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==Overview==
==Overview==
If left untreated, [#]% of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
The prognosis varies with the cause of pneumothorax; primary spontaneous pneumothorax have the most favorable prognosis. The symptoms of pneumothorax usually develop in any decade of life, and start with symptoms such as [[Dyspnea|difficulty breathing]], [[Dyspnea|shortness of breath]], and [[chest pain]]. Uncomplicated pneumothorax usually resolve within 10 days. Secondary pneumothorax is dependent on the underlying cause and can continue to reoccur. If tension pneumothorax is not recognized it will lead to death. Common complications of pneumothorax include recurrence, [[Circulatory system|cardiovascular]] collapse, and [[pneumomediastinum|pneumo-mediastinum]].
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==


OR
===Natural History===
*The symptoms of pneumothorax usually develop in any decade of life, and start with symptoms such as [[Dyspnea|difficulty breathing]], [[Dyspnea|shortness of breath]], and [[chest pain]].
*Uncomplicated pneumothorax usually resolve within 10 days.
*Recurrence occurs within 6 months.<ref name="HuangLee2007">{{cite journal|last1=Huang|first1=Tsai-Wang|last2=Lee|first2=Shih-Chun|last3=Cheng|first3=Yeung-Leung|last4=Tzao|first4=Ching|last5=Hsu|first5=Hsian-He|last6=Chang|first6=Hung|last7=Chen|first7=Jen-Chih|title=Contralateral Recurrence of Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax|journal=Chest|volume=132|issue=4|year=2007|pages=1146–1150|issn=00123692|doi=10.1378/chest.06-2772}}</ref>
*If left untreated, patients with tension pneumothorax may progress to develop death.


Common complications of [disease name] include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
====Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax====
*Uncomplicated pneumothorax usually resolve within 10 days.
*Recurrence occurs within 6 months.<ref name="HuangLee2007">{{cite journal|last1=Huang|first1=Tsai-Wang|last2=Lee|first2=Shih-Chun|last3=Cheng|first3=Yeung-Leung|last4=Tzao|first4=Ching|last5=Hsu|first5=Hsian-He|last6=Chang|first6=Hung|last7=Chen|first7=Jen-Chih|title=Contralateral Recurrence of Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax|journal=Chest|volume=132|issue=4|year=2007|pages=1146–1150|issn=00123692|doi=10.1378/chest.06-2772}}</ref>
====Secondary Spontaneous Pneumothorax====


OR
====Tension Pneumothorax=====
*If left untreated, patients with tension pneumothorax may progress to develop death.


Prognosis is generally excellent/good/poor, and the 1/5/10-year mortality/survival rate of patients with [disease name] is approximately [#]%.
===Complications===
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==
*Common complications of pneumothorax include:<ref name="SharmaJindal2008">{{cite journal|last1=Sharma|first1=Anita|last2=Jindal|first2=Parul|title=Principles of diagnosis and management of traumatic pneumothorax|journal=Journal of Emergencies, Trauma and Shock|volume=1|issue=1|year=2008|pages=34|issn=0974-2700|doi=10.4103/0974-2700.41789}}</ref>
**Recurrence<ref name="pmid9371212">{{cite journal| author=Sadikot RT, Greene T, Meadows K, Arnold AG| title=Recurrence of primary spontaneous pneumothorax. | journal=Thorax | year= 1997 | volume= 52 | issue= 9 | pages= 805-9 | pmid=9371212 | doi= | pmc=1758641 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9371212  }} </ref>
**[[Circulatory system|Cardiovascular]] collapse
**[[Pneumomediastinum]]<ref name="Rezende-NetoHoffmann2010">{{cite journal|last1=Rezende-Neto|first1=J.B.|last2=Hoffmann|first2=J.|last3=Al Mahroos|first3=M.|last4=Tien|first4=H.|last5=Hsee|first5=L.C.|last6=Spencer Netto|first6=F.|last7=Speers|first7=V.|last8=Rizoli|first8=S.B.|title=Occult pneumomediastinum in blunt chest trauma: Clinical significance|journal=Injury|volume=41|issue=1|year=2010|pages=40–43|issn=00201383|doi=10.1016/j.injury.2009.06.161}}</ref>


===Natural History===
===Prognosis===
*The symptoms of (disease name) usually develop in the first/ second/ third decade of life, and start with symptoms such as ___.  
The prognosis of pneumothorax is as follows:<ref name="SahnHeffner2000">{{cite journal|last1=Sahn|first1=Steven A.|last2=Heffner|first2=John E.|title=Spontaneous Pneumothorax|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=342|issue=12|year=2000|pages=868–874|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJM200003233421207}}</ref>
*The symptoms of (disease name) typically develop ___ years after exposure to ___.  
*If left untreated, [#]% of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].


===Complications===
*The prognosis varies with the cause of pneumothorax; primary spontaneous pneumothorax have the most favorable prognosis.<ref name="SharmaJindal2008">{{cite journal|last1=Sharma|first1=Anita|last2=Jindal|first2=Parul|title=Principles of diagnosis and management of traumatic pneumothorax|journal=Journal of Emergencies, Trauma and Shock|volume=1|issue=1|year=2008|pages=34|issn=0974-2700|doi=10.4103/0974-2700.41789}}</ref>
*Common complications of [disease name] include:
**[Complication 1]
**[Complication 2]
**[Complication 3]


===Prognosis===
*Primary spontaneous pneumothorax resolves within 10 days without treatment.
*Prognosis is generally excellent/good/poor, and the 1/5/10-year mortality/survival rate of patients with [disease name] is approximately [#]%.
*Secondary pneumothorax is dependant on the underlying cause and can continue to reoccur.
*Depending on the extent of the [tumor/disease progression/etc.] at the time of diagnosis, the prognosis may vary. However, the prognosis is generally regarded as poor/good/excellent.
*If tension pneumothorax is not recognized it will lead to death.
*The presence of [characteristic of disease] is associated with a particularly [good/poor] prognosis among patients with [disease/malignancy].
*[Subtype of disease/malignancy] is associated with the most favorable prognosis.
*The prognosis varies with the [characteristic] of tumor; [subtype of disease/malignancy] have the most favorable prognosis.


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 16:30, 6 March 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Hamid Qazi, MD, BSc [2]

Overview

The prognosis varies with the cause of pneumothorax; primary spontaneous pneumothorax have the most favorable prognosis. The symptoms of pneumothorax usually develop in any decade of life, and start with symptoms such as difficulty breathing, shortness of breath, and chest pain. Uncomplicated pneumothorax usually resolve within 10 days. Secondary pneumothorax is dependent on the underlying cause and can continue to reoccur. If tension pneumothorax is not recognized it will lead to death. Common complications of pneumothorax include recurrence, cardiovascular collapse, and pneumo-mediastinum.

Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

Natural History

  • If left untreated, patients with tension pneumothorax may progress to develop death.

Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax

  • Uncomplicated pneumothorax usually resolve within 10 days.
  • Recurrence occurs within 6 months.[1]

Secondary Spontaneous Pneumothorax

Tension Pneumothorax=

  • If left untreated, patients with tension pneumothorax may progress to develop death.

Complications

Prognosis

The prognosis of pneumothorax is as follows:[5]

  • The prognosis varies with the cause of pneumothorax; primary spontaneous pneumothorax have the most favorable prognosis.[2]
  • Primary spontaneous pneumothorax resolves within 10 days without treatment.
  • Secondary pneumothorax is dependant on the underlying cause and can continue to reoccur.
  • If tension pneumothorax is not recognized it will lead to death.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Huang, Tsai-Wang; Lee, Shih-Chun; Cheng, Yeung-Leung; Tzao, Ching; Hsu, Hsian-He; Chang, Hung; Chen, Jen-Chih (2007). "Contralateral Recurrence of Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax". Chest. 132 (4): 1146–1150. doi:10.1378/chest.06-2772. ISSN 0012-3692.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Sharma, Anita; Jindal, Parul (2008). "Principles of diagnosis and management of traumatic pneumothorax". Journal of Emergencies, Trauma and Shock. 1 (1): 34. doi:10.4103/0974-2700.41789. ISSN 0974-2700.
  3. ↑ Sadikot RT, Greene T, Meadows K, Arnold AG (1997). "Recurrence of primary spontaneous pneumothorax". Thorax. 52 (9): 805–9. PMC 1758641. PMID 9371212.
  4. ↑ Rezende-Neto, J.B.; Hoffmann, J.; Al Mahroos, M.; Tien, H.; Hsee, L.C.; Spencer Netto, F.; Speers, V.; Rizoli, S.B. (2010). "Occult pneumomediastinum in blunt chest trauma: Clinical significance". Injury. 41 (1): 40–43. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2009.06.161. ISSN 0020-1383.
  5. ↑ Sahn, Steven A.; Heffner, John E. (2000). "Spontaneous Pneumothorax". New England Journal of Medicine. 342 (12): 868–874. doi:10.1056/NEJM200003233421207. ISSN 0028-4793.

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