Bronchocentric granulomatosis: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
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{{SI}}                                                                 
{{SI}}                                                                 
{{CMG}} {{AE}} Nikhila Palle, M.B.B.s
{{CMG}} {{AE}} Nikhila Palle, M.B.B.S
   
   
{{SK}} Synonym 1; Synonym 2; Synonym 3
   
   
==Overview==
==Overview==
Bronchocentric granulomatosis is not a disease per se but a histopathological finding of the bronchi and bronchioles that is believed to be a nonspecific response to airway injury. It is commonly seen in association with asthma and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, but can also be observed in non-asthmatics with no identifiable etiological agent.<ref name="pmid1092235">{{cite journal| author=Katzenstein AL, Liebow AA, Friedman PJ| title=Bronchocentric granulomatosis, mucoid impaction, and hypersensitivity reactions to fungi. | journal=Am Rev Respir Dis | year= 1975 | volume= 111 | issue= 4 | pages= 497-537 | pmid=1092235 | doi=10.1164/arrd.1975.111.4.497 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1092235  }} </ref>


==Historical Perspective==
==Historical Perspective==
*Bronchocentric granulomatosis was first discovered by Liebow, in 1973.
*Bronchocentric granulomatosis was first discovered by Liebow, in 1973.<ref name="pmid4577269">{{cite journal| author=Liebow AA| title=The J. Burns Amberson lecture--pulmonary angiitis and granulomatosis. | journal=Am Rev Respir Dis | year= 1973 | volume= 108 | issue= 1 | pages= 1-18 | pmid=4577269 | doi=10.1164/arrd.1973.108.1.1 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4577269  }} </ref>
*In [year], [gene] mutations were first identified in the pathogenesis of [disease name].
*In [year], the first [discovery] was developed by [scientist] to treat/diagnose [disease name].
   
   
==Classification==
==Classification==
*[Disease name] may be classified according to [classification method] into [number] subtypes/groups:
*There are two patterns observed in Bronchocentric granulomatosis, the more common pattern is observed in young men with asthma and less common pattern is seen in older patients who are non-asthmatic. <ref name="pmid1092235">{{cite journal| author=Katzenstein AL, Liebow AA, Friedman PJ| title=Bronchocentric granulomatosis, mucoid impaction, and hypersensitivity reactions to fungi. | journal=Am Rev Respir Dis | year= 1975 | volume= 111 | issue= 4 | pages= 497-537 | pmid=1092235 | doi=10.1164/arrd.1975.111.4.497 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1092235 }} </ref>
:*[group1]
:*[group2]
:*[group3]
*Other variants of [disease name] include [disease subtype 1], [disease subtype 2], and [disease subtype 3].
   
==Pathophysiology==
==Pathophysiology==
*The pathogenesis of bronchocentric granulomatosis is characterized by necrotizing granulomatous inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles.
*The exact pathophysiology of Bronchocentric granulomatosis is not known.
*The [gene name] gene/Mutation in [gene name] has been associated with the development of [disease name], involving the [molecular pathway] pathway.
*On microscopic histopathological analysis, there is central necrotizing granulomatous inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles.<ref name="pmid1092235">{{cite journal| author=Katzenstein AL, Liebow AA, Friedman PJ| title=Bronchocentric granulomatosis, mucoid impaction, and hypersensitivity reactions to fungi. | journal=Am Rev Respir Dis | year= 1975 | volume= 111 | issue= 4 | pages= 497-537 | pmid=1092235 | doi=10.1164/arrd.1975.111.4.497 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1092235  }} </ref>
*On gross pathology, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].
*On microscopic histopathological analysis, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].
   
   
==Causes==
==Causes==
* [Disease name] may be caused by either [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].
* Bronchocentric granulomatosis can be idiopathic or caused by other diseases including asthma and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. <ref name="pmid7275101">{{cite journal| author=Koss MN, Robinson RG, Hochholzer L| title=Bronchocentric granulomatosis. | journal=Hum Pathol | year= 1981 | volume= 12 | issue= 7 | pages= 632-8 | pmid=7275101 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7275101  }} </ref>
* [Disease name] is caused by a mutation in the [gene1], [gene2], or [gene3] gene[s].
*A number of other diseases have been associated with Bronchocentric granulomatosis such as fungal infections, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and glomerulonphritis.<ref name="pmid20379817">{{cite journal| author=Bes C, Kılıçgün A, Talay F, Yılmaz F, Soy M| title=Bronchocentric granulomatosis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. | journal=Rheumatol Int | year= 2012 | volume= 32 | issue= 10 | pages= 3261-3 | pmid=20379817 | doi=10.1007/s00296-010-1495-1 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20379817  }} </ref><ref name="pmid3996076">{{cite journal| author=Warren J, Pitchenik AE, Saldana MJ| title=Bronchocentric granulomatosis with glomerulonephritis. | journal=Chest | year= 1985 | volume= 87 | issue= 6 | pages= 832-4 | pmid=3996076 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3996076  }} </ref><ref name="pmid6719378">{{cite journal| author=Rohatgi PK, Turrisi BC| title=Bronchocentric granulomatosis and ankylosing spondylitis. | journal=Thorax | year= 1984 | volume= 39 | issue= 4 | pages= 317-8 | pmid=6719378 | doi= | pmc=459793 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6719378  }} </ref><ref name="pmid7103261">{{cite journal| author=Den Hertog RW, Wagenaar SS, Wastermann CJ| title=Bronchocentric granulomatosis and pulmonary echinococcosis. | journal=Am Rev Respir Dis | year= 1982 | volume= 126 | issue= 2 | pages= 344-7 | pmid=7103261 | doi=10.1164/arrd.1982.126.2.344 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7103261  }} </ref>
* There are no established causes for [disease name].
   
   
==Differentiating [disease name] from other Diseases==
==Differentiating Bronchocentric granulomatosis from other Diseases==
*Bronchocentric granulomatosis must be differentiated from other diseases that cause fever, cough and chest pain, such as:
*Bronchocentric granulomatosis needs to be differentiated from other lung diseases that present with solitary or multiple nodules and consolidation.
:*Tuberculosis
*The differential diagnosis of Bronchocentric granulomatosis has to be made from other granulomatous lung diseases and can be divided into infectious and noninfectious diseases:
:*[Differential dx2]
*Some infectious causes include:
:*[Differential dx3]
:*Mycobacteria i.e. mycobacterium tuberculosis
:*Fungi i.e Histoplasma
:*Parasites i.e Dirofilaria
*A few noninfectious diseases include:  
:*Sarcoidosis
:*Hypersensitive pneumonitis
:*Aspiration pneumonia <ref name="pmid20441499">{{cite journal| author=Mukhopadhyay S, Gal AA| title=Granulomatous lung disease: an approach to the differential diagnosis. | journal=Arch Pathol Lab Med | year= 2010 | volume= 134 | issue= 5 | pages= 667-90 | pmid=20441499 | doi=10.1043/1543-2165-134.5.667 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20441499  }} </ref>
   
   
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
* The incidence and prevalence of Bronchocentric granulomatosis is not known.
*The incidence and prevalence of Bronchocentric granulomatosis is not known.
   
   
===Age===
===Age===
*Patients of all age groups may develop Bronchocentric granulomatosis.
*Patients of all age groups may develop Bronchocentric granulomatosis.  
 
*[Disease name] is more commonly observed among patients aged [age range] years old.
*Bronchocentric granulomatosis is more commonly observed among elderly patients.
===Gender===
===Gender===
*[Disease name] affects men and women equally.
*Bronchocentric granulomatosis affects men and women equally.
*[Gender 1] are more commonly affected with [disease name] than [gender 2].
* The [gender 1] to [Gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to 1.
   
   
===Race===
===Race===
*There is no racial predilection for [disease name].
*There is no racial predilection for Bronchocentric granulomatosis.
 
*[Disease name] usually affects individuals of the [race 1] race.
*[Race 2] individuals are less likely to develop [disease name].
==Risk Factors==
*Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] are [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
== Natural History, Complications and Prognosis==
*The majority of patients with [disease name] remain asymptomatic for [duration/years].
*Early clinical features include [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
*If left untreated, [#%] of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
*Common complications of [disease name] include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
*Prognosis is generally [excellent/good/poor], and the [1/5/10­year mortality/survival rate] of patients with [disease name] is approximately [#%].
== Diagnosis ==
== Diagnosis ==
===Diagnostic Criteria===
*The diagnosis of [disease name] is made when at least [number] of the following [number] diagnostic criteria are met:
:*[criterion 1]
:*[criterion 2]
:*[criterion 3]
:*[criterion 4]
=== Symptoms ===
=== Symptoms ===
*[Disease name] is usually asymptomatic.
*Bronchocentric granulomatosis usually presents with nonspecific symptoms. Symptoms can vary in individuals who have asthma and those who do not. Pulmonary symptoms such as cough, dyspnea and pleuritic chest pain are more common in asthmatic.
*Symptoms of [disease name] may include the following:
*Additional symptoms that the patient may present with can be due to the coexisting disease. For example: those with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis may present with symptoms such as fever, malaise and expectoration of brownish mucus plugs.<ref name="pmid24255794">{{cite journal| author=Li H, He J, Gu Y, Zhong N| title=Corticosteroid monotherapy in a case of bronchocentric granulomatosis with a two-year follow-up. | journal=J Thorac Dis | year= 2013 | volume= 5 | issue= 5 | pages= E207-9 | pmid=24255794 | doi=10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.10.13 | pmc=3815734 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24255794  }} </ref>
:*[symptom 1]
 
:*[symptom 2]
:*[symptom 3]
:*[symptom 4]
:*[symptom 5]
:*[symptom 6]
=== Physical Examination ===
*Patients with [disease name] usually appear [general appearance].
*Physical examination may be remarkable for:
:*[finding 1]
:*[finding 2]
:*[finding 3]
:*[finding 4]
:*[finding 5]
:*[finding 6]
=== Laboratory Findings ===
=== Laboratory Findings ===
*There are no specific laboratory findings associated with [disease name].
* The nonspecific laboratory tests that can favour the diagnosis of Bronchocentric granulomatosis include:
:*Complete and differential blood count - counts are typically raised in infective processes.
:*Total Serum IgE levels - (Around half of the cases of Bronchocentric granulomatosis are associated with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, hence, Serum IgE levels can be measured as a nonspecific test which may indicate a suspicion towards ABPA). <ref name="pmid891291">{{cite journal| author=Goodman DH, Sacca JD| title=Pulmonary cavitation, allergic aspergillosis, asthma and bronchocentric granulomatosis. | journal=Chest | year= 1977 | volume= 72 | issue= 3 | pages= 368-9 | pmid=891291 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=891291  }} </ref>
*Sputum cultures - to rule out mycobacterial and fungal infections
* Other investigations are conducted to rule out possible associated diseases. For example, if systemic rheumatic disease is suspected, tests such as rheumatoid factor, anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody are carried out.


*A  [positive/negative] [test name] is diagnostic of [disease name].
*An [elevated/reduced] concentration of [serum/blood/urinary/CSF/other] [lab test] is diagnostic of [disease name].
*Other laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of [disease name] include [abnormal test 1], [abnormal test 2], and [abnormal test 3].
===Imaging Findings===
===Imaging Findings===
*There are no [imaging study] findings associated with [disease name].
*Radiologically Bronchocentric granulomatosis is represented by nodules, which may be single or multiple, most commonly found near the upper lobes.<ref name="pmid7091883">{{cite journal| author=Robinson RG, Wehunt WD, Tsou E, Koss MN, Hochholzer L| title=Bronchocentric granulomatosis: roentgenographic manifestations. | journal=Am Rev Respir Dis | year= 1982 | volume= 125 | issue= 6 | pages= 751-6 | pmid=7091883 | doi=10.1164/arrd.1982.125.6.751 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7091883 }} </ref>
   
*CT is the imaging modality of choice for Bronchocentric granulomatosis.
*[Imaging study 1] is the imaging modality of choice for [disease name].
*On CT, Bronchocentric granulomatosis is characterized by focal mass or lobar consolidation with atelectasis.<ref name="pmid10767190">{{cite journal| author=Ward S, Heyneman LE, Flint JD, Leung AN, Kazerooni EA, Müller NL| title=Bronchocentric granulomatosis: computed tomographic findings in five patients. | journal=Clin Radiol | year= 2000 | volume= 55 | issue= 4 | pages= 296-300 | pmid=10767190 | doi=10.1053/crad.1999.0380 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10767190  }} </ref>
*On [imaging study 1], [disease name] is characterized by [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
 
*[Imaging study 2] may demonstrate [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
=== Other Diagnostic Studies ===
=== Other Diagnostic Studies ===
*[Disease name] may also be diagnosed using [diagnostic study name].
*Bronchocentric granulomatosis may also be diagnosed using open lung biopsy.
*Findings on [diagnostic study name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
:*Findings on open lung biopsy include necrotizing granulomatous inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles with presence of lymphocytes, macrophages and neutrophils.<ref name="SantosMello2003">{{cite journal|last1=Santos|first1=José Wellington Alves dos|last2=Mello|first2=Carlos Renato|last3=Michel|first3=Gustavo Trindade|last4=Figueiredo|first4=Claudius Wladimir Cornelius de|last5=Miletho|first5=Jader|last6=Zordan|first6=Alessandro|title=Granulomatose broncocêntrica idiopática em jovem não asmática|journal=Jornal de Pneumologia|volume=29|issue=6|year=2003|pages=391–394|issn=0102-3586|doi=10.1590/S0102-35862003000600012}}</ref>
   
*Histopathological picture usually reveals the destruction of the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles, and the replacement of these structures with granulomatous tissue. Necrotic debris is often seen in the lumens of the airway.<ref name="pmid4577269">{{cite journal| author=Liebow AA| title=The J. Burns Amberson lecture--pulmonary angiitis and granulomatosis. | journal=Am Rev Respir Dis | year= 1973 | volume= 108 | issue= 1 | pages= 1-18 | pmid=4577269 | doi=10.1164/arrd.1973.108.1.1 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4577269  }} </ref><ref name="pmid6351887">{{cite journal| author=Clee MD, Lamb D, Clark RA| title=Bronchocentric granulomatosis: a review and thoughts on pathogenesis. | journal=Br J Dis Chest | year= 1983 | volume= 77 | issue= 3 | pages= 227-34 | pmid=6351887 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6351887  }} </ref>
*It is important to note that the surrounding vessels are not affected. This differentiates it from other conditions which do effect the vessels as in the case of Wegener's granulomatosis. <ref name="pmid4577269">{{cite journal| author=Liebow AA| title=The J. Burns Amberson lecture--pulmonary angiitis and granulomatosis. | journal=Am Rev Respir Dis | year= 1973 | volume= 108 | issue= 1 | pages= 1-18 | pmid=4577269 | doi=10.1164/arrd.1973.108.1.1 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4577269 }} </ref><ref name="pmid1092235">{{cite journal| author=Katzenstein AL, Liebow AA, Friedman PJ| title=Bronchocentric granulomatosis, mucoid impaction, and hypersensitivity reactions to fungi. | journal=Am Rev Respir Dis | year= 1975 | volume= 111 | issue= 4 | pages= 497-537 | pmid=1092235 | doi=10.1164/arrd.1975.111.4.497 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1092235  }} </ref>
*Bronchoalveolar lavage can show underlying fungal, bacterial or neoplastic cells that may be present. <ref name="SantosMello2003">{{cite journal|last1=Santos|first1=José Wellington Alves dos|last2=Mello|first2=Carlos Renato|last3=Michel|first3=Gustavo Trindade|last4=Figueiredo|first4=Claudius Wladimir Cornelius de|last5=Miletho|first5=Jader|last6=Zordan|first6=Alessandro|title=Granulomatose broncocêntrica idiopática em jovem não asmática|journal=Jornal de Pneumologia|volume=29|issue=6|year=2003|pages=391–394|issn=0102-3586|doi=10.1590/S0102-35862003000600012}}</ref>
 
== Treatment ==
== Treatment ==
=== Medical Therapy ===
=== Medical Therapy ===
*There is no treatment for [disease name]; the mainstay of therapy is supportive care.
*The mainstay of therapy for Bronchocentric granulomatosis is corticosteroids.
*It has been observed in some individuals, that idiopathic Bronchocentric granulomatosis, may resolve spontaneously with out any medical therapy. <ref name="pmid1092235">{{cite journal| author=Katzenstein AL, Liebow AA, Friedman PJ| title=Bronchocentric granulomatosis, mucoid impaction, and hypersensitivity reactions to fungi. | journal=Am Rev Respir Dis | year= 1975 | volume= 111 | issue= 4 | pages= 497-537 | pmid=1092235 | doi=10.1164/arrd.1975.111.4.497 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1092235  }} </ref><ref name="pmid7275101">{{cite journal| author=Koss MN, Robinson RG, Hochholzer L| title=Bronchocentric granulomatosis. | journal=Hum Pathol | year= 1981 | volume= 12 | issue= 7 | pages= 632-8 | pmid=7275101 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7275101  }} </ref>
*The mainstay of therapy for [disease name] is [medical therapy 1] and [medical therapy 2].
*Any coexisting disease should be treated with their usual course of management i.e. an anti fungal agent should be given if there is an underlying fungal infection.<ref name="pmid7275101">{{cite journal| author=Koss MN, Robinson RG, Hochholzer L| title=Bronchocentric granulomatosis. | journal=Hum Pathol | year= 1981 | volume= 12 | issue= 7 | pages= 632-8 | pmid=7275101 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7275101 }} </ref><ref name="pmid6852779">{{cite journal| author=Jelihovsky T| title=The structure of bronchial plugs in mucoid impaction, bronchocentric granulomatosis and asthma. | journal=Histopathology | year= 1983 | volume= 7 | issue= 2 | pages= 153-67 | pmid=6852779 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6852779  }} </ref>
*[Medical therapy 1] acts by [mechanism of action 1].
*Lobectomy may be an option in some cases, in fear of bronchogenic carcinoma,  but it shows no added benefit to the medical therapy. <ref name="pmid1092235">{{cite journal| author=Katzenstein AL, Liebow AA, Friedman PJ| title=Bronchocentric granulomatosis, mucoid impaction, and hypersensitivity reactions to fungi. | journal=Am Rev Respir Dis | year= 1975 | volume= 111 | issue= 4 | pages= 497-537 | pmid=1092235 | doi=10.1164/arrd.1975.111.4.497 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1092235  }} </ref><ref name="pmid7275101">{{cite journal| author=Koss MN, Robinson RG, Hochholzer L| title=Bronchocentric granulomatosis. | journal=Hum Pathol | year= 1981 | volume= 12 | issue= 7 | pages= 632-8 | pmid=7275101 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7275101  }} </ref>
*Response to [medical therapy 1] can be monitored with [test/physical finding/imaging] every [frequency/duration].
   
=== Surgery ===
*Surgery is the mainstay of therapy for [disease name].
*[Surgical procedure] in conjunction with [chemotherapy/radiation] is the most common approach to the treatment of [disease name].
*[Surgical procedure] can only be performed for patients with [disease stage] [disease name].
   
   
=== Prevention ===
=== Prevention ===
*There are no primary preventive measures available for [disease name].
*There are no primary preventive measures available for Bronchocentric granulomatosis.
*Effective measures for the primary prevention of [disease name] include [measure1], [measure2], and [measure3].
 
*Once diagnosed and successfully treated, patients with [disease name] are followed-up every [duration]. Follow-up testing includes [test 1], [test 2], and [test 3].  


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 17:34, 19 January 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Nikhila Palle, M.B.B.S


Overview

Bronchocentric granulomatosis is not a disease per se but a histopathological finding of the bronchi and bronchioles that is believed to be a nonspecific response to airway injury. It is commonly seen in association with asthma and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, but can also be observed in non-asthmatics with no identifiable etiological agent.[1]

Historical Perspective

  • Bronchocentric granulomatosis was first discovered by Liebow, in 1973.[2]

Classification

  • There are two patterns observed in Bronchocentric granulomatosis, the more common pattern is observed in young men with asthma and less common pattern is seen in older patients who are non-asthmatic. [1]

Pathophysiology

  • The exact pathophysiology of Bronchocentric granulomatosis is not known.
  • On microscopic histopathological analysis, there is central necrotizing granulomatous inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles.[1]

Causes

  • Bronchocentric granulomatosis can be idiopathic or caused by other diseases including asthma and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. [3]
  • A number of other diseases have been associated with Bronchocentric granulomatosis such as fungal infections, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and glomerulonphritis.[4][5][6][7]

Differentiating Bronchocentric granulomatosis from other Diseases

  • Bronchocentric granulomatosis needs to be differentiated from other lung diseases that present with solitary or multiple nodules and consolidation.
  • The differential diagnosis of Bronchocentric granulomatosis has to be made from other granulomatous lung diseases and can be divided into infectious and noninfectious diseases:
  • Some infectious causes include:
  • Mycobacteria i.e. mycobacterium tuberculosis
  • Fungi i.e Histoplasma
  • Parasites i.e Dirofilaria
  • A few noninfectious diseases include:
  • Sarcoidosis
  • Hypersensitive pneumonitis
  • Aspiration pneumonia [8]

Epidemiology and Demographics

  • The incidence and prevalence of Bronchocentric granulomatosis is not known.

Age

  • Patients of all age groups may develop Bronchocentric granulomatosis.

Gender

  • Bronchocentric granulomatosis affects men and women equally.

Race

  • There is no racial predilection for Bronchocentric granulomatosis.

Diagnosis

Symptoms

  • Bronchocentric granulomatosis usually presents with nonspecific symptoms. Symptoms can vary in individuals who have asthma and those who do not. Pulmonary symptoms such as cough, dyspnea and pleuritic chest pain are more common in asthmatic.
  • Additional symptoms that the patient may present with can be due to the coexisting disease. For example: those with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis may present with symptoms such as fever, malaise and expectoration of brownish mucus plugs.[9]

Laboratory Findings

  • The nonspecific laboratory tests that can favour the diagnosis of Bronchocentric granulomatosis include:
  • Complete and differential blood count - counts are typically raised in infective processes.
  • Total Serum IgE levels - (Around half of the cases of Bronchocentric granulomatosis are associated with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, hence, Serum IgE levels can be measured as a nonspecific test which may indicate a suspicion towards ABPA). [10]
  • Sputum cultures - to rule out mycobacterial and fungal infections
  • Other investigations are conducted to rule out possible associated diseases. For example, if systemic rheumatic disease is suspected, tests such as rheumatoid factor, anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody are carried out.

Imaging Findings

  • Radiologically Bronchocentric granulomatosis is represented by nodules, which may be single or multiple, most commonly found near the upper lobes.[11]
  • CT is the imaging modality of choice for Bronchocentric granulomatosis.
  • On CT, Bronchocentric granulomatosis is characterized by focal mass or lobar consolidation with atelectasis.[12]

Other Diagnostic Studies

  • Bronchocentric granulomatosis may also be diagnosed using open lung biopsy.
  • Findings on open lung biopsy include necrotizing granulomatous inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles with presence of lymphocytes, macrophages and neutrophils.[13]
  • Histopathological picture usually reveals the destruction of the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles, and the replacement of these structures with granulomatous tissue. Necrotic debris is often seen in the lumens of the airway.[2][14]
  • It is important to note that the surrounding vessels are not affected. This differentiates it from other conditions which do effect the vessels as in the case of Wegener's granulomatosis. [2][1]
  • Bronchoalveolar lavage can show underlying fungal, bacterial or neoplastic cells that may be present. [13]

Treatment

Medical Therapy

  • The mainstay of therapy for Bronchocentric granulomatosis is corticosteroids.
  • It has been observed in some individuals, that idiopathic Bronchocentric granulomatosis, may resolve spontaneously with out any medical therapy. [1][3]
  • Any coexisting disease should be treated with their usual course of management i.e. an anti fungal agent should be given if there is an underlying fungal infection.[3][15]
  • Lobectomy may be an option in some cases, in fear of bronchogenic carcinoma, but it shows no added benefit to the medical therapy. [1][3]

Prevention

  • There are no primary preventive measures available for Bronchocentric granulomatosis.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Katzenstein AL, Liebow AA, Friedman PJ (1975). "Bronchocentric granulomatosis, mucoid impaction, and hypersensitivity reactions to fungi". Am Rev Respir Dis. 111 (4): 497–537. doi:10.1164/arrd.1975.111.4.497. PMID 1092235.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Liebow AA (1973). "The J. Burns Amberson lecture--pulmonary angiitis and granulomatosis". Am Rev Respir Dis. 108 (1): 1–18. doi:10.1164/arrd.1973.108.1.1. PMID 4577269.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Koss MN, Robinson RG, Hochholzer L (1981). "Bronchocentric granulomatosis". Hum Pathol. 12 (7): 632–8. PMID 7275101.
  4. ↑ Bes C, Kılıçgün A, Talay F, Yılmaz F, Soy M (2012). "Bronchocentric granulomatosis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis". Rheumatol Int. 32 (10): 3261–3. doi:10.1007/s00296-010-1495-1. PMID 20379817.
  5. ↑ Warren J, Pitchenik AE, Saldana MJ (1985). "Bronchocentric granulomatosis with glomerulonephritis". Chest. 87 (6): 832–4. PMID 3996076.
  6. ↑ Rohatgi PK, Turrisi BC (1984). "Bronchocentric granulomatosis and ankylosing spondylitis". Thorax. 39 (4): 317–8. PMC 459793. PMID 6719378.
  7. ↑ Den Hertog RW, Wagenaar SS, Wastermann CJ (1982). "Bronchocentric granulomatosis and pulmonary echinococcosis". Am Rev Respir Dis. 126 (2): 344–7. doi:10.1164/arrd.1982.126.2.344. PMID 7103261.
  8. ↑ Mukhopadhyay S, Gal AA (2010). "Granulomatous lung disease: an approach to the differential diagnosis". Arch Pathol Lab Med. 134 (5): 667–90. doi:10.1043/1543-2165-134.5.667. PMID 20441499.
  9. ↑ Li H, He J, Gu Y, Zhong N (2013). "Corticosteroid monotherapy in a case of bronchocentric granulomatosis with a two-year follow-up". J Thorac Dis. 5 (5): E207–9. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.10.13. PMC 3815734. PMID 24255794.
  10. ↑ Goodman DH, Sacca JD (1977). "Pulmonary cavitation, allergic aspergillosis, asthma and bronchocentric granulomatosis". Chest. 72 (3): 368–9. PMID 891291.
  11. ↑ Robinson RG, Wehunt WD, Tsou E, Koss MN, Hochholzer L (1982). "Bronchocentric granulomatosis: roentgenographic manifestations". Am Rev Respir Dis. 125 (6): 751–6. doi:10.1164/arrd.1982.125.6.751. PMID 7091883.
  12. ↑ Ward S, Heyneman LE, Flint JD, Leung AN, Kazerooni EA, Müller NL (2000). "Bronchocentric granulomatosis: computed tomographic findings in five patients". Clin Radiol. 55 (4): 296–300. doi:10.1053/crad.1999.0380. PMID 10767190.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Santos, José Wellington Alves dos; Mello, Carlos Renato; Michel, Gustavo Trindade; Figueiredo, Claudius Wladimir Cornelius de; Miletho, Jader; Zordan, Alessandro (2003). "Granulomatose broncocêntrica idiopática em jovem não asmática". Jornal de Pneumologia. 29 (6): 391–394. doi:10.1590/S0102-35862003000600012. ISSN 0102-3586.
  14. ↑ Clee MD, Lamb D, Clark RA (1983). "Bronchocentric granulomatosis: a review and thoughts on pathogenesis". Br J Dis Chest. 77 (3): 227–34. PMID 6351887.
  15. ↑ Jelihovsky T (1983). "The structure of bronchial plugs in mucoid impaction, bronchocentric granulomatosis and asthma". Histopathology. 7 (2): 153–67. PMID 6852779.
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