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{{#invoke:Infobox_gene|getTemplateData|QID= Q14907889}}
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'''LL-37''' (or ''CAP-18'' for cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide, 18 kDa) is a gene encoding for the only member of the human [[cathelicidin]] family. Cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptides are a family of [[polypeptides]] found in [[lysosomes]] of [[macrophage]]s and [[Granulocyte|polymorphonuclear leukocytes]] (PMNs), and keratinocytes.<ref>{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: CAMP cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=820| accessdate = }}</ref> Cathelicidins serve a critical role in mammalian innate immune defense against invasive bacterial infection.<ref name="Zanetti_2004">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zanetti M | title = Cathelicidins, multifunctional peptides of the innate immunity | journal = Journal of Leukocyte Biology | volume = 75 | issue = 1 | pages = 39–48 | date = Jan 2004 | pmid = 12960280 | doi = 10.1189/jlb.0403147 }}</ref>
'''LL-37''' (or ''CAP-18'' for cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide, 18 kDa) is a gene encoding for the only member of the human [[cathelicidin]] family. Cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptides are a family of [[polypeptides]] found in [[lysosomes]] of [[macrophage]]s and [[Granulocyte|polymorphonuclear leukocytes]] (PMNs), and keratinocytes.<ref>{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: CAMP cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=820| accessdate = }}</ref> Cathelicidins serve a critical role in mammalian innate immune defense against invasive bacterial infection.<ref name="Zanetti_2004">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zanetti M | title = Cathelicidins, multifunctional peptides of the innate immunity | journal = Journal of Leukocyte Biology | volume = 75 | issue = 1 | pages = 39–48 | date = Jan 2004 | pmid = 12960280 | doi = 10.1189/jlb.0403147 }}</ref>


== Clinical significance ==
== Clinical significance ==
NOTE: This article appears to be split into two parts; more on cathelicidin's clinical significance can be found on the [[cathelicidin]] page.
Patients with [[rosacea]] have elevated levels of cathelicidin. Cathelicidin is cleaved into the antimicrobial peptide [[LL-37]] by both [[kallikrein 5]] and [[KLK7|kallikrein 7]] serine proteases. Excessive production of LL-37 is suspected to be a contributing cause in all subtypes of [[Rosacea]].<ref name="pmid22577261">{{cite journal | vauthors = Reinholz M, Ruzicka T, Schauber J | title = Cathelicidin LL-37: an antimicrobial peptide with a role in inflammatory skin disease | journal = Ann Dermatol | volume = 24 | issue = 2 | pages = 126–35 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22577261 | pmc = 3346901 | doi = 10.5021/ad.2012.24.2.126 | url = }}</ref>
Patients with [[rosacea]] have elevated levels of cathelicidin. Cathelicidin is cleaved into the antimicrobial peptide [[LL-37]] by both [[kallikrein 5]] and [[KLK7|kallikrein 7]] serine proteases. Excessive production of LL-37 is suspected to be a contributing cause in all subtypes of [[Rosacea]].<ref name="pmid22577261">{{cite journal | vauthors = Reinholz M, Ruzicka T, Schauber J | title = Cathelicidin LL-37: an antimicrobial peptide with a role in inflammatory skin disease | journal = Ann Dermatol | volume = 24 | issue = 2 | pages = 126–35 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22577261 | pmc = 3346901 | doi = 10.5021/ad.2012.24.2.126 | url = }}</ref>


Higher plasma levels of LL-37, which are up-regulated by [[vitamin D]], appear to significantly reduce the risk of death from infection in [[dialysis]] patients. Patients with a high level of LL-37 were 3.7 times more likely to survive kidney dialysis for a year without a fatal infection.<ref name="pmid19133797">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gombart AF, Bhan I, Borregaard N, Tamez H, Camargo CA, Koeffler HP, Thadhani R | title = Low plasma level of cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (hCAP18) predicts increased infectious disease mortality in patients undergoing hemodialysis | journal = Clinical Infectious Diseases | volume = 48 | issue = 4 | pages = 418–24 | date = Feb 2009 | pmid = 19133797 | doi = 10.1086/596314 | last5 = Camargo }}</ref> Vitamin D up-regulates genetic expression of cathelicidin, which exhibits broad-spectrum microbicidal activity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses.<ref name="pmid11807545">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zasloff M | title = Antimicrobial peptides of multicellular organisms | journal = Nature | volume = 415 | issue = 6870 | pages = 389–95 | date = Jan 2002 | pmid = 11807545 | doi = 10.1038/415389a }}</ref><ref name="pmid20119827">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kamen DL, Tangpricha V | title = Vitamin D and molecular actions on the immune system: modulation of innate and autoimmunity | journal = Journal of Molecular Medicine (Berlin, Germany) | volume = 88 | issue = 5 | pages = 441–50 | date = May 2010 | pmid = 20119827 | pmc = 2861286 | doi = 10.1007/s00109-010-0590-9 }}</ref>
Higher plasma levels of LL-37, which are up-regulated by [[vitamin D]], appear to significantly reduce the risk of death from infection in [[dialysis]] patients. Patients with a high level of LL-37 were 3.7 times more likely to survive kidney dialysis for a year without a fatal infection.<ref name="pmid19133797">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gombart AF, Bhan I, Borregaard N, Tamez H, Camargo CA, Koeffler HP, Thadhani R | title = Low plasma level of cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (hCAP18) predicts increased infectious disease mortality in patients undergoing hemodialysis | journal = Clinical Infectious Diseases | volume = 48 | issue = 4 | pages = 418–24 | date = Feb 2009 | pmid = 19133797 | doi = 10.1086/596314 | last5 = Camargo }}</ref> Vitamin D up-regulates genetic expression of cathelicidin, which exhibits broad-spectrum microbicidal activity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses.<ref name="pmid11807545">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zasloff M | title = Antimicrobial peptides of multicellular organisms | journal = Nature | volume = 415 | issue = 6870 | pages = 389–95 | date = Jan 2002 | pmid = 11807545 | doi = 10.1038/415389a }}</ref><ref name="pmid20119827">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kamen DL, Tangpricha V | title = Vitamin D and molecular actions on the immune system: modulation of innate and autoimmunity | journal = Journal of Molecular Medicine | volume = 88 | issue = 5 | pages = 441–50 | date = May 2010 | pmid = 20119827 | pmc = 2861286 | doi = 10.1007/s00109-010-0590-9 }}</ref>
 
SAAP-148 (a <u>s</u>ynthetic <u>a</u>ntimicrobial and <u>a</u>ntibiofilm <u>p</u>eptide) is a modified version of  LL-37 that has enhanced antimicrobial activities compared to LL-37. In particular, SAAP-148 was more efficient in killing bacteria under physiological conditions.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Breij|first=Anna de|last2=Riool|first2=Martijn|last3=Cordfunke|first3=Robert A.|last4=Malanovic|first4=Nermina|last5=Boer|first5=Leonie de|last6=Koning|first6=Roman I.|last7=Ravensbergen|first7=Elisabeth|last8=Franken|first8=Marnix|last9=Heijde|first9=Tobias van der|date=2018-01-10|title=The antimicrobial peptide SAAP-148 combats drug-resistant bacteria and biofilms|url=http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/10/423/eaan4044|journal=Science Translational Medicine|language=en|volume=10|issue=423|pages=eaan4044|doi=10.1126/scitranslmed.aan4044|issn=1946-6234|pmid=29321257}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==

Latest revision as of 23:21, 4 November 2018

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LL-37 (or CAP-18 for cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide, 18 kDa) is a gene encoding for the only member of the human cathelicidin family. Cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptides are a family of polypeptides found in lysosomes of macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), and keratinocytes.[1] Cathelicidins serve a critical role in mammalian innate immune defense against invasive bacterial infection.[2]

Clinical significance

NOTE: This article appears to be split into two parts; more on cathelicidin's clinical significance can be found on the cathelicidin page.

Patients with rosacea have elevated levels of cathelicidin. Cathelicidin is cleaved into the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 by both kallikrein 5 and kallikrein 7 serine proteases. Excessive production of LL-37 is suspected to be a contributing cause in all subtypes of Rosacea.[3]

Higher plasma levels of LL-37, which are up-regulated by vitamin D, appear to significantly reduce the risk of death from infection in dialysis patients. Patients with a high level of LL-37 were 3.7 times more likely to survive kidney dialysis for a year without a fatal infection.[4] Vitamin D up-regulates genetic expression of cathelicidin, which exhibits broad-spectrum microbicidal activity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses.[5][6]

SAAP-148 (a synthetic antimicrobial and antibiofilm peptide) is a modified version of LL-37 that has enhanced antimicrobial activities compared to LL-37. In particular, SAAP-148 was more efficient in killing bacteria under physiological conditions.[7]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Entrez Gene: CAMP cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide".
  2. ↑ Zanetti M (Jan 2004). "Cathelicidins, multifunctional peptides of the innate immunity". Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 75 (1): 39–48. doi:10.1189/jlb.0403147. PMID 12960280.
  3. ↑ Reinholz M, Ruzicka T, Schauber J (2012). "Cathelicidin LL-37: an antimicrobial peptide with a role in inflammatory skin disease". Ann Dermatol. 24 (2): 126–35. doi:10.5021/ad.2012.24.2.126. PMC 3346901. PMID 22577261.
  4. ↑ Gombart AF, Bhan I, Borregaard N, Tamez H, Camargo CA, Koeffler HP, Thadhani R (Feb 2009). "Low plasma level of cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (hCAP18) predicts increased infectious disease mortality in patients undergoing hemodialysis". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 48 (4): 418–24. doi:10.1086/596314. PMID 19133797.
  5. ↑ Zasloff M (Jan 2002). "Antimicrobial peptides of multicellular organisms". Nature. 415 (6870): 389–95. doi:10.1038/415389a. PMID 11807545.
  6. ↑ Kamen DL, Tangpricha V (May 2010). "Vitamin D and molecular actions on the immune system: modulation of innate and autoimmunity". Journal of Molecular Medicine. 88 (5): 441–50. doi:10.1007/s00109-010-0590-9. PMC 2861286. PMID 20119827.
  7. ↑ Breij, Anna de; Riool, Martijn; Cordfunke, Robert A.; Malanovic, Nermina; Boer, Leonie de; Koning, Roman I.; Ravensbergen, Elisabeth; Franken, Marnix; Heijde, Tobias van der (2018-01-10). "The antimicrobial peptide SAAP-148 combats drug-resistant bacteria and biofilms". Science Translational Medicine. 10 (423): eaan4044. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aan4044. ISSN 1946-6234. PMID 29321257.
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