Peripheral cyanosis and clubbing: Difference between revisions

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Created page with "__NOTOC__ {{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{EG}} <span style="font-size:85%">'''Abbreviations:''' ABG= Arterial blood gas, ANP= Atrial natriuretic peptide, BNP= Brain natriuretic p..."
 
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<span style="font-size:85%">'''Abbreviations:''' ABG= [[Arterial blood gas]], ANP= [[Atrial natriuretic peptide]], BNP= [[Brain natriuretic peptide]], CBC= [[Complete blood count]], COPD= [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]], CRP= [[C-reactive protein]], CT= [[Computed tomography]], CXR= [[Chest X-ray]], DVT= [[Deep vein thrombosis]], ESR= [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate]], HRCT= [[High Resolution CT]], IgE= [[Immunoglobulin E]], LDH= [[Lactate dehydrogenase]], PCWP= [[Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure]].</span>
<span style="font-size:85%">'''Abbreviations:''' ABG= [[Arterial blood gas]], ANP= [[Atrial natriuretic peptide]], BNP= [[Brain natriuretic peptide]], CBC= [[Complete blood count]], COPD= [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]], CRP= [[C-reactive protein]], CT= [[Computed tomography]], CXR= [[Chest X-ray]], DVT= [[Deep vein thrombosis]], ESR= [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate]], HRCT= [[High Resolution CT]], IgE= [[Immunoglobulin E]], LDH= [[Lactate dehydrogenase]], PCWP= [[Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure]].</span>
<small><small>
{| align="center" style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;"
{| align="center" style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;"
! colspan="3" rowspan="4" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Diseases
! colspan="3" rowspan="4" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Diseases
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! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
|-
|-
! rowspan="8" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Pulmonary disease|Pulmonary diseases]]
! rowspan="3" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Pulmonary disease|Pulmonary diseases]]
! rowspan="4" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Airway]] disorder
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |Severe [[croup]]<ref name="Cherry20082">{{cite journal|last1=Cherry|first1=James D.|title=Croup|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=358|issue=4|year=2008|pages=384–391|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp072022}}</ref>
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Stridor]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Lymphocytosis]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Steeple sign]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Distended [[hypopharynx]] during [[inspiration]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Clinical findings
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Intercostal]] and [[subcostal]] [[retraction]], [[Barking cough]]
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Epiglottitis]]<ref name="pmid23162404">{{cite journal| author=Abdallah C| title=Acute epiglottitis: Trends, diagnosis and management. | journal=Saudi J Anaesth | year= 2012 | volume= 6 | issue= 3 | pages= 279-81 | pmid=23162404 | doi=10.4103/1658-354X.101222 | pmc=3498669 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23162404  }}</ref>
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Stridor]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Leukocytosis]] with [[neutrophilia]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Thumbprint sign|Thumb sign]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Laryngoscopy]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Muffled voice, [[Drooling]]
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Foreign body aspiration]]<ref name="pmid18682760">{{cite journal| author=Qureshi A, Behzadi A| title=Foreign-body aspiration in an adult. | journal=Can J Surg | year= 2008 | volume= 51 | issue= 3 | pages= E69-70 | pmid=18682760 | doi= | pmc=2496600 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18682760  }}</ref>
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Decreased breath sounds, [[Wheezing]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Hyperinflation, [[Atelectasis]], Objects
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Foreign body]] entrapment with [[edema]] or [[granulation tissue]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Bronchoscopy]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Mediastinitis]]
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Bacterial tracheitis]]<ref name="pmid6869336">{{cite journal |vauthors=Liston SL, Gehrz RC, Siegel LG, Tilelli J |title=Bacterial tracheitis |journal=Am. J. Dis. Child. |volume=137 |issue=8 |pages=764–7 |date=August 1983 |pmid=6869336 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Inspiratory [[stridor]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Leukocytosis]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Blood cultures|Blood culture]], [[Gram stain]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Irregular [[Tracheal disease|tracheal]] margin
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Steeple sign]] (confusing)
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Bronchoscopy|Laryngotracheobronchoscopy]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Brassy [[cough]], [[Hoarseness]]
|-
! rowspan="3" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Parenchymal lung disease|Parenchymal disorder]]
! rowspan="3" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Parenchymal lung disease|Parenchymal disorder]]
! align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Alveolitis]]<ref name="pmid1620846">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lee JS, Im JG, Ahn JM, Kim YM, Han MC |title=Fibrosing alveolitis: prognostic implication of ground-glass attenuation at high-resolution CT |journal=Radiology |volume=184 |issue=2 |pages=451–4 |date=August 1992 |pmid=1620846 |doi=10.1148/radiology.184.2.1620846 |url=}}</ref>
! align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Alveolitis]]<ref name="pmid1620846">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lee JS, Im JG, Ahn JM, Kim YM, Han MC |title=Fibrosing alveolitis: prognostic implication of ground-glass attenuation at high-resolution CT |journal=Radiology |volume=184 |issue=2 |pages=451–4 |date=August 1992 |pmid=1620846 |doi=10.1148/radiology.184.2.1620846 |url=}}</ref>
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| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Pulmonary hypertension]], [[Right heart failure]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Pulmonary hypertension]], [[Right heart failure]]
|-
|-
! align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Pulmonary vascular congestion|Pulmonary vascular disorders]]
! align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Cardiac disease|Cardiac diseases]]
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |Massive [[pulmonary embolism]]<ref name="pmid23940438">{{cite journal| author=Bĕlohlávek J, Dytrych V, Linhart A| title=Pulmonary embolism, part I: Epidemiology, risk factors and risk stratification, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and nonthrombotic pulmonary embolism. | journal=Exp Clin Cardiol | year= 2013 | volume= 18 | issue= 2 | pages= 129-38 | pmid=23940438 | doi= | pmc=3718593 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23940438  }}</ref>
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Reduced [[breath sounds]], [[Crackles]], Loud [[P2]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Leukocytosis]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]], [[Respiratory acidosis]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[D-dimer]], [[BNP]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Fleischner sign]], [[Hampton hump]], [[Westermark sign]], [[Pleural effusion]] 
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Filling defects in the [[pulmonary vasculature]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Spiral [[CT pulmonary angiogram]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Spiral [[CT pulmonary angiogram]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Tachycardia]], [[Shock]], [[Pulmonary hypertension]]
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Chest wall deformities|Chest wall disorders]]
! align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Flail chest]]<ref name="pmid17650694">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pettiford BL, Luketich JD, Landreneau RJ |title=The management of flail chest |journal=Thorac Surg Clin |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=25–33 |date=February 2007 |pmid=17650694 |doi=10.1016/j.thorsurg.2007.02.005 |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |≥3 adjacent [[ribs]] with [[Rib fractures|segmental fractures]],  >5 adjacent [[Rib fracture|rib fractures]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
! align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Chest X-ray|CXR]]
! align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Bruises]] over [[chest]]
|-
! align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Pneumothorax]]<ref name="pmid20872980">{{cite journal| author=Luh SP| title=Review: Diagnosis and treatment of primary spontaneous pneumothorax. | journal=J Zhejiang Univ Sci B | year= 2010 | volume= 11 | issue= 10 | pages= 735-44 | pmid=20872980 | doi=10.1631/jzus.B1000131 | pmc=2950234 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20872980  }}</ref>
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Diminished [[breath sounds]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |No lung marking on one side, [[Collapsed lung]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Loculated air in [[thoracic cavity]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |M-mode [[ultrasonography]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Chest]] [[CT scan]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Tachypnea]]
|-
! colspan="3" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Disease
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Peripheral
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Central
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Dyspnea
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Fever
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Chest pain
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Clubbing
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Peripheral edema
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Auscultation
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |CBC
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |ABG
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Electrolytes
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |X-ray
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |CT scan
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Gold standard
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Additional findings
|-
! rowspan="4" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Cardiac disease|Cardiac diseases]]
! align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Congenital disorder|Congenital disorders]]
! align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Congenital disorder|Congenital disorders]]
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Atrioventricular canal defect (patient information)|Atrioventricular canal defect]]<ref name="pmid15227445">{{cite journal| author=Macris MP, Ott DA, Cooley DA| title=Complete atrioventricular canal defect: surgical considerations. | journal=Tex Heart Inst J | year= 1992 | volume= 19 | issue= 3 | pages= 239-43 | pmid=15227445 | doi= | pmc=326195 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15227445  }}</ref>
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Atrioventricular canal defect (patient information)|Atrioventricular canal defect]]<ref name="pmid15227445">{{cite journal| author=Macris MP, Ott DA, Cooley DA| title=Complete atrioventricular canal defect: surgical considerations. | journal=Tex Heart Inst J | year= 1992 | volume= 19 | issue= 3 | pages= 239-43 | pmid=15227445 | doi= | pmc=326195 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15227445  }}</ref>
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| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Echocardiography]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Echocardiography]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Tachypnea]], Lack of [[appetite]], [[Pale skin color]], Excessive [[sweating]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Tachypnea]], Lack of [[appetite]], [[Pale skin color]], Excessive [[sweating]]
|-
! rowspan="3" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Acquired disorder|Acquired disorders]]
! align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Heart failure]]<ref name="pmid27367736">{{cite journal| author=Inamdar AA, Inamdar AC| title=Heart Failure: Diagnosis, Management and Utilization. | journal=J Clin Med | year= 2016 | volume= 5 | issue= 7 | pages=  | pmid=27367736 | doi=10.3390/jcm5070062 | pmc=4961993 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27367736  }}</ref>
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Coarse [[crackles]], [[S3]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Anemia]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Hyponatremia]], [[Hypokalemia]], [[Hypomagnesemia]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Elevated [[BNP]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Pleural effusion]], [[Cardiomegaly]] [[Kerley B lines]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Radioisotope scan]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Echocardiography]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Generalized edema]], [[Hepatomegaly]]
|-
! align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Valvular heart disease]]<ref name="pmid20435842">{{cite journal| author=Maganti K, Rigolin VH, Sarano ME, Bonow RO| title=Valvular heart disease: diagnosis and management. | journal=Mayo Clin Proc | year= 2010 | volume= 85 | issue= 5 | pages= 483-500 | pmid=20435842 | doi=10.4065/mcp.2009.0706 | pmc=2861980 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20435842  }}</ref>
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Murmurs]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Schistocyte]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Hyperthyroidism]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Valve]] [[calcification]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Valvular dysfunction]] in [[echocardiography]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Echocardiography]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Syncope]], [[Palpitation]]
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Cardiogenic shock]]<ref name="pmid22675405">{{cite journal| author=Werdan K, Ruß M, Buerke M, Delle-Karth G, Geppert A, Schöndube FA et al.| title=Cardiogenic shock due to myocardial infarction: diagnosis, monitoring and treatment: a German-Austrian S3 Guideline. | journal=Dtsch Arztebl Int | year= 2012 | volume= 109 | issue= 19 | pages= 343-51 | pmid=22675405 | doi=10.3238/arztebl.2012.0343 | pmc=3364528 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22675405  }}</ref>
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Muffled heart sounds|Muffled heart sound]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Anemia]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Hyperkalemia]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓[[PaO2]] in [[pulse oximetry]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Echocardiography]] 
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Clinical]] findings
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Tachypnea]], [[Palpitation]], [[Hypotension]], Weak [[pulse]]
|-
|-
! rowspan="5" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Vascular disease]]
! rowspan="5" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Vascular disease]]
Line 448: Line 236:
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Itchiness]], [[Headache]]. [[Dizziness]]. [[Blurred vision]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Itchiness]], [[Headache]]. [[Dizziness]]. [[Blurred vision]]
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="4" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |Miscellaneous
! colspan="2" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |Miscellaneous
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[High altitude exposure]]<ref name="pmid29340578">{{cite journal |vauthors=Parati G, Agostoni P, Basnyat B, Bilo G, Brugger H, Coca A, Festi L, Giardini G, Lironcurti A, Luks AM, Maggiorini M, Modesti PA, Swenson ER, Williams B, Bärtsch P, Torlasco C |title=Clinical recommendations for high altitude exposure of individuals with pre-existing cardiovascular conditions |journal=Eur. Heart J. |volume= |issue= |pages= |date=January 2018 |pmid=29340578 |doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehx720 |url=}}</ref>
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[High altitude exposure]]<ref name="pmid29340578">{{cite journal |vauthors=Parati G, Agostoni P, Basnyat B, Bilo G, Brugger H, Coca A, Festi L, Giardini G, Lironcurti A, Luks AM, Maggiorini M, Modesti PA, Swenson ER, Williams B, Bärtsch P, Torlasco C |title=Clinical recommendations for high altitude exposure of individuals with pre-existing cardiovascular conditions |journal=Eur. Heart J. |volume= |issue= |pages= |date=January 2018 |pmid=29340578 |doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehx720 |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
Line 467: Line 255:
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Hypoxic challenge test
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Hypoxic challenge test
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Dizziness]], [[Coma]],  Death
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Dizziness]], [[Coma]],  Death
|-
! align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Septic shock]]<ref name="pmid28117397">{{cite journal| author=Hotchkiss RS, Moldawer LL, Opal SM, Reinhart K, Turnbull IR, Vincent JL| title=Sepsis and septic shock. | journal=Nat Rev Dis Primers | year= 2016 | volume= 2 | issue=  | pages= 16045 | pmid=28117397 | doi=10.1038/nrdp.2016.45 | pmc=5538252 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28117397  }}</ref>
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Rales]], [[crackles]], [[Wheeze]], [[Pleural friction rub]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Leukocytosis]] with [[neutrophilia]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]], [[Metabolic acidosis]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Hyperkalemia]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↑[[ESR]], ↑[[CRP]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Consolidation (medicine)|Consolidation]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Pulmonary]] infiltration
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Echocardiography]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Blood culture]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Chills]], [[Hypothermia]], [[Loss of consciousness]]
|-
! align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Smoke inhalation]]<ref name="pmid20161170">{{cite journal| author=Rehberg S, Maybauer MO, Enkhbaatar P, Maybauer DM, Yamamoto Y, Traber DL| title=Pathophysiology, management and treatment of smoke inhalation injury. | journal=Expert Rev Respir Med | year= 2009 | volume= 3 | issue= 3 | pages= 283-297 | pmid=20161170 | doi=10.1586/ERS.09.21 | pmc=2722076 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20161170  }}</ref>
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Wheezing]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Anemia]], [[Carboxyhemoglobin]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]], [[Respiratory acidosis]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Pulse oximetry|CO-oximetry]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Diffuse [[Opacity|opacities]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Pulmonary]] infiltration
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Pulmonary function testing]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Bronchoscopy]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Cough]], [[Hoarseness]], [[Hemoptysis]], [[Headache]], [[Fainting]]
|-
! align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Cold exposure]]<ref>{{cite book | last = Marriott | first = Bernadette | title = Nutritional needs in cold and in high-altitude environments : applications for military personnel in field operations | publisher = National Academy Press | location = Washington, D.C | year = 1996 | isbn = 0-309-05484-2 }}</ref>
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Leukopenia]], ↑[[RBC]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]], [[Metabolic acidosis]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Hypokalemia]], [[Hypocalcemia]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Hyperglycemia]], ↑[[Creatine kinase|CK]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Clinical]] findings
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Confusion]], [[Tachycardia]]/[[Bradycardia]], [[Coma]]
|-
|-
|}
|}
</small></small>
==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}

Latest revision as of 13:27, 16 March 2018


Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Eiman Ghaffarpasand, M.D. [2]

Abbreviations: ABG= Arterial blood gas, ANP= Atrial natriuretic peptide, BNP= Brain natriuretic peptide, CBC= Complete blood count, COPD= Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CRP= C-reactive protein, CT= Computed tomography, CXR= Chest X-ray, DVT= Deep vein thrombosis, ESR= Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, HRCT= High Resolution CT, IgE= Immunoglobulin E, LDH= Lactate dehydrogenase, PCWP= Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure.

Diseases Cyanosis Clinical manifestations Para-clinical findings Gold standard Additional findings
Symptoms Physical examination
Lab Findings Imaging
Peripheral Central Dyspnea Fever Chest pain Clubbing Peripheral edema Auscultation CBC ABG Electrolytes Other X-ray CT scan Other
Pulmonary diseases Parenchymal disorder Alveolitis[1] +/- + + + + +/- - Wheeze, Crackles Leukocytosis, Eosinophilia ↓O2, ↑CO2 Normal ↑ESR, ↑CRP Scattered opacities, Fine reticulation Homogeneous ground-glass opacity - HRCT PLUS Clinical findings Malaise, Chills, Headache
Cystic fibrosis[2] + - +/- +/- + - Wheeze, Crackles Normal ↓O2, ↑CO2 Increased sweat chloride Sweat chloride test Hyperinflation, Nodules Peribronchial thickening, Bronchiectasis - Sweat chloride test Absent vas deferens
COPD

(Severe emphysema)[3]

+ - + +/- + +/- +/- Reduced breath sounds, Wheeze, Inspiratory crackles Polycythemia ↓O2, ↑CO2 Normal Alpha 1-antitrypsin test Elongated heart, Flattened diaphragms, Prominent hilar vasculature Bullae - HRCT Pulmonary hypertension, Right heart failure
Cardiac diseases Congenital disorders Atrioventricular canal defect[4] +/- + + - +/- +/- - Wheezing,Holosystolic or systolic ejection murmur Normal Normal Normal Pulse oximetry Cardiomegaly, Increased pulmonary vascular markings Normal Echocardiography, MRI Echocardiography Tachypnea, Lack of appetite, Pale skin color, Excessive sweating
Vascular disease Arterial disorders Acrocyanosis[5] + - +/- - - + - Normal Anemia, Leukocytosis ↓O2, ↑CO2 Hypercalcemia ↓PaO2 in pulse oximetry Normal Normal - Clinical findings Brittle nails, Telangiectasia
Arterial embolism[6] + - + - + +/- - Normal Normal Normal Hyperkalemia ↓PaO2 in pulse oximetry Normal Normal Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) Clinical findings Headache, Decreased sensation
Raynaud's Phenomenon[7] + - - - - + - Normal Polycythemia ↓O2 Normal Mild ↓PaO2 in pulse oximetry Normal Normal - Clinical findings Sensitivity to cold, Decreased sensation
Venous disorders Superior vena cava obstruction[8] + - +/- - +/- +/- + Normal Polycythemia ↓O2 Normal ↓PaO2 in pulse oximetry Superior mediastinal widening, Right hilar prominence  Thrombosis, Mediastinal mass or lymphadenopathy, Associated lung mass - Chest CT scan Headache,

Facial swelling

Venous stasis[9] + - - - - +/- + Normal Polycythemia ↓O2 Hypercalcemia Normal Normal Normal Color-flow duplex ultrasound Color-flow duplex ultrasound Leg swelling, Pain during walking,

Leg ulcers

Hematologic diseases Polycythemia[10] + + + +/- +/- + - Normal ↑RBC, ↑WBC, ↑HGB, ↑Plt ↓O2 Hyperkalemia ↑Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase, ↑Ferritin, ↑Erythropoietin AVM, COPD, pulmonary hypertension Normal Abdominal ultrasound or renal vascular studies for ruling out renal artery stenosis RBC mass (RCM) and plasma volume measurement Itchiness, Headache. Dizziness. Blurred vision
Miscellaneous High altitude exposure[11] +/- + + - +/- + - Wheezing Polycythemia ↓O2, ↓CO2, Respiratory alkalosis Hyperphosphatemia, Hypercalcemia, Hyponatremia, Hypokalemia, Hypomagnesemia Decreased bicarbonate Central interstitial edema Pulmonary consolidation - Hypoxic challenge test Dizziness, Coma, Death

References

  1. ↑ Lee JS, Im JG, Ahn JM, Kim YM, Han MC (August 1992). "Fibrosing alveolitis: prognostic implication of ground-glass attenuation at high-resolution CT". Radiology. 184 (2): 451–4. doi:10.1148/radiology.184.2.1620846. PMID 1620846.
  2. ↑ "Cystic fibrosis - Genetics Home Reference".
  3. ↑ Qureshi H, Sharafkhaneh A, Hanania NA (2014). "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations: latest evidence and clinical implications". Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 5 (5): 212–27. doi:10.1177/2040622314532862. PMC 4131503. PMID 25177479.
  4. ↑ Macris MP, Ott DA, Cooley DA (1992). "Complete atrioventricular canal defect: surgical considerations". Tex Heart Inst J. 19 (3): 239–43. PMC 326195. PMID 15227445.
  5. ↑ Das S, Maiti A (2013). "Acrocyanosis: an overview". Indian J Dermatol. 58 (6): 417–20. doi:10.4103/0019-5154.119946. PMC 3827510. PMID 24249890.
  6. ↑ Lyaker MR, Tulman DB, Dimitrova GT, Pin RH, Papadimos TJ (2013). "Arterial embolism". Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci. 3 (1): 77–87. doi:10.4103/2229-5151.109429. PMC 3665125. PMID 23724391.
  7. ↑ Block JA, Sequeira W (June 2001). "Raynaud's phenomenon". Lancet. 357 (9273): 2042–8. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)05118-7. PMID 11438158.
  8. ↑ Cohen R, Mena D, Carbajal-Mendoza R, Matos N, Karki N (2008). "Superior vena cava syndrome: A medical emergency?". Int J Angiol. 17 (1): 43–6. PMC 2728369. PMID 22477372.
  9. ↑ Fan CM (2005). "Venous pathophysiology". Semin Intervent Radiol. 22 (3): 157–61. doi:10.1055/s-2005-921949. PMC 3036287. PMID 21326688.
  10. ↑ Spivak JL (February 2002). "The optimal management of polycythaemia vera". Br. J. Haematol. 116 (2): 243–54. PMID 11841424.
  11. ↑ Parati G, Agostoni P, Basnyat B, Bilo G, Brugger H, Coca A, Festi L, Giardini G, Lironcurti A, Luks AM, Maggiorini M, Modesti PA, Swenson ER, Williams B, Bärtsch P, Torlasco C (January 2018). "Clinical recommendations for high altitude exposure of individuals with pre-existing cardiovascular conditions". Eur. Heart J. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehx720. PMID 29340578.
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