Normochromic anemia: Difference between revisions

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Latest revision as of 16:58, 16 October 2018

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Normocytic anemia is a common issue that occurs for men and women typically over 85 years old. Its prevalence increases with age, reaching 44 percent in men older than 85 years.^[1] Normocytic anemia is the most frequently encountered type of anemia.^[1]

Causes

The issue is thought of as representing any of the following:

a decreased production of normal-sized red blood cells (e.g., anemia of chronic disease, aplastic anemia);
an increased destruction or loss of red blood cells (e.g., hemolysis, posthemorrhagic anemia);
an uncompensated increase in plasma volume (e.g., pregnancy, fluid overload);
or a mixture of conditions producing microcytic and macrocytic anemia.^[1]

Differentiating Normochromic Anemia from Other Diseases

To review the differential diagnosis of anemia, click here.

Disease	Genetics	Clinical manifestation					Lab findings
		History	Symptoms	Signs	Hemolysis	Intrinsic/Extrinsic	Hb concentration	MCV	RDW	Reticulocytosis	Haptoglobin levels	Hepcidin	Iron studies					Specific finding on blood smear
		History	Symptoms	Signs	Hemolysis	Intrinsic/Extrinsic	Hb concentration	MCV	RDW	Reticulocytosis	Haptoglobin levels	Hepcidin	Serum iron	Serum Tfr level	Transferrin or TIBC	Ferritin	Transferrin saturation	Specific finding on blood smear
Iron deficiency anemia (early phase)^[2]	−	Pica Glossitis Cheilosis	Fatigue Headache	Koilonychia Conjunctival pallor Dry skin	−	−	Normochromic	Normocytic	↑	↓	Nl	Nl	↓	↑	↑	↓	↓	Pencil cells Elliptocytosis Hypochromasia
G6pd deficiency^[3]	Defect in G6PD enzyme X-Linked recessive	History of using Sulfa drugs Antimalarials Fava Beans Infections	Back pain Hemoglobinuria	Back pain	+	Intrinsic	Normochromic	Normocytic	↑	↑ but usually causes resolution within 4-7 days	↓	↓	Nl to ↑	Nl	↑	↑	↑	RBC with Heinz bodies Bite cells Blister cells
Pyruvate kinase deficiency^[4]	Mutation in the PKLR and PKM gene Autosomal recessive	Gallstones	Hydrops fetalis Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia Iron overload Perinatal complications	Skin ulcers Splenomegaly	+	Intrinsic	Normochromic	Normocytic	↑	↑	↓	Nl	↑	Nl	Nl	↑	−	Prickle cells Polychromatophilic erythrocytes
Disease	Genetics	History	Symptoms	Signs	Hemolysis	Intrinsic/Extrinsic	Hb concentration	MCV	RDW	Reticulocytosis	Haptoglobin levels	Hepcidin	Serum iron	Serum Tfr level	IBC	Ferritin	Transferrin saturation	Specific finding on blood smear
Sickle cell anemia^[5]	Hbs point mutation causes a single amino acid replacement in β chain	High altitude Low Oxygen Acidosis African-American race Parvovirus B19 infection	Painful crisis Dactylitis Priapism Acute chest syndrome Avascular Necrosis Stroke Autosplenectomy Salmonella osteomyelitis	Dactylitis Priapism	+	Intrinsic	Normochromic	Normocytic	↑	↑	↓	Nl or moderately ↑	Nl	Nl	Nl or moderately ↑	↓	Nl	Increased erythropoiesis Howell-Jolly bodies Anisocytosis
HbC disease^[6]	Glutamic acid–to-lysine mutation in β-globin	Gallstone	Joint pains Increased risk of infections	Splenomegaly Cholelithiasis Avascular necrosis of the femoral head	+	Intrinsic	Normochromic	Normocytic	↑	↑	↓	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	↓	−	Hemoglobin crystals inside RBCs Target cells
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria^[7]^[8]	PIGA gene mutations Impaired synthesis of GPI anchor for decay-accelerating factor	Associated with aplastic anemia Thrombosis	Fatigue Chest pain Dyspnea on exertion Headache	Chronic hemolysis Hepatomegaly Ascites Papilledema Skin nodules	+	Intrinsic	Normochromic	Normocytic	↑	↑	↓	Nl	↓	Nl	↑	↓	−	NA
Hereditary spherocytosis^[9]	Mutations in Ankyrin, Band 3, Protein 4.2, and spectrin	Associated with parvovirus B19 Cholelithiasis Megaloblastic crisis	Aplastic crisis	Splenomegaly	+	Intrinsic	Normochromic	Normocytic	↑	↑	↓	Nl	↓	Nl	↑	Nl	−	Small, round RBCs with less surface area and no central pallor
Disease	Genetics	History	Symptoms	Signs	Hemolysis	Intrinsic/Extrinsic	Hb concentration	MCV	RDW	Reticulocytosis	Haptoglobin levels	Hepcidin	Serum iron	Serum Tfr level	IBC	Ferritin	Transferrin saturation	Specific finding on blood smear
Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia^[10]^[11]	−	Associated with DIC TTP HUS SLE HELLP syndrome Hypertensive emergency	Purpura Confusion Aphasia Diplopia	Numbness of an arm or hand Jaundice Pale conjunctiva	+	Extrinsic	Normochromic	Normocytic	↑	↑	↓	Nl	↓	Nl	−	↑	−	Helmet cells
Macroangiopathic hemolytic anemia^[12]	Autoimmune	Associated with Prosthetic heart valves Aortic stenosis	Pallor Fatigue	Signs of anemia Complications of hemolysis Decreased vascular volume	+	Extrinsic	Normochromic	Normocytic	↑	↑	↓	Nl	↓	Nl	−	−	−	Spherocytes or schistocytes
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia^[13]	−	Associated with: SLE CLL Mycoplasma pneumonia	Painful blue fingers and toes on exposure to cold temperature Chest pain Chills Dizziness Tachycardia Headache Fatigue	Painful, blue fingers and toes with cold weather	+	Extrinsic	Normochromic	Normocytic	↑	↑	↓	Nl	↓	Nl	−	−	−	RBC agglutination
Disease	Genetics	History	Symptoms	Signs	Hemolysis	Intrinsic/Extrinsic	Hb concentration	MCV	RDW	Reticulocytosis	Haptoglobin levels	Hepcidin	Serum iron	Serum Tfr level	IBC	Ferritin	Transferrin saturation	Specific finding on blood smear
Aplastic anemia^[14]	Constitutive expression of Tbet Mutations in the perforin gene Mutations in SAP gene	Exposure to Radiation Drugs like Benzene, chloramphenicol, alkylating agents Viral infections like EBV, HIV, Hepatitis Fanconi anemia Idiopathic like Immune mediated, primary stem cell defect	Symptoms based on underlying condition	Short stature Cafe-au-lait spots Thumb defects Radial defects	−	−	Normochromic	Normocytic	↑	↓	Nl	Nl	↓	↓	Nl	↑	↓	Pancytopenia Fatty infiltration
Infections^[15]	−	Associated with Malaria Babesia	Fever	Fever Signs of shock Headache	+	Extrinsic	Normochromic	Normocytic	↑	↑	↓	Nl	Nl	Nl	−	−	−	Trophozoite Maltese crosses
Chronic kidney disease^[16]	−	Pericarditis Encephalopathy Rectal incontinence Decreased libido Restless leg syndrome	Polyuria Hematuria Edema	Hypertension	−	−	Normochromic	Normocytic	↑	Nl/↑	Nl	↑	↓	−	↓	↑	↓	Nl

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 http://www.aafp.org/afp/20001115/2255.html
↑ De Andrade Cairo RC, Rodrigues Silva L, Carneiro Bustani N, Ferreira Marques CD (June 2014). "Iron deficiency anemia in adolescents; a literature review". Nutr Hosp. 29 (6): 1240–9. doi:10.3305/nh.2014.29.6.7245. PMID 24972460.
↑ Luzzatto L, Seneca E (February 2014). "G6PD deficiency: a classic example of pharmacogenetics with on-going clinical implications". Br. J. Haematol. 164 (4): 469–80. doi:10.1111/bjh.12665. PMC 4153881. PMID 24372186.
↑ Grace RF, Zanella A, Neufeld EJ, Morton DH, Eber S, Yaish H, Glader B (September 2015). "Erythrocyte pyruvate kinase deficiency: 2015 status report". Am. J. Hematol. 90 (9): 825–30. doi:10.1002/ajh.24088. PMC 5053227. PMID 26087744.
↑ Singh PC, Ballas SK (March 2015). "Emerging drugs for sickle cell anemia". Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 20 (1): 47–61. doi:10.1517/14728214.2015.985587. PMID 25431087.
↑ Lemonne N, Billaud M, Waltz X, Romana M, Hierso R, Etienne-Julan M, Connes P (2016). "Rheology of red blood cells in patients with HbC disease". Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc. 61 (4): 571–7. doi:10.3233/CH-141906. PMID 25335812.
↑ Bunyaratvej A, Butthep P (January 1992). "Cytometric analysis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria erythrocytes". J Med Assoc Thai. 75 Suppl 1: 237–42. PMID 1402472.
↑ Kahng J, Kim Y, Kim JO, Koh K, Lee JW, Han K (January 2015). "A novel marker for screening paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria using routine complete blood count and cell population data". Ann Lab Med. 35 (1): 35–40. doi:10.3343/alm.2015.35.1.35. PMC 4272963. PMID 25553278.
↑ Da Costa L, Galimand J, Fenneteau O, Mohandas N (July 2013). "Hereditary spherocytosis, elliptocytosis, and other red cell membrane disorders". Blood Rev. 27 (4): 167–78. doi:10.1016/j.blre.2013.04.003. PMID 23664421.
↑ Morishita E (July 2015). "[Diagnosis and treatment of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia]". Rinsho Ketsueki (in Japanese). 56 (7): 795–806. doi:10.11406/rinketsu.56.795. PMID 26251142.
↑ George JN, Charania RS (March 2013). "Evaluation of patients with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia". Semin. Thromb. Hemost. 39 (2): 153–60. doi:10.1055/s-0032-1333538. PMID 23390027.
↑ Westphal RG, Azen EA (May 1971). "Macroangiopathic hemolytic anemia due to congenital cardiovascular anomalies". JAMA. 216 (9): 1477–8. PMID 5108522.
↑ Hill QA (October 2015). "Autoimmune hemolytic anemia". Hematology. 20 (9): 553–4. doi:10.1179/1024533215Z.000000000401. PMID 26447931.
↑ Dolberg OJ, Levy Y (2014). "Idiopathic aplastic anemia: diagnosis and classification". Autoimmun Rev. 13 (4–5): 569–73. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2014.01.014. PMID 24424170.
↑ Bustinduy AL, Parraga IM, Thomas CL, Mungai PL, Mutuku F, Muchiri EM, Kitron U, King CH (March 2013). "Impact of polyparasitic infections on anemia and undernutrition among Kenyan children living in a Schistosoma haematobium-endemic area". Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 88 (3): 433–40. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.12-0552. PMC 3592521. PMID 23324217.
↑ Drawz P, Rahman M (June 2015). "Chronic kidney disease". Ann. Intern. Med. 162 (11): ITC1–16. doi:10.7326/AITC201506020. PMID 26030647.

[AAFP-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 http://www.aafp.org/afp/20001115/2255.html

[pmid24972460-2] De Andrade Cairo RC, Rodrigues Silva L, Carneiro Bustani N, Ferreira Marques CD (June 2014). "Iron deficiency anemia in adolescents; a literature review". Nutr Hosp. 29 (6): 1240–9. doi:10.3305/nh.2014.29.6.7245. PMID 24972460.

[pmid24372186-3] Luzzatto L, Seneca E (February 2014). "G6PD deficiency: a classic example of pharmacogenetics with on-going clinical implications". Br. J. Haematol. 164 (4): 469–80. doi:10.1111/bjh.12665. PMC 4153881. PMID 24372186.

[pmid26087744-4] Grace RF, Zanella A, Neufeld EJ, Morton DH, Eber S, Yaish H, Glader B (September 2015). "Erythrocyte pyruvate kinase deficiency: 2015 status report". Am. J. Hematol. 90 (9): 825–30. doi:10.1002/ajh.24088. PMC 5053227. PMID 26087744.

[pmid25431087-5] Singh PC, Ballas SK (March 2015). "Emerging drugs for sickle cell anemia". Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 20 (1): 47–61. doi:10.1517/14728214.2015.985587. PMID 25431087.

[pmid25335812-6] Lemonne N, Billaud M, Waltz X, Romana M, Hierso R, Etienne-Julan M, Connes P (2016). "Rheology of red blood cells in patients with HbC disease". Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc. 61 (4): 571–7. doi:10.3233/CH-141906. PMID 25335812.

[pmid1402472-7] Bunyaratvej A, Butthep P (January 1992). "Cytometric analysis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria erythrocytes". J Med Assoc Thai. 75 Suppl 1: 237–42. PMID 1402472.

[pmid25553278-8] Kahng J, Kim Y, Kim JO, Koh K, Lee JW, Han K (January 2015). "A novel marker for screening paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria using routine complete blood count and cell population data". Ann Lab Med. 35 (1): 35–40. doi:10.3343/alm.2015.35.1.35. PMC 4272963. PMID 25553278.

[pmid23664421-9] Da Costa L, Galimand J, Fenneteau O, Mohandas N (July 2013). "Hereditary spherocytosis, elliptocytosis, and other red cell membrane disorders". Blood Rev. 27 (4): 167–78. doi:10.1016/j.blre.2013.04.003. PMID 23664421.

[pmid26251142-10] Morishita E (July 2015). "[Diagnosis and treatment of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia]". Rinsho Ketsueki (in Japanese). 56 (7): 795–806. doi:10.11406/rinketsu.56.795. PMID 26251142.

[pmid23390027-11] George JN, Charania RS (March 2013). "Evaluation of patients with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia". Semin. Thromb. Hemost. 39 (2): 153–60. doi:10.1055/s-0032-1333538. PMID 23390027.

[pmid5108522-12] Westphal RG, Azen EA (May 1971). "Macroangiopathic hemolytic anemia due to congenital cardiovascular anomalies". JAMA. 216 (9): 1477–8. PMID 5108522.

[pmid26447931-13] Hill QA (October 2015). "Autoimmune hemolytic anemia". Hematology. 20 (9): 553–4. doi:10.1179/1024533215Z.000000000401. PMID 26447931.

[pmid24424170-14] Dolberg OJ, Levy Y (2014). "Idiopathic aplastic anemia: diagnosis and classification". Autoimmun Rev. 13 (4–5): 569–73. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2014.01.014. PMID 24424170.

[pmid23324217-15] Bustinduy AL, Parraga IM, Thomas CL, Mungai PL, Mutuku F, Muchiri EM, Kitron U, King CH (March 2013). "Impact of polyparasitic infections on anemia and undernutrition among Kenyan children living in a Schistosoma haematobium-endemic area". Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 88 (3): 433–40. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.12-0552. PMC 3592521. PMID 23324217.

[pmid26030647-16] Drawz P, Rahman M (June 2015). "Chronic kidney disease". Ann. Intern. Med. 162 (11): ITC1–16. doi:10.7326/AITC201506020. PMID 26030647.

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@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 ==Overview==
-Normocytic anemia is a common issue that occurs for men and women typically over 85 years old. Its prevalence increases with age, reaching 44 percent in men older than 85 years.<ref name=AAFP> http://www.aafp.org/afp/20001115/2255.html</ref> Normocytic anemia is the most frequently encountered type of anemia.<ref name=AAFP/>
+Normocytic anemia is a common issue that occurs for men and women typically over 85 years old. Its prevalence increases with age, reaching 44 percent in men older than 85 years.<ref name="AAFP">http://www.aafp.org/afp/20001115/2255.html</ref> Normocytic anemia is the most frequently encountered type of anemia.<ref name="AAFP" />
 ==Causes==
@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 * an increased destruction or loss of red blood cells (e.g., hemolysis, posthemorrhagic anemia);
 * an uncompensated increase in [[plasma]] volume (e.g., [[pregnancy]], fluid overload);
-* or a mixture of conditions producing [[microcytic anemia|microcytic]] and [[macrocytic anemia]].<ref name=AAFP/>
+* or a mixture of conditions producing [[microcytic anemia|microcytic]] and [[macrocytic anemia]].<ref name="AAFP" />
 ==Differentiating Normochromic Anemia from Other Diseases==
@@ Line 41: / Line 41: @@
 ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Ferritin
 ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" | Transferrin saturation
-|-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Iron deficiency anemia]]<ref name="pmid25946282">{{cite journal |vauthors=Camaschella C |title=Iron-deficiency anemia |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=372 |issue=19 |pages=1832–43 |date=May 2015 |pmid=25946282 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1401038 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Menorrhagia]]
-* [[GI]] loss
-* [[Gastrointestinal tract|GI]] surgery
-* [[Pregnancy]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Koilonychia]]
-* [[Pica]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Glossitis]]
-* [[Cheilosis]]
-* [[Dysphagia]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Hypochromic anemia|Hypochromic]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Microcytic anemia|Microcytic]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl or ↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓↓↓
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* Central [[pallor]]
 |-
 ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Iron deficiency anemia]] (early phase)<ref name="pmid24972460">{{cite journal |vauthors=De Andrade Cairo RC, Rodrigues Silva L, Carneiro Bustani N, Ferreira Marques CD |title=Iron deficiency anemia in adolescents; a literature review |journal=Nutr Hosp |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=1240–9 |date=June 2014 |pmid=24972460 |doi=10.3305/nh.2014.29.6.7245 |url=}}</ref>
@@ Line 102: / Line 72: @@
 * [[Hereditary elliptocytosis|Elliptocytosis]]
 * Hypochromasia
-|-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Lead poisoning]]<ref name="pmid25220013">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bain BJ |title=Lead poisoning |journal=Am. J. Hematol. |volume=89 |issue=12 |pages=1141 |date=December 2014 |pmid=25220013 |doi=10.1002/ajh.23852 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* House painted with chipped paint
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* Burtonian lines
-* [[Basophilic]] [[Stippling (dentistry)|stippling]]
-* [[Wrist drop]]
-* [[Foot drop]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Wrist drop]]
-* [[Foot drop]]
-* Burtonian lines
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Intravascular|Hypochromic]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Microcytic anemia|Microcytic]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl or ↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl to ↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl to ↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Red blood cell|RBCs]] retain aggregates of [[Ribosomal RNA|rRNA]]
-* Basophilic stippling
-|-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Sideroblastic anemia]]<ref name="pmid25064706">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bottomley SS, Fleming MD |title=Sideroblastic anemia: diagnosis and management |journal=Hematol. Oncol. Clin. North Am. |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=653–70, v |date=August 2014 |pmid=25064706 |doi=10.1016/j.hoc.2014.04.008 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* Defect in [[ALA synthase]] gene
-* [[Autosomal dominant]]
-* [[Autosomal recessive]]
-* [[X-linked]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Alcohol]] abuse
-* [[Isoniazid]] use
-* [[Chloramphenicol]] use
-* [[Idiopathic]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Seborrheic dermatitis]]
-* Glossy Tongue
-* [[Tingling]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* Patient present with symptoms of [[Vitamin B6]], [[copper deficiency]] symptoms
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Hypochromic anemia|Hypochromic]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Microcytic anemia|Microcytic]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl or ↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl to ↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* Ringed [[Sideroblastic|sideroblasts]]
-|-
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Disease
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Genetics
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |History
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Symptoms
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Signs
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hemolysis
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Intrinsic/Extrinsic
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hb concentration
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |MCV
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |RDW
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Reticulocytosis
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Haptoglobin levels
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hepcidin
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Serum iron
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Serum Tfr level
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |IBC
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Ferritin
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Transferrin saturation
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Specific finding on blood smear
-|-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Anemia of chronic disease]]<ref name="pmid21239806">{{cite journal |vauthors=Roy CN |title=Anemia of inflammation |journal=Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program |volume=2010 |issue= |pages=276–80 |date=2010 |pmid=21239806 |doi=10.1182/asheducation-2010.1.276 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
-* [[SLE]]
-* [[Neoplasm]]
-* [[Chronic kidney disease]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Headache]]
-* [[Shortness of breath]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Hypochromic anemia|Hypochromic]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Microcytic anemia|Microcytic]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl or ↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | NA
-|-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Thalassemia]]<ref name="pmid25500521">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zainal NZ, Alauddin H, Ahmad S, Hussin NH |title=α-Thalassemia with Haemoglobin Adana mutation: prenatal diagnosis |journal=Malays J Pathol |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=207–11 |date=December 2014 |pmid=25500521 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | '''[[Thalassemia|α-thalassemia]]'''
-* '''''α'''''- globin gene deletions
-* [[Cis]] deletions
-* [[Trans]] deletions
-'''[[Thalassemia|β-thalassemia]]'''
-* [[Point mutation]] in [[Splice site|splice sites]] and promoter sequences
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* Associated with [[parvovirus B19]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Thalassemia|'''α-thalassemia''']]
-* [[Hydrops fetalis]]
-[[Thalassemia|'''β-thalassemia''']]
-* [[Skeletal]] deformities
-* Chipmunk facies
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Hepatomegaly]]
-* [[Splenomegaly]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Hypochromic anemia|Hypochromic]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Microcytic anemia|Microcytic]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* Thalassemia trait: Nl or ↓
-* Thalassemia Syndromes: ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl to ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl to ↑
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Target cell|Target cells]]
-* Anisopoikilocytosis
 |-
 ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency|G6pd deficiency]]<ref name="pmid24372186">{{cite journal |vauthors=Luzzatto L, Seneca E |title=G6PD deficiency: a classic example of pharmacogenetics with on-going clinical implications |journal=Br. J. Haematol. |volume=164 |issue=4 |pages=469–80 |date=February 2014 |pmid=24372186 |pmc=4153881 |doi=10.1111/bjh.12665 |url=}}</ref>
@@ Line 576: / Line 401: @@
 | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
 * [[Red blood cell|RBC]] agglutination
+|-
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Disease
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Genetics
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |History
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Symptoms
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Signs
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hemolysis
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Intrinsic/Extrinsic
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hb concentration
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |MCV
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |RDW
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Reticulocytosis
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Haptoglobin levels
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hepcidin
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Serum iron
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Serum Tfr level
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |IBC
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Ferritin
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Transferrin saturation
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Specific finding on blood smear
 |-
 ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Aplastic anemia]]<ref name="pmid24424170">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dolberg OJ, Levy Y |title=Idiopathic aplastic anemia: diagnosis and classification |journal=Autoimmun Rev |volume=13 |issue=4-5 |pages=569–73 |date=2014 |pmid=24424170 |doi=10.1016/j.autrev.2014.01.014 |url=}}</ref>
@@ Line 611: / Line 456: @@
 * [[Pancytopenia]]
 * Fatty [[Infiltration (medical)|infiltration]]
-|-
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Disease
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Genetics
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |History
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Symptoms
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Signs
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hemolysis
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Intrinsic/Extrinsic
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hb concentration
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |MCV
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |RDW
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Reticulocytosis
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Haptoglobin levels
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hepcidin
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Serum iron
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Serum Tfr level
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |IBC
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Ferritin
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Transferrin saturation
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Specific finding on blood smear
-|-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Folate deficiency]]<ref name="pmid25663227">{{cite journal |vauthors=Koike H, Takahashi M, Ohyama K, Hashimoto R, Kawagashira Y, Iijima M, Katsuno M, Doi H, Tanaka F, Sobue G |title=Clinicopathologic features of folate-deficiency neuropathy |journal=Neurology |volume=84 |issue=10 |pages=1026–33 |date=March 2015 |pmid=25663227 |doi=10.1212/WNL.0000000000001343 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* Impaired [[DNA]] synthesis
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Long-term effects of alcohol|Alcohol consumption]]
-* History of using drugs like [[methotrexate]], [[trimethoprim]], and [[phenytoin]]
-* Low socioeconomic groups with poor nutrition
-* Older people
-* [[Pregnancy|Pregnant]] and [[lactating]] women
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* No neurological symptoms vs [[Vitamin B12 deficiency|B12 deficiency]]
-* [[Odinophagia|Odynophagia]]
-* [[Stomatitis|Angular stomatitis]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Glossitis]]
-* Signs of [[Congestive heart failure|heart failure]]
-* [[Anencephaly]] and [[spina bifida]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Anisochromic
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |[[Macrocytic anemia|Macrocytic]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Macrocytosis|RBC macrocytosis]]
-* [[Neutrophil|Hypersegmented neutrophils]]
-* [[Pancytopenia]] in severe cases
-*
-|-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Vitamin B12 deficiency]]<ref name="pmid25189324">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hunt A, Harrington D, Robinson S |title=Vitamin B12 deficiency |journal=BMJ |volume=349 |issue= |pages=g5226 |date=September 2014 |pmid=25189324 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* Impaired [[DNA synthesis]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Pernicious anemia]]
-* [[Crohn's disease]]
-* [[Gastrectomy]]
-* [[Vegan|Veganism]]
-* [[Diphyllobothrium|Diphyllobothrium latum]] infection
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Psychosis]]
-* [[Insomnia]]
-* [[Depression]]
-* Cognitive slowing
-* [[Restless leg syndrome]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* Neurological deficit
-* [[Myelopathy]]
-* [[Memory loss]] with reduced attention span
-* [[Nystagmus]]
-* Positive [[Romberg test|romberg sign]]
-* Positive [[Lhermitte's sign]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Anisochromic
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |[[Macrocytic anemia|Macrocytic]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Senile]] [[neutrophil]]
-* [[Anisocytosis]]
-* [[Ovalocytosis|Ovalocytes]]
-|-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Orotic aciduria]]<ref name="pmid25757096">{{cite journal |vauthors=Grohmann K, Lauffer H, Lauenstein P, Hoffmann GF, Seidlitz G |title=Hereditary orotic aciduria with epilepsy and without megaloblastic anemia |journal=Neuropediatrics |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=123–5 |date=April 2015 |pmid=25757096 |doi=10.1055/s-0035-1547341 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Autosomal recessive]]
-* Deficiency of enzyme [[Uridine monophosphate synthetase|UMPS]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* Episodic [[Nausea and vomiting|vomiting]]
-* [[Rhabdomyolysis]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Coma]]
-* [[Gastrointestinal tract|Gastrointestinal]] manifestation
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* Neurological manifestation
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Anisochromic
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |[[Macrocytic anemia|Macrocytic]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |NA
-|-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Fanconi anemia]]<ref name="pmid25455269">{{cite journal |vauthors=Alter BP |title=Fanconi anemia and the development of leukemia |journal=Best Pract Res Clin Haematol |volume=27 |issue=3-4 |pages=214–21 |date=2014 |pmid=25455269 |pmc=4254647 |doi=10.1016/j.beha.2014.10.002 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Autosomal recessive]]
-* [[X-linked recessive]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* History of [[anemia]] at age 16
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Hypopigmentation]]
-* [[Café au lait spot|Cafe-au-lait patches]]
-* Radial ray anomaly
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* Significant for bilateral short thumbs
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Anisochromic
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |[[Macrocytic anemia|Macrocytic]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* Nl appearing [[White blood cells|WBC]], [[Red blood cell|RBC]] and [[Platelet|Platelets]]
-* But the number is greatly reduced
-|-
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Disease
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Genetics
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |History
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Symptoms
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Signs
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hemolysis
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Intrinsic/Extrinsic
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hb concentration
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |MCV
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |RDW
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Reticulocytosis
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Haptoglobin levels
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hepcidin
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Serum iron
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Serum Tfr level
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |IBC
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Ferritin
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Transferrin saturation
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Specific finding on blood smear
-|-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Diamond-Blackfan anemia]]<ref name="pmid24665981">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vlachos A, Blanc L, Lipton JM |title=Diamond Blackfan anemia: a model for the translational approach to understanding human disease |journal=Expert Rev Hematol |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=359–72 |date=June 2014 |pmid=24665981 |doi=10.1586/17474086.2014.897923 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Mutations in:
-* ''RPL5''
-* ''RPL11''
-* ''RPL35A''
-* ''RPS7''
-* ''RPS10''
-* ''RPS17''
-* ''RPS19''
-* ''RPS24''
-* ''RPS26''
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* Associated with [[myelodysplastic syndrome]]
-* Increased risk of [[AML]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Pale skin]]
-* Sleepiness
-* [[Murmur|Heart murmurs]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* Triphalangeal  thumbs
-* [[Short stature]]
-* [[Microcephaly]]
-* [[Hypertelorism]]
-* [[Ptosis]]
-* [[Micrognathia]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Anisochromic
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |[[Macrocytic anemia|Macrocytic]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |NA
 |-
 ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Infection|Infections]]<ref name="pmid23324217">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bustinduy AL, Parraga IM, Thomas CL, Mungai PL, Mutuku F, Muchiri EM, Kitron U, King CH |title=Impact of polyparasitic infections on anemia and undernutrition among Kenyan children living in a Schistosoma haematobium-endemic area |journal=Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. |volume=88 |issue=3 |pages=433–40 |date=March 2013 |pmid=23324217 |pmc=3592521 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.12-0552 |url=}}</ref>
@@ Line 880: / Line 513: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↓
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl
-|-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Hepato-biliary diseases|Liver disease]]<ref name="pmid23953338">{{cite journal |vauthors=Marks PW |title=Hematologic manifestations of liver disease |journal=Semin. Hematol. |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=216–21 |date=July 2013 |pmid=23953338 |doi=10.1053/j.seminhematol.2013.06.003 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |−
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Hepatitis]]
-* Binge drinking
-* Gall bladder disease
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Jaundice]]
-* [[Abdominal pain]]
-* [[Itchy skin]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Ascites]]
-* Right upper quadrant pain
-* [[Hepatomegaly]]
-* [[Edema|Swelling]] in the legs
-* [[Ankle swelling]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Anisochromic
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |[[Macrocytic anemia|Macrocytic]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Macrocyte|Round macrocytes]]
-* [[Macrocyte|Target macrocytes]]
-|-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Alcoholism]]<ref name="pmid24588059">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yokoyama A, Yokoyama T, Brooks PJ, Mizukami T, Matsui T, Kimura M, Matsushita S, Higuchi S, Maruyama K |title=Macrocytosis, macrocytic anemia, and genetic polymorphisms of alcohol dehydrogenase-1B and aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 in Japanese alcoholic men |journal=Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. |volume=38 |issue=5 |pages=1237–46 |date=May 2014 |pmid=24588059 |doi=10.1111/acer.12372 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |−
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* History of increased [[Effects of alcohol on the body|alcohol intake]]
-* [[Folic acid deficiency]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Memory impairment]]
-* [[Nausea]]
-* [[Sweating]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* Truncal [[obesity]]
-* [[Asterixis]]
-* [[Encephalopathy]]
-* [[Spider angiomas]]
-* [[Hematemesis]]
-* [[Gynecomastia]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Anisochromic
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |[[Macrocytic anemia|Macrocytic]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Macrocyte|Oval macrocytes]]
-* [[Neutrophil|Hypersegmented neutrophils]]
-|-
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Disease
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Genetics
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |History
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Symptoms
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Signs
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hemolysis
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Intrinsic/Extrinsic
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hb concentration
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |MCV
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |RDW
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Reticulocytosis
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Haptoglobin levels
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hepcidin
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Serum iron
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Serum Tfr level
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |IBC
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Ferritin
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Transferrin saturation
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Specific finding on blood smear
 |}
 ==References==
 {{Reflist|2}}