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__NOTOC__
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{{Autism}}
{{Autism}}
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{{CMG}} ; {{AE}} {{ADG}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
 
Common risk factors in the development of autism include male gender, advanced maternal and paternal age, low [[birth weight]], hypoxia during [[childbirth]], and family history [[schizophrenia]].
==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
The risk of autism is associated with several prenatal and [[perinatal]] risk factors. A 2007 review of [[risk factors]] found associated parental characteristics that included advanced maternal age, advanced paternal age, and maternal place of birth outside Europe or North America, and also found associated [[obstetric]] conditions that included low [[birth weight]] and [[gestation]] duration, and [[Hypoxia (medical)|hypoxia]] during [[childbirth]].<ref>{{cite journal |author= Kolevzon A, Gross R, Reichenberg A |title= Prenatal and perinatal risk factors for autism |journal= Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med |volume=161 |issue=4 |date=2007 |pages=326–33 |pmid=17404128 |url=http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/161/4/326}}</ref>
Common risk factors in the development autism include:
 
* Male gender: boys are at higher risk for autism than girls.<ref name="Newschaffer">{{cite journal |author= Newschaffer CJ, Croen LA, Daniels J ''et al.'' |title= The epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders |journal= Annu Rev Public Health |year=2007 |volume=28 |pages=235–58 |pmid=17367287 |doi=10.1146/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144007}}</ref>
===Associated Conditions===
* Prenatal and [[perinatal]] risk factors:
Autism is associated with several other conditions:
** Advanced maternal age  
*'''[[Genetic disorder]]s'''. About 10–15% of autism cases have an identifiable [[Mendelian]] (single-gene) condition, [[chromosome abnormality]], or other genetic syndrome,<ref>{{cite journal |author= Folstein SE, Rosen-Sheidley B |title= Genetics of autism: complex aetiology for a heterogeneous disorder |journal= Nat Rev Genet |date=2001 |volume=2 |issue=12 |pages=943–55 |doi=10.1038/35103559 |pmid=11733747}}</ref> and ASD is associated with several genetic disorders.<ref>{{cite journal |journal= Brain Dev |date=2007 |volume=29 |issue=5 |pages=257–72 |title= Childhood autism and associated comorbidities |author= Zafeiriou DI, Ververi A, Vargiami E |doi=10.1016/j.braindev.2006.09.003 |pmid=17084999}}</ref>
** Advanced paternal age
*'''[[Mental retardation]]'''. A 2001 British study of 26 autistic children found about 30% with intelligence in the normal range ([[IQ]] above 70), 50% with mild to moderate retardation, and about 20% with severe to profound retardation (IQ below 35). For ASD other than autism the association is much weaker: the same study reported about 94% of 65 children with PDD-NOS or Asperger's had normal intelligence.<ref>{{cite journal |author= Chakrabarti S, Fombonne E |title= Pervasive developmental disorders in preschool children |journal=JAMA |date=2001 |volume=285 |issue=24 |pages=3093–9 |pmid=11427137 |url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/285/24/3093}}</ref>
** Low [[birth weight]]
*'''[[Maleness]]'''. Boys are at higher risk for autism than girls. The ASD sex ratio averages 4.3:1 and is greatly modified by cognitive impairment: it may be close to 2:1 with mental retardation and more than 5.5:1 without.<ref name=Newschaffer/>
** [[Gestation]] duration
*'''[[Epilepsy]]''', with variations in risk of epilepsy due to age, cognitive level, and type of language disorder.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Epilepsia |date=2007 |volume=48 |issue= Suppl 9 |pages=33–5 |title= The autism-epilepsy connection |author= Levisohn PM |pmid=18047599}}</ref>
** [[Hypoxia (medical)|Hypoxia]] during [[childbirth]]<ref name="Kolevzon">{{cite journal |author= Kolevzon A, Gross R, Reichenberg A |title= Prenatal and perinatal risk factors for autism |journal= Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med |volume=161 |issue=4 |date=2007 |pages=326–33 |pmid=17404128 |url=http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/161/4/326 |doi= 10.1001/archpedi.161.4.326}}</ref>
*Several '''[[metabolic defect]]s''', such as [[phenylketonuria]], are associated with autistic symptoms.<ref name=Manzi>{{cite journal |journal= J Child Neurol |date=2008 |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=307–14 |title= Autism and metabolic diseases |author= Manzi B, Loizzo AL, Giana G, Curatolo P |doi=10.1177/0883073807308698 |pmid=18079313}}</ref>
* Family history [[schizophrenia]]<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Pediatrics |date=2008 |volume=121 |issue=5 |pages=e1357–62 |title= Parental psychiatric disorders associated with autism spectrum disorders in the offspring |author= Daniels JL, Forssen U, Hultman CM ''et al.'' |doi=10.1542/peds.2007-2296 |pmid=18450879 |url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/121/5/e1357 |laysummary=http://uncnews.unc.edu/news/health-and-medicine/mental-disorders-in-parents-linked-to-autism-in-children.html |laydate=2008-05-05 |laysource= UNC News}}</ref>


==References==
==References==


{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category:Mature chapter]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Neurology]]
[[Category:Communication disorders]]
[[Category:Neurological disorders]]
[[Category:Autism]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]
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{{WS}}

Latest revision as of 03:11, 6 August 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] ; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aditya Ganti M.B.B.S. [2]

Overview

Common risk factors in the development of autism include male gender, advanced maternal and paternal age, low birth weight, hypoxia during childbirth, and family history schizophrenia.

Risk Factors

Common risk factors in the development autism include:

References

  1. ↑ Newschaffer CJ, Croen LA, Daniels J; et al. (2007). "The epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders". Annu Rev Public Health. 28: 235–58. doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144007. PMID 17367287.
  2. ↑ Kolevzon A, Gross R, Reichenberg A (2007). "Prenatal and perinatal risk factors for autism". Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 161 (4): 326–33. doi:10.1001/archpedi.161.4.326. PMID 17404128.
  3. ↑ Daniels JL, Forssen U, Hultman CM; et al. (2008). "Parental psychiatric disorders associated with autism spectrum disorders in the offspring". Pediatrics. 121 (5): e1357–62. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-2296. PMID 18450879. Lay summary – UNC News (2008-05-05).

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