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| {{Hypernatremia}} | | {{Hypernatremia}} |
| | {{CMG}} {{AE}} {{FT}} |
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| ==Overview== | | ==Overview== |
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| **Abnormal skin turgor | | **Abnormal skin turgor |
| **Dry axillae | | **Dry axillae |
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| ===HEENT===
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| * HEENT examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
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| OR
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| * Abnormalities of the head/hair may include ___
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| * Evidence of trauma
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| * Icteric sclera
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| * [[Nystagmus]]
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| * Extra-ocular movements may be abnormal
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| *Pupils non-reactive to light / non-reactive to accommodation / non-reactive to neither light nor accommodation
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| *Ophthalmoscopic exam may be abnormal with findings of ___
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| * Hearing acuity may be reduced
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| *[[Weber test]] may be abnormal (Note: A positive Weber test is considered a normal finding / A negative Weber test is considered an abnormal finding. To avoid confusion, you may write "abnormal Weber test".)
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| *[[Rinne test]] may be positive (Note: A positive Rinne test is considered a normal finding / A negative Rinne test is considered an abnormal finding. To avoid confusion, you may write "abnormal Rinne test".)
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| * [[Exudate]] from the ear canal
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| * Tenderness upon palpation of the ear pinnae/tragus (anterior to ear canal)
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| *Inflamed nares / congested nares
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| * [[Purulent]] exudate from the nares
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| * Facial tenderness
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| * Erythematous throat with/without tonsillar swelling, exudates, and/or petechiae
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| ===Neck===
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| * Neck examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
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| OR
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| *[[Jugular venous distension]]
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| *[[Carotid bruits]] may be auscultated unilaterally/bilaterally using the bell/diaphragm of the otoscope
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| *[[Lymphadenopathy]] (describe location, size, tenderness, mobility, and symmetry)
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| *[[Thyromegaly]] / thyroid nodules
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| *[[Hepatojugular reflux]]
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| ===Lungs===
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| * Pulmonary examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
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| OR
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| * Asymmetric chest expansion / Decreased chest expansion
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| *Lungs are hypo/hyperresonant
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| *Fine/coarse [[crackles]] upon auscultation of the lung bases/apices unilaterally/bilaterally
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| *Rhonchi
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| *Vesicular breath sounds / Distant breath sounds
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| *Expiratory/inspiratory wheezing with normal / delayed expiratory phase
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| *[[Wheezing]] may be present
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| *[[Egophony]] present/absent
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| *[[Bronchophony]] present/absent
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| *Normal/reduced [[tactile fremitus]]
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| ===Heart===
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| * Cardiovascular examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
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| OR
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| *Chest tenderness upon palpation
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| *PMI within 2 cm of the sternum (PMI) / Displaced point of maximal impulse (PMI) suggestive of ____
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| *[[Heave]] / [[thrill]]
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| *[[Friction rub]]
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| *[[Heart sounds#First heart tone S1, the "lub"(components M1 and T1)|S1]]
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| *[[Heart sounds#Second heart tone S2 the "dub"(components A2 and P2)|S2]]
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| *[[Heart sounds#Third heart sound S3|S3]]
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| *[[Heart sounds#Fourth heart sound S4|S4]]
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| *[[Heart sounds#Summation Gallop|Gallops]]
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| *A high/low grade early/late [[systolic murmur]] / [[diastolic murmur]] best heard at the base/apex/(specific valve region) may be heard using the bell/diaphgram of the otoscope
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| ===Abdomen===
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| *Abdominal examination of patients with hypernatremia is usually normal.
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| ===Back===
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| * Back examination of patients with hypernatremia is usually normal.
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| ===Genitourinary===
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| * Genitourinary examination of patients with hypernatremia is usually normal.
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| ===Neuromuscular===
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| The neuromuscular physical exam findigs appear as a result of neuronal cell shrinkage and is positive for the following findings:<ref name="pmid21315305">{{cite journal| author=Furukawa S, Takaya A, Nakagawa T, Sakaguchi I, Nishi K| title=Fatal hypernatremia due to drinking a large quantity of shoyu (Japanese soy sauce). | journal=J Forensic Leg Med | year= 2011 | volume= 18 | issue= 2 | pages= 91-2 | pmid=21315305 | doi=10.1016/j.jflm.2010.11.011 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21315305 }} </ref><ref name="pmid2603957">{{cite journal| author=Heilig CW, Stromski ME, Blumenfeld JD, Lee JP, Gullans SR| title=Characterization of the major brain osmolytes that accumulate in salt-loaded rats. | journal=Am J Physiol | year= 1989 | volume= 257 | issue= 6 Pt 2 | pages= F1108-16 | pmid=2603957 | doi=10.1152/ajprenal.1989.257.6.F1108 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2603957 }} </ref><ref name="pmid2332498">{{cite journal| author=Lien YH, Shapiro JI, Chan L| title=Effects of hypernatremia on organic brain osmoles. | journal=J Clin Invest | year= 1990 | volume= 85 | issue= 5 | pages= 1427-35 | pmid=2332498 | doi=10.1172/JCI114587 | pmc=296588 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2332498 }} </ref><ref name="pmid8035840">{{cite journal| author=Lee JH, Arcinue E, Ross BD| title=Brief report: organic osmolytes in the brain of an infant with hypernatremia. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1994 | volume= 331 | issue= 7 | pages= 439-42 | pmid=8035840 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199408183310704 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8035840 }} </ref>
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| *Irritability
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| *Confusion
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| *Nystagmus
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| *Lethargy
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| *Obtundation
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| *Abnormal speech
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| *Myoclonic jerks
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| *Seizures
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| ===Extremities===
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| * Extremities examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
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| OR
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| *[[Clubbing]]
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| *[[Cyanosis]]
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| *Pitting/non-pitting [[edema]] of the upper/lower extremities
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| *Muscle atrophy
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| *Fasciculations in the upper/lower extremity
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| ==References== | | ==References== |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Feham Tariq, MD [2]
Overview
Patients with hypernatremia appear lethargic, weak and confused. However, the physical examination findings are related to the amount of volume deificit in the body and neuronal shrinkage as a result of hypertonicity. For the physical exam findings to become apparent, acute elevation in the serum sodium concentration to above 158 mEq/L is required.
Hypernatremia physical examination
Patients with hypernatremia appear lethargic, weak and confused. However, the physical examination findings are related to the amount of volume deificit in the body and neuronal shrinkage as a result of hypertonicity. For the physical exam findings to become apparent, acute elevation in the serum sodium concentration to above 158 mEq/L is required.
Appearance of the Patient
- Patients with hypernatremia appear lethargic, weak and confused. However, the physical examination findings are related to the amount of volume deificit in the body and neuronal shrinkage as a result of hypertonicity.
Vital Signs
The vital signs in hypernatremia are as follows:[1][2]
- Orthostatic blood pressure changes
- Tachycardia
Skin
- Skin examination of patients with hypernatremia is positive for:[3]
- Abnormal skin turgor
- Dry axillae
References
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