]
-* The diagnosis of DES is based on The Chicago Classification criteria using high resolution esophageal manometry
-** [Criterion 1]
-** [Criterion 2]
-** [
-== References ==