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{{Infobox_gene}} | {{Infobox_gene}} | ||
'''Importin subunit alpha-3''' is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the ''KPNA3'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid9154134">{{cite journal |vauthors=Takeda S, Fujiwara T, Shimizu F, Kawai A, Shinomiya K, Okuno S, Ozaki K, Katagiri T, Shimada Y, Nagata M, Watanabe T, Takaichi A, Kuga Y, Suzuki M, Hishigaki H, Takahashi E, Shin S, Nakamura Y, Hirai Y | title = Isolation and mapping of karyopherin alpha 3 (KPNA3), a human gene that is highly homologous to genes encoding Xenopus importin, yeast SRP1 and human RCH1 | journal = Cytogenet Cell Genet | volume = 76 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 87–93 |date=Jun 1997 | pmid = 9154134 | pmc = | doi =10.1159/000134521 }}</ref><ref name="pmid9435235">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nachury MV, Ryder UW, Lamond AI, Weis K | title = Cloning and characterization of hSRP1 gamma, a tissue-specific nuclear transport factor | journal = Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | volume = 95 | issue = 2 | pages = 582–7 |date=Feb 1998 | pmid = 9435235 | pmc = 18463 | doi =10.1073/pnas.95.2.582 }}</ref> | '''Importin subunit alpha-3''' is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the ''KPNA3'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid9154134">{{cite journal |vauthors=Takeda S, Fujiwara T, Shimizu F, Kawai A, Shinomiya K, Okuno S, Ozaki K, Katagiri T, Shimada Y, Nagata M, Watanabe T, Takaichi A, Kuga Y, Suzuki M, Hishigaki H, Takahashi E, Shin S, Nakamura Y, Hirai Y | title = Isolation and mapping of karyopherin alpha 3 (KPNA3), a human gene that is highly homologous to genes encoding Xenopus importin, yeast SRP1 and human RCH1 | journal = Cytogenet Cell Genet | volume = 76 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 87–93 |date=Jun 1997 | pmid = 9154134 | pmc = | doi =10.1159/000134521 }}</ref><ref name="pmid9435235">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nachury MV, Ryder UW, Lamond AI, Weis K | title = Cloning and characterization of hSRP1 gamma, a tissue-specific nuclear transport factor | journal = Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | volume = 95 | issue = 2 | pages = 582–7 |date=Feb 1998 | pmid = 9435235 | pmc = 18463 | doi =10.1073/pnas.95.2.582 | bibcode =1998PNAS...95..582N }}</ref> | ||
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==Interactions== | ==Interactions== | ||
KPNA3 has been shown to [[Protein-protein interaction|interact]] with [[KPNB1]].<ref name=pmid9435235 /><ref name=pmid10523667>{{cite journal |last=Köhler |first=M |authorlink= |author2=Speck C |author3=Christiansen M |author4=Bischoff F R |author5=Prehn S |author6=Haller H |author7=Görlich D |author8=Hartmann E |date=Nov 1999 |title=Evidence for distinct substrate specificities of importin alpha family members in nuclear protein import |journal=Mol. Cell. Biol. |volume=19 |issue=11 |pages=7782–91 |publisher= |location = UNITED STATES| issn = 0270-7306| pmid = 10523667 | bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote = |pmc=84838 | doi=10.1128/mcb.19.11.7782}}</ref> | KPNA3 has been shown to [[Protein-protein interaction|interact]] with [[KPNB1]].<ref name=pmid9435235 /><ref name=pmid10523667>{{cite journal |last=Köhler |first=M |authorlink= |author2=Speck C |author3=Christiansen M |author4=Bischoff F R |author5=Prehn S |author6=Haller H |author7=Görlich D |author8=Hartmann E |date=Nov 1999 |title=Evidence for distinct substrate specificities of importin alpha family members in nuclear protein import |journal=Mol. Cell. Biol. |volume=19 |issue=11 |pages=7782–91 |publisher= |location = UNITED STATES| issn = 0270-7306| pmid = 10523667 | bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = http://pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/item/escidoc:1922685/component/escidoc:1922686/1922685.pdf| language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote = |pmc=84838 | doi=10.1128/mcb.19.11.7782}}</ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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*{{cite journal |vauthors=Bukrinsky MI, Haffar OK |title=HIV-1 nuclear import: in search of a leader |journal=Front. Biosci. |volume=2 |issue= |pages= d578–87 |year= 2004 |pmid= 9366553 |doi= 10.2741/A213 }} | *{{cite journal |vauthors=Bukrinsky MI, Haffar OK |title=HIV-1 nuclear import: in search of a leader |journal=Front. Biosci. |volume=2 |issue= |pages= d578–87 |year= 2004 |pmid= 9366553 |doi= 10.2741/A213 }} | ||
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Bukrinsky MI, Haffar OK |title=HIV-1 nuclear import: matrix protein is back on center stage, this time together with Vpr |journal=Mol. Med. |volume=4 |issue= 3 |pages= 138–43 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9562972 |doi= | pmc=2230352 }} | *{{cite journal |vauthors=Bukrinsky MI, Haffar OK |title=HIV-1 nuclear import: matrix protein is back on center stage, this time together with Vpr |journal=Mol. Med. |volume=4 |issue= 3 |pages= 138–43 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9562972 |doi= | pmc=2230352 }} | ||
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Bukrinsky MI, Sharova N, Dempsey MP, etal |title=Active nuclear import of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 preintegration complexes |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=89 |issue= 14 |pages= 6580–4 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1631159 |doi=10.1073/pnas.89.14.6580 | pmc=49545 }} | *{{cite journal |vauthors=Bukrinsky MI, Sharova N, Dempsey MP, etal |title=Active nuclear import of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 preintegration complexes |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=89 |issue= 14 |pages= 6580–4 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1631159 |doi=10.1073/pnas.89.14.6580 | pmc=49545 |bibcode=1992PNAS...89.6580B }} | ||
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Sharova N, Bukrinskaya A |title=p17 and p17-containing gag precursors of input human immunodeficiency virus are transported into the nuclei of infected cells |journal=AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses |volume=7 |issue= 3 |pages= 303–6 |year= 1991 |pmid= 2064827 |doi=10.1089/aid.1991.7.303 }} | *{{cite journal |vauthors=Sharova N, Bukrinskaya A |title=p17 and p17-containing gag precursors of input human immunodeficiency virus are transported into the nuclei of infected cells |journal=AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses |volume=7 |issue= 3 |pages= 303–6 |year= 1991 |pmid= 2064827 |doi=10.1089/aid.1991.7.303 }} | ||
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Di Marzio P, Choe S, Ebright M, etal |title=Mutational analysis of cell cycle arrest, nuclear localization and virion packaging of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpr |journal=J. Virol. |volume=69 |issue= 12 |pages= 7909–16 |year= 1996 |pmid= 7494303 |doi= | pmc=189735 }} | *{{cite journal |vauthors=Di Marzio P, Choe S, Ebright M, etal |title=Mutational analysis of cell cycle arrest, nuclear localization and virion packaging of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpr |journal=J. Virol. |volume=69 |issue= 12 |pages= 7909–16 |year= 1996 |pmid= 7494303 |doi= | pmc=189735 }} | ||
| Line 27: | Line 27: | ||
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Freed EO, Englund G, Martin MA |title=Role of the basic domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 matrix in macrophage infection |journal=J. Virol. |volume=69 |issue= 6 |pages= 3949–54 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7745752 |doi= | pmc=189124 }} | *{{cite journal |vauthors=Freed EO, Englund G, Martin MA |title=Role of the basic domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 matrix in macrophage infection |journal=J. Virol. |volume=69 |issue= 6 |pages= 3949–54 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7745752 |doi= | pmc=189124 }} | ||
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Gallay P, Swingler S, Aiken C, Trono D |title=HIV-1 infection of nondividing cells: C-terminal tyrosine phosphorylation of the viral matrix protein is a key regulator |journal=Cell |volume=80 |issue= 3 |pages= 379–88 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7859280 |doi=10.1016/0092-8674(95)90488-3 }} | *{{cite journal |vauthors=Gallay P, Swingler S, Aiken C, Trono D |title=HIV-1 infection of nondividing cells: C-terminal tyrosine phosphorylation of the viral matrix protein is a key regulator |journal=Cell |volume=80 |issue= 3 |pages= 379–88 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7859280 |doi=10.1016/0092-8674(95)90488-3 }} | ||
*{{cite journal |vauthors=von Schwedler U, Kornbluth RS, Trono D |title=The nuclear localization signal of the matrix protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 allows the establishment of infection in macrophages and quiescent T lymphocytes |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=91 |issue= 15 |pages= 6992–6 |year= 1994 |pmid= 8041734 |doi=10.1073/pnas.91.15.6992 | pmc=44324 }} | *{{cite journal |vauthors=von Schwedler U, Kornbluth RS, Trono D |title=The nuclear localization signal of the matrix protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 allows the establishment of infection in macrophages and quiescent T lymphocytes |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=91 |issue= 15 |pages= 6992–6 |year= 1994 |pmid= 8041734 |doi=10.1073/pnas.91.15.6992 | pmc=44324 |bibcode=1994PNAS...91.6992V }} | ||
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Heinzinger NK, Bukinsky MI, Haggerty SA, etal |title=The Vpr protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 influences nuclear localization of viral nucleic acids in nondividing host cells |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=91 |issue= 15 |pages= 7311–5 |year= 1994 |pmid= 8041786 |doi=10.1073/pnas.91.15.7311 | pmc=44389 }} | *{{cite journal |vauthors=Heinzinger NK, Bukinsky MI, Haggerty SA, etal |title=The Vpr protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 influences nuclear localization of viral nucleic acids in nondividing host cells |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=91 |issue= 15 |pages= 7311–5 |year= 1994 |pmid= 8041786 |doi=10.1073/pnas.91.15.7311 | pmc=44389 |bibcode=1994PNAS...91.7311H }} | ||
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Bukrinsky MI, Haggerty S, Dempsey MP, etal |title=A nuclear localization signal within HIV-1 matrix protein that governs infection of non-dividing cells |journal=Nature |volume=365 |issue= 6447 |pages= 666–9 |year= 1993 |pmid= 8105392 |doi= 10.1038/365666a0 }} | *{{cite journal |vauthors=Bukrinsky MI, Haggerty S, Dempsey MP, etal |title=A nuclear localization signal within HIV-1 matrix protein that governs infection of non-dividing cells |journal=Nature |volume=365 |issue= 6447 |pages= 666–9 |year= 1993 |pmid= 8105392 |doi= 10.1038/365666a0 |bibcode=1993Natur.365..666B }} | ||
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Maruyama K, Sugano S |title=Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides |journal=Gene |volume=138 |issue= 1–2 |pages= 171–4 |year= 1994 |pmid= 8125298 |doi=10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8 }} | *{{cite journal |vauthors=Maruyama K, Sugano S |title=Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides |journal=Gene |volume=138 |issue= 1–2 |pages= 171–4 |year= 1994 |pmid= 8125298 |doi=10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8 }} | ||
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Dubrovsky L, Ulrich P, Nuovo GJ, etal |title=Nuclear localization signal of HIV-1 as a novel target for therapeutic intervention |journal=Mol. Med. |volume=1 |issue= 2 |pages= 217–30 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8529100 |doi= | pmc=2229944 }} | *{{cite journal |vauthors=Dubrovsky L, Ulrich P, Nuovo GJ, etal |title=Nuclear localization signal of HIV-1 as a novel target for therapeutic intervention |journal=Mol. Med. |volume=1 |issue= 2 |pages= 217–30 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8529100 |doi= | pmc=2229944 }} | ||
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Gallay P, Stitt V, Mundy C, etal |title=Role of the karyopherin pathway in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nuclear import |journal=J. Virol. |volume=70 |issue= 2 |pages= 1027–32 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8551560 |doi= | pmc=189908 }} | *{{cite journal |vauthors=Gallay P, Stitt V, Mundy C, etal |title=Role of the karyopherin pathway in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nuclear import |journal=J. Virol. |volume=70 |issue= 2 |pages= 1027–32 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8551560 |doi= | pmc=189908 }} | ||
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Bukrinskaya AG, Ghorpade A, Heinzinger NK, etal |title=Phosphorylation-dependent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and nuclear targeting of viral DNA |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=93 |issue= 1 |pages= 367–71 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8552640 |doi=10.1073/pnas.93.1.367 | pmc=40239 }} | *{{cite journal |vauthors=Bukrinskaya AG, Ghorpade A, Heinzinger NK, etal |title=Phosphorylation-dependent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and nuclear targeting of viral DNA |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=93 |issue= 1 |pages= 367–71 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8552640 |doi=10.1073/pnas.93.1.367 | pmc=40239 |bibcode=1996PNAS...93..367B }} | ||
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Sato A, Yoshimoto J, Isaka Y, etal |title=Evidence for direct association of Vpr and matrix protein p17 within the HIV-1 virion |journal=Virology |volume=220 |issue= 1 |pages= 208–12 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8659115 |doi= 10.1006/viro.1996.0302 }} | *{{cite journal |vauthors=Sato A, Yoshimoto J, Isaka Y, etal |title=Evidence for direct association of Vpr and matrix protein p17 within the HIV-1 virion |journal=Virology |volume=220 |issue= 1 |pages= 208–12 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8659115 |doi= 10.1006/viro.1996.0302 }} | ||
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Popov S, Dubrovsky L, Lee MA, etal |title=Critical role of reverse transcriptase in the inhibitory mechanism of CNI-H0294 on HIV-1 nuclear translocation |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=93 |issue= 21 |pages= 11859–64 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8876228 |doi=10.1073/pnas.93.21.11859 | pmc=38149 }} | *{{cite journal |vauthors=Popov S, Dubrovsky L, Lee MA, etal |title=Critical role of reverse transcriptase in the inhibitory mechanism of CNI-H0294 on HIV-1 nuclear translocation |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=93 |issue= 21 |pages= 11859–64 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8876228 |doi=10.1073/pnas.93.21.11859 | pmc=38149 |bibcode=1996PNAS...9311859P }} | ||
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Freed EO, Englund G, Maldarelli F, Martin MA |title=Phosphorylation of residue 131 of HIV-1 matrix is not required for macrophage infection |journal=Cell |volume=88 |issue= 2 |pages= 171–3; discussion 173–4 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9008157 |doi=10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81836-X }} | *{{cite journal |vauthors=Freed EO, Englund G, Maldarelli F, Martin MA |title=Phosphorylation of residue 131 of HIV-1 matrix is not required for macrophage infection |journal=Cell |volume=88 |issue= 2 |pages= 171–3; discussion 173–4 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9008157 |doi=10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81836-X }} | ||
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Gallay P, Hope T, Chin D, Trono D |title=HIV-1 infection of nondividing cells through the recognition of integrase by the importin/karyopherin pathway |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=94 |issue= 18 |pages= 9825–30 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9275210 |doi=10.1073/pnas.94.18.9825 | pmc=23276 }} | *{{cite journal |vauthors=Gallay P, Hope T, Chin D, Trono D |title=HIV-1 infection of nondividing cells through the recognition of integrase by the importin/karyopherin pathway |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=94 |issue= 18 |pages= 9825–30 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9275210 |doi=10.1073/pnas.94.18.9825 | pmc=23276 |bibcode=1997PNAS...94.9825G }} | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{refend}} | {{refend}} | ||
Latest revision as of 11:30, 9 January 2019
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Importin subunit alpha-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KPNA3 gene.[1][2]
The transport of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells is mediated by the nuclear pore complex (NPC) which consists of 60–100 proteins and is probably 120 million daltons in molecular size. Small molecules (up to 70 kD) can pass through the nuclear pore by nonselective diffusion; larger molecules are transported by an active process. Most nuclear proteins contain short basic amino acid sequences known as nuclear localization signals (NLSs). KPNA3, encodes a protein similar to certain nuclear transport proteins of Xenopus and human. The predicted amino acid sequence shows similarity to Xenopus importin, yeast SRP1, and human RCH1 (KPNA2), respectively. The similarities among these proteins suggests that karyopherin alpha-3 may be involved in the nuclear transport system.[3]
Interactions
KPNA3 has been shown to interact with KPNB1.[2][4]
References
- ↑ Takeda S, Fujiwara T, Shimizu F, Kawai A, Shinomiya K, Okuno S, Ozaki K, Katagiri T, Shimada Y, Nagata M, Watanabe T, Takaichi A, Kuga Y, Suzuki M, Hishigaki H, Takahashi E, Shin S, Nakamura Y, Hirai Y (Jun 1997). "Isolation and mapping of karyopherin alpha 3 (KPNA3), a human gene that is highly homologous to genes encoding Xenopus importin, yeast SRP1 and human RCH1". Cytogenet Cell Genet. 76 (1–2): 87–93. doi:10.1159/000134521. PMID 9154134.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Nachury MV, Ryder UW, Lamond AI, Weis K (Feb 1998). "Cloning and characterization of hSRP1 gamma, a tissue-specific nuclear transport factor". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 95 (2): 582–7. Bibcode:1998PNAS...95..582N. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.2.582. PMC 18463. PMID 9435235.
- ↑ "Entrez Gene: KPNA3 karyopherin alpha 3 (importin alpha 4)".
- ↑ Köhler, M; Speck C; Christiansen M; Bischoff F R; Prehn S; Haller H; Görlich D; Hartmann E (Nov 1999). "Evidence for distinct substrate specificities of importin alpha family members in nuclear protein import" (PDF). Mol. Cell. Biol. UNITED STATES. 19 (11): 7782–91. doi:10.1128/mcb.19.11.7782. ISSN 0270-7306. PMC 84838. PMID 10523667.
Further reading
- Bukrinsky MI, Haffar OK (2004). "HIV-1 nuclear import: in search of a leader". Front. Biosci. 2: d578–87. doi:10.2741/A213. PMID 9366553.
- Bukrinsky MI, Haffar OK (1998). "HIV-1 nuclear import: matrix protein is back on center stage, this time together with Vpr". Mol. Med. 4 (3): 138–43. PMC 2230352. PMID 9562972.
- Bukrinsky MI, Sharova N, Dempsey MP, et al. (1992). "Active nuclear import of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 preintegration complexes". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89 (14): 6580–4. Bibcode:1992PNAS...89.6580B. doi:10.1073/pnas.89.14.6580. PMC 49545. PMID 1631159.
- Sharova N, Bukrinskaya A (1991). "p17 and p17-containing gag precursors of input human immunodeficiency virus are transported into the nuclei of infected cells". AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses. 7 (3): 303–6. doi:10.1089/aid.1991.7.303. PMID 2064827.
- Di Marzio P, Choe S, Ebright M, et al. (1996). "Mutational analysis of cell cycle arrest, nuclear localization and virion packaging of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpr". J. Virol. 69 (12): 7909–16. PMC 189735. PMID 7494303.
- Gallay P, Swingler S, Song J, et al. (1995). "HIV nuclear import is governed by the phosphotyrosine-mediated binding of matrix to the core domain of integrase". Cell. 83 (4): 569–76. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90097-7. PMID 7585960.
- Freed EO, Englund G, Martin MA (1995). "Role of the basic domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 matrix in macrophage infection". J. Virol. 69 (6): 3949–54. PMC 189124. PMID 7745752.
- Gallay P, Swingler S, Aiken C, Trono D (1995). "HIV-1 infection of nondividing cells: C-terminal tyrosine phosphorylation of the viral matrix protein is a key regulator". Cell. 80 (3): 379–88. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90488-3. PMID 7859280.
- von Schwedler U, Kornbluth RS, Trono D (1994). "The nuclear localization signal of the matrix protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 allows the establishment of infection in macrophages and quiescent T lymphocytes". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91 (15): 6992–6. Bibcode:1994PNAS...91.6992V. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.15.6992. PMC 44324. PMID 8041734.
- Heinzinger NK, Bukinsky MI, Haggerty SA, et al. (1994). "The Vpr protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 influences nuclear localization of viral nucleic acids in nondividing host cells". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91 (15): 7311–5. Bibcode:1994PNAS...91.7311H. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.15.7311. PMC 44389. PMID 8041786.
- Bukrinsky MI, Haggerty S, Dempsey MP, et al. (1993). "A nuclear localization signal within HIV-1 matrix protein that governs infection of non-dividing cells". Nature. 365 (6447): 666–9. Bibcode:1993Natur.365..666B. doi:10.1038/365666a0. PMID 8105392.
- Maruyama K, Sugano S (1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides". Gene. 138 (1–2): 171–4. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8. PMID 8125298.
- Dubrovsky L, Ulrich P, Nuovo GJ, et al. (1996). "Nuclear localization signal of HIV-1 as a novel target for therapeutic intervention". Mol. Med. 1 (2): 217–30. PMC 2229944. PMID 8529100.
- Gallay P, Stitt V, Mundy C, et al. (1996). "Role of the karyopherin pathway in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nuclear import". J. Virol. 70 (2): 1027–32. PMC 189908. PMID 8551560.
- Bukrinskaya AG, Ghorpade A, Heinzinger NK, et al. (1996). "Phosphorylation-dependent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and nuclear targeting of viral DNA". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93 (1): 367–71. Bibcode:1996PNAS...93..367B. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.1.367. PMC 40239. PMID 8552640.
- Sato A, Yoshimoto J, Isaka Y, et al. (1996). "Evidence for direct association of Vpr and matrix protein p17 within the HIV-1 virion". Virology. 220 (1): 208–12. doi:10.1006/viro.1996.0302. PMID 8659115.
- Popov S, Dubrovsky L, Lee MA, et al. (1996). "Critical role of reverse transcriptase in the inhibitory mechanism of CNI-H0294 on HIV-1 nuclear translocation". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93 (21): 11859–64. Bibcode:1996PNAS...9311859P. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.21.11859. PMC 38149. PMID 8876228.
- Freed EO, Englund G, Maldarelli F, Martin MA (1997). "Phosphorylation of residue 131 of HIV-1 matrix is not required for macrophage infection". Cell. 88 (2): 171–3, discussion 173–4. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81836-X. PMID 9008157.
- Gallay P, Hope T, Chin D, Trono D (1997). "HIV-1 infection of nondividing cells through the recognition of integrase by the importin/karyopherin pathway". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94 (18): 9825–30. Bibcode:1997PNAS...94.9825G. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.18.9825. PMC 23276. PMID 9275210.
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