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{{Gallbladder cancer}}
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==Overview==
==Overview==
The most potent risk factor in the development of [[Gallbladder cancer|gallbladder carcinoma]] is [[Gallstone disease|gallstones]]. Other risk factors include [[Porcelain gallbladder]], [[Gallbladder polyp|gallbladder polyps]], [[Primary sclerosing cholangitis]], chronic infection, pancreaticobiliary maljunction (PBM) and biliary cysts.


==Risk factors==
==Risk factors==
* Gender: More women than men are affected by gallbladder cancer, mostly commonly between the ages of 50 and 60.
 
* [[Obesity]] increases the risk for gallbladder cancer. It is most common in indigenous peoples of the Americas.
=== Common Risk Factors ===
* Primary carcinoma is linked to chronic [[cholecystitis]] and [[cholelithiasis]].
* Common risk factors in the development of [[gallbladder cancer]] include:
* Alcohol: [[Alcohol]] drinking is a risk factor of gallbladder cancer…"<ref>{{cite journal
** '''Gallstones:''' [[Gallstones]] are found in 70 to 90 percent of patients with [[gallbladder cancer]](GBC), With an 8.3x higher danger than the overall population.<ref name="pmid28400123">{{cite journal |vauthors=Muszynska C, Lundgren L, Lindell G, Andersson R, Nilsson J, Sandström P, Andersson B |title=Predictors of incidental gallbladder cancer in patients undergoing cholecystectomy for benign gallbladder disease: Results from a population-based gallstone surgery registry |journal=Surgery |volume=162 |issue=2 |pages=256–263 |year=2017 |pmid=28400123 |doi=10.1016/j.surg.2017.02.009 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18000509">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hsing AW, Gao YT, Han TQ, Rashid A, Sakoda LC, Wang BS, Shen MC, Zhang BH, Niwa S, Chen J, Fraumeni JF |title=Gallstones and the risk of biliary tract cancer: a population-based study in China |journal=Br. J. Cancer |volume=97 |issue=11 |pages=1577–82 |year=2007 |pmid=18000509 |pmc=2360257 |doi=10.1038/sj.bjc.6604047 |url=}}</ref>
  | last = Ji
** '''Porcelain gallbladder:'''In 95 % of the cases, the [[porcelain gallbladder]] is associated with [[gallstones]].The incidence of GBC in patients with a [[porcelain gallbladder]] levels about 2 to 3 percent..<ref name="pmid22006872">{{cite journal |vauthors=Khan ZS, Livingston EH, Huerta S |title=Reassessing the need for prophylactic surgery in patients with porcelain gallbladder: case series and systematic review of the literature |journal=Arch Surg |volume=146 |issue=10 |pages=1143–7 |year=2011 |pmid=22006872 |doi=10.1001/archsurg.2011.257 |url=}}</ref>
  | first = J
** '''Gallbladder polyps:''' Around 5% of all adults have [[Gallbladder polyp|gallbladder polyps]].<ref name="pmid26421012">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kanthan R, Senger JL, Ahmed S, Kanthan SC |title=Gallbladder Cancer in the 21st Century |journal=J Oncol |volume=2015 |issue= |pages=967472 |year=2015 |pmid=26421012 |pmc=4569807 |doi=10.1155/2015/967472 |url=}}</ref>
  | coauthors = Hemminki K
{| class="wikitable"
  | title = Variation in the risk for liver and gallbladder cancers in socioeconomic and occupational groups in Sweden with etiological implications
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |'''Benign polyps'''
  | journal = Int Arch Occup Environ Health
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |'''Malignant polyps'''
  | volume =78
|-
  | issue =8
![[Cholesterol]] polyps (60%)
  | pages = 641-9
| rowspan="3" |[[Adenocarcinoma]] (80%)
  | publisher =
|-
  | date = 2005 Sep
!Adenomyomas (25%)
  | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=Display&DB=pubmed
|-
  | doi =
![[Inflammation|Inflammatory]] polyps (10%)
  | id = PMID 16001211
|-
  | accessdate = 28 May 2007}}</ref> <ref>Ji J, Couto E, Hemminki K. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15800949&dopt=Abstract Incidence differences for gallbladder cancer between occupational groups suggest an etiological role for alcohol] ''Int J Cancer'' 2005 Sep 1;116(3):492-3.</ref>
![[Adenoma|Adenomas]] (4%)
| rowspan="2" |Miscellaneous (20%)
Mucinous cystadenomas, [[Squamous cell carcinoma]], and adenoacanthomas
|-
!Miscellaneous (1%)
 
Leiomyomas, Fibromas, and [[Lipoma|Lipomas]]
|}
* '''Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC):''' PSC is a chronic [[Inflamation|inflammatory]] disease and is associated with increased risk of [[gallbladder cancer]](GBC).<ref name="pmid24634588">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hundal R, Shaffer EA |title=Gallbladder cancer: epidemiology and outcome |journal=Clin Epidemiol |volume=6 |issue= |pages=99–109 |year=2014 |pmid=24634588 |pmc=3952897 |doi=10.2147/CLEP.S37357 |url=}}</ref>
 
* '''Cigarette smoking:''' [[cigarette]] [[smoking]] is one the important [[risk factor]] in causing [[gallbladder cancer]].
* '''Chronic infection:'''
** '''Helicobacter:''' Exact mechanism is poorly understood but it is thought that [[gallbladder cancer]] may be related to the bacterial-induced [[degradation]] of bile acids.
** '''Liver flukes:''' [[Liver flukes]] especially ''[[Clonorchis sinensis]]'' and'' [[Opisthorchis viverrini]]'' are related in the [[gallbladder cancer]].<ref name="pmid246345882">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hundal R, Shaffer EA |title=Gallbladder cancer: epidemiology and outcome |journal=Clin Epidemiol |volume=6 |issue= |pages=99–109 |year=2014 |pmid=24634588 |pmc=3952897 |doi=10.2147/CLEP.S37357 |url=}}</ref>
** '''Salmonella''': Several reports and a [[meta-analysis]] of  [[case-control]] and [[Cohort study|cohort studies]] advocate an association among chronic S. typhi carriage and increased hazard of GBC
=== Less common risk factors ===
Less common risk factors in the development of [[Gallbladder cancer|gallbladder carcinoma]] include:
* '''Pancreaticobiliary maljunction (PBM):''' PBM is due to failure of migration of embryological ducts into the [[duodenum]].[[Gallbladder carcinoma]] is the most common [[Cancer|malignancy]] seen in patients with a pancreaticobiliary maljunction problem.
 
* <nowiki/><nowiki/><nowiki/><nowiki/><nowiki/> '''Congenital biliary cysts:''' Biliary [[Cyst|cysts]] are cystic dilatations in the [[bile duct]]<nowiki/>s.They were originally coined as choledochal cysts .Biliary cysts are more  frequently seen in Asian populations. An abnormal pancreaticobiliary duct junction is present in approximately 70 percent of patients with biliary cysts.Particularly [[cholangiocarcinoma]] is associated with increased risk with [[biliary]] cysts.<ref name="pmid264210122">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kanthan R, Senger JL, Ahmed S, Kanthan SC |title=Gallbladder Cancer in the 21st Century |journal=J Oncol |volume=2015 |issue= |pages=967472 |year=2015 |pmid=26421012 |pmc=4569807 |doi=10.1155/2015/967472 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid246345883">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hundal R, Shaffer EA |title=Gallbladder cancer: epidemiology and outcome |journal=Clin Epidemiol |volume=6 |issue= |pages=99–109 |year=2014 |pmid=24634588 |pmc=3952897 |doi=10.2147/CLEP.S37357 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11555095">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kaushik SP |title=Current perspectives in gallbladder carcinoma |journal=J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. |volume=16 |issue=8 |pages=848–54 |year=2001 |pmid=11555095 |doi= |url=}}</ref> <nowiki/><nowiki/>


==References==
==References==
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vamsikrishna Gunnam M.B.B.S [2]

Overview

The most potent risk factor in the development of gallbladder carcinoma is gallstones. Other risk factors include Porcelain gallbladder, gallbladder polyps, Primary sclerosing cholangitis, chronic infection, pancreaticobiliary maljunction (PBM) and biliary cysts.

Risk factors

Common Risk Factors

Benign polyps Malignant polyps
Cholesterol polyps (60%) Adenocarcinoma (80%)
Adenomyomas (25%)
Inflammatory polyps (10%)
Adenomas (4%) Miscellaneous (20%)

Mucinous cystadenomas, Squamous cell carcinoma, and adenoacanthomas

Miscellaneous (1%)

Leiomyomas, Fibromas, and Lipomas

Less common risk factors

Less common risk factors in the development of gallbladder carcinoma include:

  • Pancreaticobiliary maljunction (PBM): PBM is due to failure of migration of embryological ducts into the duodenum.Gallbladder carcinoma is the most common malignancy seen in patients with a pancreaticobiliary maljunction problem.
  • Congenital biliary cysts: Biliary cysts are cystic dilatations in the bile ducts.They were originally coined as choledochal cysts .Biliary cysts are more frequently seen in Asian populations. An abnormal pancreaticobiliary duct junction is present in approximately 70 percent of patients with biliary cysts.Particularly cholangiocarcinoma is associated with increased risk with biliary cysts.[7][8][9]

References

  1. ↑ Muszynska C, Lundgren L, Lindell G, Andersson R, Nilsson J, Sandström P, Andersson B (2017). "Predictors of incidental gallbladder cancer in patients undergoing cholecystectomy for benign gallbladder disease: Results from a population-based gallstone surgery registry". Surgery. 162 (2): 256–263. doi:10.1016/j.surg.2017.02.009. PMID 28400123.
  2. ↑ Hsing AW, Gao YT, Han TQ, Rashid A, Sakoda LC, Wang BS, Shen MC, Zhang BH, Niwa S, Chen J, Fraumeni JF (2007). "Gallstones and the risk of biliary tract cancer: a population-based study in China". Br. J. Cancer. 97 (11): 1577–82. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6604047. PMC 2360257. PMID 18000509.
  3. ↑ Khan ZS, Livingston EH, Huerta S (2011). "Reassessing the need for prophylactic surgery in patients with porcelain gallbladder: case series and systematic review of the literature". Arch Surg. 146 (10): 1143–7. doi:10.1001/archsurg.2011.257. PMID 22006872.
  4. ↑ Kanthan R, Senger JL, Ahmed S, Kanthan SC (2015). "Gallbladder Cancer in the 21st Century". J Oncol. 2015: 967472. doi:10.1155/2015/967472. PMC 4569807. PMID 26421012.
  5. ↑ Hundal R, Shaffer EA (2014). "Gallbladder cancer: epidemiology and outcome". Clin Epidemiol. 6: 99–109. doi:10.2147/CLEP.S37357. PMC 3952897. PMID 24634588.
  6. ↑ Hundal R, Shaffer EA (2014). "Gallbladder cancer: epidemiology and outcome". Clin Epidemiol. 6: 99–109. doi:10.2147/CLEP.S37357. PMC 3952897. PMID 24634588.
  7. ↑ Kanthan R, Senger JL, Ahmed S, Kanthan SC (2015). "Gallbladder Cancer in the 21st Century". J Oncol. 2015: 967472. doi:10.1155/2015/967472. PMC 4569807. PMID 26421012.
  8. ↑ Hundal R, Shaffer EA (2014). "Gallbladder cancer: epidemiology and outcome". Clin Epidemiol. 6: 99–109. doi:10.2147/CLEP.S37357. PMC 3952897. PMID 24634588.
  9. ↑ Kaushik SP (2001). "Current perspectives in gallbladder carcinoma". J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 16 (8): 848–54. PMID 11555095.


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