Occupational lung disease: Difference between revisions

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{{DiseaseDisorder infobox |
  Name          = Coalworkers' pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis|
  ICD10          = {{ICD10|J|60||j|60}} |
  ICD9          = {{ICD9|500}} |
  ICDO          = |
  Image          = |
  Caption        = |
  OMIM          = |
  MedlinePlus    = 000130 |
  eMedicineSubj  = |
  eMedicineTopic = |
  DiseasesDB    = 10145 |
}}


{{SI}}
{{Occupational lung disease}}


'''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]'''
'''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]'''


{{CMG}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{HM}}


==Overview==
{{SK}} Coalworker's pneumoconiosis; lung melanosis; anthracosis; black lung disease;  bysinnosis; disease of workers
'''Black lung disease''', also known as ''coal workers' [[pneumoconiosis]]'' (CWP), is caused by long exposure to coal dust. It is a common affliction of coal miners and others who work with coal, similar to both [[silicosis]] from inhaling silica dust, and to the long term effects of [[tobacco]] smoking. Inhaled coal dust progressively builds up in the lungs and is unable to be removed by the body, leading to [[inflammation]], [[fibrosis]], and in the worst case [[necrosis]].
==[[Occupational lung disease overview|Overview]]==


Full blown coal workers' pneumoconiosis develops after the initial, milder form of the disease known as '''anthracosis''' (''anthrac'' - coal, carbon). This is often asymptomatic and is found to at least some extent in all urban dwellers<ref name="robspath">{{cite book | title=Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease| last=Cotran| coauthors=Kumar, Collins| publisher=W.B Saunders Company| location=Philadelphia| id=0-7216-7335-X}}</ref> due to air pollution. Prolonged exposure to large amounts of carbon dust results in progression to the more serious forms of the disease, ''simple coal workers' [[pneumoconiosis]]'' and ''complicated coal workers' [[pneumoconiosis]]''.
==[[Occupational lung disease historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]==


== Pathogenesis ==
==[[Occupational lung disease pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==
Coal dust that enters the lungs can neither be destroyed nor removed by the body. The particles are engulfed by resident alveolar or interstitial [[macrophage]]s and remain in the lungs, residing in the connective tissue or pulmonary [[lymph node]]s. Aggregations of carbon-laden macrophages can be visualized under a microscope as granular, black areas. In serious cases, the lung may grossly appear black. These aggregations can cause inflammation and fibrosis, as well as the formation of nodular legions within the lungs. The centres of dense legions may become necrotic due to [[ischaemia]], leading to large cavities within the lung


== Appearance ==
==[[Occupational lung disease classification|Classification]]==
Simple CWP is marked by the presence of 1-2mm nodular aggregations of anthracotic macrophages, supported by a fine collagen network,  within the lungs. Those 1-2mm in diameter are known as ''coal macules'', with larger aggregations known as ''coal nodules''. These structures occur most frequently around the initial site of coal dust accumulation - the upper regions of the lungs around [[respiratory bronchiole]]s<ref name="robspath">{{cite book | title=Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease| last=Cotran| coauthors=Kumar, Collins| publisher=W.B Saunders Company| location=Philadelphia| id=0-7216-7335-X}}</ref>.


Continued exposure to coal dust following the development of simple CWP may result in its progression to complicated CWP, which generally requires a number of years to develop. Large, black, fibrotic scars 2-10cm in diameter are present, with accompanying decreased lung function. The lung itself appears blackened. A minority of these cases progresses to [[progressive massive fibrosis]] (PMF), the most serious form of CWP.
==[[Occupational lung disease causes|Causes]]==


== Symptoms ==
==[[Occupational lung disease differential diagnosis|Differentiating Occupational Lung Disease from other Diseases]]==
Both CWP and mild complicated CWP are often unsymptomatic or only affect lung function slightly. Shortness of breath and pain may be felt. However, progression to PMF is marked by lung dysfunction, [[pulmonary hypertension]], and [[cor pulmonale]].


== See also ==
==[[Occupational lung disease epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]==
 
==[[Occupational lung disease risk factors|Risk Factors]]==
 
==[[Occupational lung disease screening|Screening]]==
 
==[[Occupational lung disease natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]==
 
==Diagnosis==
[[Occupational lung disease diagnostic study of choice|Diagnostic Study of Choice]] | [[Occupational lung disease history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Occupational lung disease physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Occupational lung disease laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Occupational lung disease electrocardiogram|EKG]] | [[Occupational lung disease x ray| X ray]] | [[Occupational lung disease CT|CT]] | [[Occupational lung disease MRI|MRI]] | [[Occupational lung disease echocardiography or ultrasound|Echocardiography or Ultrasound]] | [[Occupational lung disease other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Occupational lung disease other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]
 
==Treatment==
 
[[Occupational lung disease medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Occupational lung disease surgery|Surgery]] | [[Occupational lung disease primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Occupational lung disease secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Occupational lung disease cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Occupational lung disease future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]]
 
==Case Studies==
:[[Occupational lung disease case study one|Case #1]]
 
==Related Chapters==
* [[Caplan's syndrome]]
* [[Caplan's syndrome]]


== References ==
 
{{reflist|1}}


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[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Mature chapter]]
[[Category:Occupational diseases]]
[[Category:Disease]]

Latest revision as of 13:34, 21 March 2018

Occupational lung disease Microchapters

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Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Occupational lung disease from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

X Ray

CT

MRI

Echocardiography or Ultrasound

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

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Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

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Case #1

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For patient information click here

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Hadeel Maksoud M.D.[2]

Synonyms and keywords: Coalworker's pneumoconiosis; lung melanosis; anthracosis; black lung disease; bysinnosis; disease of workers

Overview

Historical Perspective

Pathophysiology

Classification

Causes

Differentiating Occupational Lung Disease from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice | History and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Laboratory Findings | EKG | X ray | CT | MRI | Echocardiography or Ultrasound | Other Imaging Findings | Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy | Surgery | Primary Prevention | Secondary Prevention | Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy | Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Related Chapters



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