Sandbox:Madhu: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
No edit summary
 
(8 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{Xyz}}


{{CMG}}; {{AE}}Madhu Sigdel
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{MSI}}


== Historical Perspective ==
{{familytree/start |summary=Sample 1}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | A01 |A01=Check pH on ABG}}
{{familytree | | | | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|.| | | }}
{{familytree | | | B01 | | | | | | | |B02| | |B01=pH<7.35=Acidosis|B02=pH>7.45=Alkalosis}}
{{familytree | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| }}
{{familytree | | | C01 | | | | | | | | |!| |C01=Check PaCO2}}
{{familytree | |,|-|^|.| | | | | | | | |!| }}
{{familytree | D01 | | D02 | | | | | | D03 |D01=PaCO2 > 45mm Hg = Respiratory acidosis Primary cause: hypoventilation|D02= PaCO2 Normal or > 35mm Hg = Metabolic acidosis|D03=Check PaCO2}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|.| }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | |E02| | E03 | |E02=PaCO2 > 45mm Hg = Metabolic alkalosis|E03=PaCO2<35mm Hg = Respiratory alkalosis Primary cause: hyperventilation}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | |!| }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | F01 | | | F02 |F01=HCO3- > 29 eg. vomiting|F02=Check HCO3-}}
{{Familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|^|-|-|.| | }}
{{Familytree | | | | | | | | | | | |C01 | | | | C02 |C01= Normal or slight decrease = Acute respiratory alkalosis eg. fever, panic attack| C02= Decreased < 24 = Chronic respiratory alkalosis eg. Anemia, CNS causes}}
{{familytree/end}}


=== Discovery ===
==Overview==
* DES was first described by Osgood, in 1889 in 6 patients who presented with chest pain and dysphagia.<ref name="pmid248038782">{{cite journal| author=Achem SR| title=Diffuse esophageal spasm in the era of high-resolution manometry. | journal=Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y) | year= 2014 | volume= 10 | issue= 2 | pages= 130-3 | pmid=24803878 | doi= | pmc=4011379 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24803878  }}</ref>
The majority of patients with [disease name] are asymptomatic.


* Creamer (1954) made the first manometric descriptions of DES.
OR
References


== Classification of DES ==
The hallmark of [disease name] is [finding]. A positive history of [finding 1] and [finding 2] is suggestive of [disease name]. The most common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Common symptoms of [disease] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Less common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3].
* There is no established system for the classification of DES although it is categorized as one of the major disorders of peristalsis according to The Chicago Classification v.3.0.


== Risk Factors ==
==History and Symptoms==
* Common risk factors in the development of Diffuse Esophageal Spasm include Age (60-80 years), presence of GERD, Hypertension, anxiety or depression, and drinks (eg. red wine, very hot or cold liquid or fluid).
*The majority of patients with [disease name] are asymptomatic.
OR
*The hallmark of [disease name] is [finding]. A positive history of [finding 1] and [finding 2] is suggestive of [disease name]. The most common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3].
*Symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3].  
===History===
Patients with [disease name]] may have a positive history of:
*[History finding 1]
*[History finding 2]
*[History finding 3]
===Common Symptoms===
Common symptoms of [disease] include:
*[Symptom 1]
*[Symptom 2]
*[Symptom 3]


== Pathophysiology ==
===Less Common Symptoms===
Less common symptoms of [disease name] include
*[Symptom 1]
*[Symptom 2]
*[Symptom 3]


=== Pathogenesis ===
==References==
* The exact pathogenesis of DES is not fully understood. However, current high-resolution manometric studies suggest impairment of inhibitory myenteric plexus neuron. These neurons use nitric oxide (NO) as neurotransmitter. Hence, these patients may also have dysregulation of endogenous NO synthesis or/and degradation<ref name="pmid4196712">{{cite journal| author=Orlando RC, Bozymski EM| title=Clinical and manometric effects of nitroglycerin in diffuse esophageal spasm. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1973 | volume= 289 | issue= 1 | pages= 23-5 | pmid=4196712 | doi=10.1056/NEJM197307052890106 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4196712  }}</ref>. The final result is premature and rapidly propagated or simultaneous contraction of smooth muscles of distal esophagus.
{{Reflist|2}}
References<references />


== Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis ==
{{WH}}
 
{{WS}}
=== Natural History ===
[[Category: (name of the system)]]
* The symptoms of DES usually develop in the first/ second/ third decade of life, and start with symptoms such as ___.
* The symptoms of (disease name) typically develop ___ years after exposure to ___.
* If left untreated, [#]% of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
 
=== Complications ===
* Common complications of [disease name] include:
** [Complication 1]
** [Complication 2]
** [Complication 3]
 
=== Prognosis ===
* Prognosis is generally excellent/good/poor, and the 1/5/10-year mortality/survival rate of patients with [disease name] is approximately [#]%.
* Depending on the extent of the [tumor/disease progression/etc.] at the time of diagnosis, the prognosis may vary. However, the prognosis is generally regarded as poor/good/excellent.
* The presence of [characteristic of disease] is associated with a particularly [good/poor] prognosis among patients with [disease/malignancy].
* [Subtype of disease/malignancy] is associated with the most favorable prognosis.
* The prognosis varies with the [characteristic] of tumor; [subtype of disease/malignancy] have the most favorable prognosis.
 
== References ==
 
== Diagnostic Criteria ==
* The diagnosis of [disease name] is made when at least [number] of the following [number] diagnostic criteria are met:
** [Criterion 1]
** [Criterion 2]
** [Criterion 3]
** [Criterion 4]
* The diagnosis of DES is based on The Chicago Classification criteria using high resolution esophageal manometry
** [Criterion 1]
** [Criterion 2]
** [
 
== References ==

Latest revision as of 17:55, 26 February 2018

Xyz Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Xyz from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

X-ray

Echocardiography and Ultrasound

CT scan

MRI

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Interventions

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Sandbox:Madhu On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Sandbox:Madhu

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Sandbox:Madhu

CDC on Sandbox:Madhu

Sandbox:Madhu in the news

Blogs on Sandbox:Madhu

Directions to Hospitals Treating Psoriasis

Risk calculators and risk factors for Sandbox:Madhu

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Madhu Sigdel M.B.B.S.[2]

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Check pH on ABG
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
pH<7.35=Acidosis
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
pH>7.45=Alkalosis
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Check PaCO2
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PaCO2 > 45mm Hg = Respiratory acidosis Primary cause: hypoventilation
 
PaCO2 Normal or > 35mm Hg = Metabolic acidosis
 
 
 
 
 
Check PaCO2
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PaCO2 > 45mm Hg = Metabolic alkalosis
 
PaCO2<35mm Hg = Respiratory alkalosis Primary cause: hyperventilation
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
HCO3- > 29 eg. vomiting
 
 
Check HCO3-
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Normal or slight decrease = Acute respiratory alkalosis eg. fever, panic attack
 
 
 
Decreased < 24 = Chronic respiratory alkalosis eg. Anemia, CNS causes

Overview

The majority of patients with [disease name] are asymptomatic.

OR

The hallmark of [disease name] is [finding]. A positive history of [finding 1] and [finding 2] is suggestive of [disease name]. The most common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Common symptoms of [disease] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Less common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3].

History and Symptoms

  • The majority of patients with [disease name] are asymptomatic.

OR

  • The hallmark of [disease name] is [finding]. A positive history of [finding 1] and [finding 2] is suggestive of [disease name]. The most common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3].
  • Symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3].

History

Patients with [disease name]] may have a positive history of:

  • [History finding 1]
  • [History finding 2]
  • [History finding 3]

Common Symptoms

Common symptoms of [disease] include:

  • [Symptom 1]
  • [Symptom 2]
  • [Symptom 3]

Less Common Symptoms

Less common symptoms of [disease name] include

  • [Symptom 1]
  • [Symptom 2]
  • [Symptom 3]

References

Template:WH Template:WS

Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Sandbox:Madhu&oldid=1448505"