Stomach cancer primary prevention: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
No edit summary
No edit summary
 
(8 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 5: Line 5:


==Overview==
==Overview==
Effective measures for the [[primary prevention]] of stomach cancer include [[smoking cessation]], eradication of ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' infection, and having a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables. In areas of low gastric cancer [[incidence]], [[Screening (medicine)|screening]] for gastric cancer with [[upper endoscopy]] should be reserved for specific high-risk subgroups. Individuals at increased risk for gastric cancer include; gastric [[adenomas]], [[pernicious anemia]], gastric [[intestinal]] [[metaplasia]], [[familial adenomatous polyposis]], [[Lynch syndrome]], [[Peutz-Jeghers syndrome]], [[Juvenile polyposis syndrome]].  
Effective measures for the [[primary prevention]] of [[stomach cancer]] include [[smoking cessation]], eradication of ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' [[infection]], and having a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables. In areas of low [[gastric cancer]], [[incidence]] and [[Screening (medicine)|screening]] for [[gastric cancer]] with [[upper endoscopy]] should be reserved for specific high-risk subgroups. Individuals at increased risk for [[gastric cancer]] include [[gastric]] [[adenomas]], [[pernicious anemia]], gastric [[intestinal]] [[metaplasia]], [[familial adenomatous polyposis]], [[Lynch syndrome]], [[Peutz-Jeghers syndrome]], [[Juvenile polyposis syndrome]].  


==Primary prevention==
==Primary prevention==


=== Lifestyle modifications ===
=== Lifestyle modifications ===
* [[Dietary]] modification is an important approach to control gastric cancer. There is a link between [[physical inactivity]] and [[obesity]] to many types of [[cancer]].  
Lifestyle modifications include following:<ref name="pmid25505712">{{cite journal |vauthors=Park JY, von Karsa L, Herrero R |title=Prevention strategies for gastric cancer: a global perspective |journal=Clin Endosc |volume=47 |issue=6 |pages=478–89 |date=November 2014 |pmid=25505712 |pmc=4260094 |doi=10.5946/ce.2014.47.6.478 |url=}}</ref>
* [[Dietary]] modification is an important approach to control [[gastric cancer]]. There is a link between [[physical inactivity]] and [[obesity]] to many types of [[cancer]].  
* [[Diet (nutrition)|Diet]] with low consumption of red meat, high in fruits and vegetables may have a protective effect against many [[cancers]].  
* [[Diet (nutrition)|Diet]] with low consumption of red meat, high in fruits and vegetables may have a protective effect against many [[cancers]].  
* The World Health Assembly adopted the WHO Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity, and Health, in May 2004 to reduce deaths and diseases.
* The World Health Assembly adopted the WHO Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity, and Health, in May 2004 to reduce deaths and [[diseases]].


=== H.pylori eradication ===
=== H.pylori eradication ===
*The [[incidence]] of metachronous gastric cancer following the [[Endoscopy|endoscopic resection]] of a gastric neoplasm is known to be reduced by the eradication of [[Helicobacter pylori|H. pylori]] [[infection]].  
*The [[incidence]] of metachronous [[gastric cancer]] following the [[Endoscopy|endoscopic resection]] of a gastric neoplasm is known to be reduced by the eradication of [[Helicobacter pylori|H. pylori]] [[infection]]. <ref name="pmid25505712">{{cite journal |vauthors=Park JY, von Karsa L, Herrero R |title=Prevention strategies for gastric cancer: a global perspective |journal=Clin Endosc |volume=47 |issue=6 |pages=478–89 |date=November 2014 |pmid=25505712 |pmc=4260094 |doi=10.5946/ce.2014.47.6.478 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27405145">{{cite journal |vauthors=García Martín R, Matía Cubillo Á |title=[INFLUENCE OF DIET IN PRIMARY PREVENTION OF GASTRIC CANCER, IN PATIENTS INFECTED WITH HELICOBACTER PYLORI] |language=Spanish; Castilian |journal=Rev Enferm |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=33–8 |date=May 2016 |pmid=27405145 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


'''Recommended first-line therapies for H pylori infection''':
== Prevention Through Screening ==
{| class="wikitable"
* In countries with a high incidence of [[gastric cancer]] such as east Asia countries, universal [[Screening (medicine)|screening]] is recommended
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Regimen
* Japan has a high [[incidence]] of [[gastric cancer]]; therefore annual [[Screening (medicine)|screening]] via double contrast [[Barium follow-through|barium radiography]] and photofluorography every year or [[upper endoscopy]] every two to three years <ref name="pmid16232204">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ohata H, Oka M, Yanaoka K, Shimizu Y, Mukoubayashi C, Mugitani K, Iwane M, Nakamura H, Tamai H, Arii K, Nakata H, Yoshimura N, Takeshita T, Miki K, Mohara O, Ichinose M |title=Gastric cancer screening of a high-risk population in Japan using serum pepsinogen and barium digital radiography |journal=Cancer Sci. |volume=96 |issue=10 |pages=713–20 |date=October 2005 |pmid=16232204 |doi=10.1111/j.1349-7006.2005.00098.x |url=}}</ref>
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Drug dose
* [[Screening (medicine)|Screening]] interval is recommended to be every two years but may be extended to a three-year interval without significant difference in effect<ref name="pmid16232204">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ohata H, Oka M, Yanaoka K, Shimizu Y, Mukoubayashi C, Mugitani K, Iwane M, Nakamura H, Tamai H, Arii K, Nakata H, Yoshimura N, Takeshita T, Miki K, Mohara O, Ichinose M |title=Gastric cancer screening of a high-risk population in Japan using serum pepsinogen and barium digital radiography |journal=Cancer Sci. |volume=96 |issue=10 |pages=713–20 |date=October 2005 |pmid=16232204 |doi=10.1111/j.1349-7006.2005.00098.x |url=}}</ref>
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Dosing frequency
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Duration(days)
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |FDA approval
|-
|[[Clarithromycin]] triple
|[[Proton pump inhibitor|PPI]] (standard or double dose)
[[Clarithromycin]] (500mg)


[[Amoxicillin]] (1gm) or [[Metronidazole (injection)|Metronidazole (]]500mg TID)
== Prevention of Hereditary Cancer ==
|BID
|14 days
|YES<sup>'''†'''</sup>
|-
|[[Bismuth]] Quadruple
|[[Proton pump inhibitor|PPI]] (standard dose)
[[Bismuth|Bismuth subcitrate]] (120-300mg)or Subsalicylate (300mg)
 
[[Tetracycline|Tetracyclin]] (500mg)
 
[[Metronidazole]] (250-500mg)
|BID
QID
 
QID
 
TID to QID (500mg)
|10-14 days
|NO<sup>'''‡'''</sup>
|-
|[[Concomitant drugs|Concomitant]]
|[[Proton pump inhibitor|PPI]] (standard dose)
[[Clarithromycin]] (500mg)
 
[[Amoxicillin]] (1gm)
 
[[Nitroimidazole]] (500mg)<sup>c</sup>
|BID
|10 -14 days
|NO
|-
|Sequential
|[[Proton pump inhibitor|PPI]] (standard dose) + [[Amoxicillin]] (1gm)
[[Proton pump inhibitor|PPI]], [[Clarithromycin]] (500mg) + [[Nitroimidazole]] (500mg)
|BID
 
BID
|5-7 days
 
5-7 days
|NO
|-
|Hybrid
|[[Proton pump inhibitor|PPI]] (standard) + [[Amoxicillin]] (1gm)
PPI, [[Amoxicillin]], [[Clarithromycin]] (500mg), [[Nitroimidazole]] (500mg)
|BID
BID
|7 days
7 days
|NO
|-
|[[Levofloxacin]] triple
|[[Proton pump inhibitor|PPI]] (standard dose)
[[Levofloxacin]] (500mg)
 
[[Amoxicillin]] (1gm)
|BID
QID
 
BID
 
|10-14 days
|NO
|-
|[[Levofloxacin]] sequential
|[[Proton pump inhibitor|PPI]] (standard or double dose) + [[Amoxicillin]] (1 gm)
[[Proton pump inhibitor|PPI]], [[Amoxicillin]], [[Levofloxacin]] (500mg QD), [[Nitroimidazole]] (500mg)
|BID
BID
|5-7 days
|NO
|-
|LOAD
|[[Levofloxacin]] (250mg)
[[Proton pump inhibitor|PPI]] (double dose)
 
[[Nitazoxanide]] (500mg)<sup>c</sup>
 
[[Doxycycline]] (100mg)
|QD
QD
 
BID
 
QD
|7-10 days
|NO
|-
|
| colspan="4" |'''†''': Several PPI, [[Clarithromycin]], and [[Amoxicillin]] combinations have achieved FDA approval, [[Proton pump inhibitor|PPI]], [[Clarithromycin]], [[Metronidazole]] are not an FDA approved treatment regimen.
'''‡:''' PPI, [[Bismuth]], [[Tetracycline]], and [[metronidazole]] prescribed separately are not an FDA approved treatment regimen.
*BID, twice daily; FDA, Food and Drug Administration; PPI, proton pump inhibitor; TID, three times daily; QD, once daily; QID, four times daily.
c: Metronidazole or Tinidazole<ref name="urlwww.nature.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.nature.com/ajg/journal/v112/n2/pdf/ajg2016563a.pdf |title=www.nature.com |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
|}
 
After the failure of first-line therapy, such patients should be considered for referral for salvage treatment.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="5" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Salvage therapies for Helicobacter pylori infection
|-
|'''Regimen'''
|'''Drugs(doses)'''
|'''Dosing frequency'''
|'''Duration(days)'''
|'''FDA approval'''
|-
|[[Bismuth]] quadruple
|
* [[Proton pump inhibitor|PPI]] (standard dose)
* [[Bismuth]] 120-300mg or [[Salicylic acid|salicylate]] 300mg
* [[Tetracycline]] 500mg
* [[Metronidazole]] 500mg  
|BID
 
QID
 
QID
 
TID or QID
|14
|NO
|-
|[[Levofloxacin]] triple
|
* [[Proton pump inhibitor|PPI]] (standard dose)
* [[Levofloxacin]] 500mg
* [[Amoxicillin]] 1gm
|BID
 
QD
 
BID
|14
|NO
|-
|Concomitant
|
* [[Proton pump inhibitor|PPI]] (standard dose)
* [[Clarithromycin]] 500mg
* [[Amoxicillin]] 1gm
* [[Nitroimidazole]] 500mg
|BID
 
BID
 
BID
 
BID or TID
|10-14
|NO
|-
|[[Rifabutin]] triple
|
* [[Proton pump inhibitor|PPI]] (standard dose)
* [[Rifabutin]] 300mg
* [[Amoxicillin]] 1gm
|BID
 
QD
 
BID
|10
|NO
|-
|High-dose dual
|
* [[Proton pump inhibitor|PPI]] (standard to double dose)
* [[Amoxicillin]] 1gm TID or 750mg QID
|TID or QID
 
TID or QID
|14
|NO
|}
*Whenever [[Helicobacter pylori|H. pylori]] infection is identified and treated, testing to prove eradication should be performed using:
*A [[urea breath test]]
*[[Fecal test|Fecal antigen test]]
*Biopsy-based testing at least 4 weeks after the completion of [[antibiotic]] therapy and after [[Proton pump inhibitor|PPI]] therapy has been withheld for 1–2 weeks.
 
== Screening ==
In countries with a high incidence of gastric cancer such as east Asia countries, universal screening is recommended. [17-19]
 
In Japan, population-based screening for gastric cancer is recommended for individuals older than 50 years with conventional double-contrast barium radiograph with photofluorography every year or upper endoscopy every two to three years [20,33,34].
 
Screening interval is recommended to be every two years but may be widened to a three-year rather than a two-year interval without significant effect [38-40].  
 
== Hereditary cancer prevention ==
 
=== '''Screening''' ===
In areas of low gastric cancer incidence, screening for gastric cancer with upper endoscopy should be reserved for specific high-risk subgroups
 
Individuals at increased risk for gastric cancer include those with the following:
* Gastric [[adenomas]]
* [[Pernicious anemia]]
* Gastric intestinal [[metaplasia]]
* [[Familial adenomatous polyposis]]
* [[Lynch syndrome]]
* [[Peutz-Jeghers syndrome]]
* [[Juvenile polyposis syndrome]]


=== Prevention ===
=== Prevention ===
*  Asymptomatic patients with a family history of HDGC and ''CDH1'' mutations have a high probability of developing signet ring cell adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Prophylactic total gastrectomy is recommended for patients with family history of HDGC and ''CDH1'' mutations.<ref name="pmid10433926">{{cite journal| author=Keller G, Vogelsang H, Becker I, Hutter J, Ott K, Candidus S et al.| title=Diffuse type gastric and lobular breast carcinoma in a familial gastric cancer patient with an E-cadherin germline mutation. | journal=Am J Pathol | year= 1999 | volume= 155 | issue= 2 | pages= 337-42 | pmid=10433926 | doi=10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65129-2 | pmc=1866861 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10433926  }}</ref>
*  [[Asymptomatic]] patients with a [[family history]] of HDGC and ''CDH1'' [[mutations]] have a high probability of developing [[Signet ring cell carcinoma|signet ring cell adenocarcinoma]] of the [[stomach]]. [[Prophylactic]] total [[gastrectomy]] is recommended for patients with [[family history]] of HDGC and ''CDH1'' [[mutations]].<ref name="pmid10433926">{{cite journal| author=Keller G, Vogelsang H, Becker I, Hutter J, Ott K, Candidus S et al.| title=Diffuse type gastric and lobular breast carcinoma in a familial gastric cancer patient with an E-cadherin germline mutation. | journal=Am J Pathol | year= 1999 | volume= 155 | issue= 2 | pages= 337-42 | pmid=10433926 | doi=10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65129-2 | pmc=1866861 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10433926  }}</ref><ref name="pmid10886930">{{cite journal |vauthors=Abreu Ed |title=[Primary prevention and detection of gastric cancer] |language=Portuguese |journal=Cad Saude Publica |volume=13 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=105–108 |date=1997 |pmid=10886930 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 
* For patients with a ''CDH1'' mutation but who are not from an HDGC family, we recommend individualized evaluation at an experienced center before prophylactic total gastrectomy is offered.<ref name="pmid11729114">{{cite journal| author=Pharoah PD, Guilford P, Caldas C, International Gastric Cancer Linkage Consortium| title=Incidence of gastric cancer and breast cancer in CDH1 (E-cadherin) mutation carriers from hereditary diffuse gastric cancer families. | journal=Gastroenterology | year= 2001 | volume= 121 | issue= 6 | pages= 1348-53 | pmid=11729114 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11729114  }}</ref>
 
* Prophylactic gastrectomy is often advised between age 20 and 30.
* Some suggest timing total gastrectomy in ''CDH1'' mutation carriers at an age that is five years younger than the youngest family member who developed gastric cancer.<ref name="pmid17522512">{{cite journal| author=Norton JA, Ham CM, Van Dam J, Jeffrey RB, Longacre TA, Huntsman DG et al.| title=CDH1 truncating mutations in the E-cadherin gene: an indication for total gastrectomy to treat hereditary diffuse gastric cancer. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 2007 | volume= 245 | issue= 6 | pages= 873-9 | pmid=17522512 | doi=10.1097/01.sla.0000254370.29893.e4 | pmc=1876967 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17522512  }}</ref>
* Older patients are less likely to benefit from a prophylactic gastrectomy than younger patients because of a shorter life-expectancy and a higher perioperative risk.
 
* patients who are older than 75 years should not undergo such a procedure, as their mortality from the procedure outweighs their mortality from gastric cancer.
* Decisions should be individualized based upon their comorbidities and the age of gastric cancer onset in their respective kindred.<ref name="pmid11443625">{{cite journal| author=Chun YS, Lindor NM, Smyrk TC, Petersen BT, Burgart LJ, Guilford PJ et al.| title=Germline E-cadherin gene mutations: is prophylactic total gastrectomy indicated? | journal=Cancer | year= 2001 | volume= 92 | issue= 1 | pages= 181-7 | pmid=11443625 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11443625  }}</ref>
 
== Gatric polyps ==
* [[Polypectomy]] should be performed for all known neoplastic polyps and for all polyps ≥1 cm in diameter, as biopsies alone cannot exclude foci of high-grade dysplasia or early gastric cancer.
* In patients with multiple polyps, the largest polyp should be excised and representative biopsies obtained from the remaining polyps.
 
* [[Fundic gland polyposis|Fundic gland polyps]] are associated with a low risk of progression to cancer.
* Small proximal gastric polyps should be biopsied in patients with [[FAP]] to confirm their histology.
* Large or irregular appearing [[polyps]] should be biopsied or resected completely to assess for [[dysplasia]].
* Low-grade [[dysplasia]] is common in [[Fundic gland polyposis|fundic gland polyps]], but surgery should be reserved for high-grade [[dysplasia]] or [[cancer]].
* [[Antrum|Antral]] polyps are usually [[adenomas]] and should be completely resected [[Endoscopy|endoscopically]] if possible. 
 
=== Hyperplastic polyps ===
* [[Hyperplastic polyp|Hyperplastic polyps]] occur in association with ''[[H. pylori]]-''related [[atrophic gastritis]]. 
* Surveillance with [[upper endoscopy]] should be performed based on the risk factors for gastric cancer one year after initial resection of [[Familial adenomatous polyposis|adenomatous gastric polyps]].
* In individuals at high risk for gastric cancer, surveillance is continued long life.


== Juvenile polyposis syndrome ==
* For patients with a ''CDH1'' [[mutation]] but who are not from an HDGC family, individualized evaluation at an experienced center before [[prophylactic]] total [[gastrectomy]] is recomended.<ref name="pmid11729114">{{cite journal| author=Pharoah PD, Guilford P, Caldas C, International Gastric Cancer Linkage Consortium| title=Incidence of gastric cancer and breast cancer in CDH1 (E-cadherin) mutation carriers from hereditary diffuse gastric cancer families. | journal=Gastroenterology | year= 2001 | volume= 121 | issue= 6 | pages= 1348-53 | pmid=11729114 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11729114  }}</ref>
* Screening the upper gastrointestinal tract with [[upper endoscopy]] starting at the age of 12 years.
* If [[Polyp|polyps]] are detected, [[upper endoscopy]] should be repeated annually.  
* In the absence of [[upper gastrointestinal tract]] [[polyps]], [[upper endoscopy]] can be performed every two to three years.  


== Lynch syndrome ==
* [[Prophylactic]] [[gastrectomy]] is often advised between age 20 and 30.
* Individuals with a [[germline mutation]] in the [[DNA mismatch repair]] MMR or ''EPCAM'' genes have a definitive diagnosis of [[Lynch syndrome]] and should undergo [[Screening (medicine)|screening]] for Lynch syndrome associated cancers.
* Some suggest timing total [[gastrectomy]] in ''CDH1'' [[mutation]] carriers at an age that is five years younger than the youngest family member who developed [[gastric cancer]].<ref name="pmid17522512">{{cite journal| author=Norton JA, Ham CM, Van Dam J, Jeffrey RB, Longacre TA, Huntsman DG et al.| title=CDH1 truncating mutations in the E-cadherin gene: an indication for total gastrectomy to treat hereditary diffuse gastric cancer. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 2007 | volume= 245 | issue= 6 | pages= 873-9 | pmid=17522512 | doi=10.1097/01.sla.0000254370.29893.e4 | pmc=1876967 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17522512  }}</ref>
* Extent of [[Screening (medicine)|screening]] in these individuals can be individualized based on their personal and family cancer history and evidence of [[microsatellite instability]] on tumor testing.
* Older [[patients]] are less likely to benefit from a [[prophylactic]] [[gastrectomy]] than younger patients because of a shorter life-expectancy and a higher perioperative risk.<ref name="pmid10886930">{{cite journal |vauthors=Abreu Ed |title=[Primary prevention and detection of gastric cancer] |language=Portuguese |journal=Cad Saude Publica |volume=13 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=105–108 |date=1997 |pmid=10886930 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* Individuals at risk for [[Lynch syndrome]] include:
* Individuals in families meeting Amsterdam I or II criteria or revised Bethesda guidelines


* [[Endometrial cancer]] prior to age 50 years
* [[Patients]] who are older than 75 years should not undergo such a [[procedure]], as their mortality from the [[procedure]] outweighs their [[mortality]] from [[gastric cancer]].
* First-degree relative of those with known MMR/''EPCAM'' [[gene mutation]]
* Decisions should be individualized based upon their [[comorbidities]] and the age of [[gastric cancer]] onset in their respective kindred.<ref name="pmid11443625">{{cite journal| author=Chun YS, Lindor NM, Smyrk TC, Petersen BT, Burgart LJ, Guilford PJ et al.| title=Germline E-cadherin gene mutations: is prophylactic total gastrectomy indicated? | journal=Cancer | year= 2001 | volume= 92 | issue= 1 | pages= 181-7 | pmid=11443625 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11443625  }}</ref>
* Individuals with >5 percent chance of an MMR gene mutation


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 20:12, 25 January 2019


Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Parminder Dhingra, M.D. [2] Mohammed Abdelwahed M.D[3]

Stomach cancer Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Stomach Cancer from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic study of choice

Staging

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Endoscopy and Biopsy

Chest X Ray

CT

MRI

Echocardiography or Ultrasound

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Stomach cancer primary prevention On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Stomach cancer primary prevention

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Stomach cancer primary prevention

CDC on Stomach cancer primary prevention

Stomach cancer primary prevention in the news

Blogs on Stomach cancer primary prevention

Directions to Hospitals Treating Stomach cancer

Risk calculators and risk factors for Stomach cancer primary prevention

Overview

Effective measures for the primary prevention of stomach cancer include smoking cessation, eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection, and having a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables. In areas of low gastric cancer, incidence and screening for gastric cancer with upper endoscopy should be reserved for specific high-risk subgroups. Individuals at increased risk for gastric cancer include gastric adenomas, pernicious anemia, gastric intestinal metaplasia, familial adenomatous polyposis, Lynch syndrome, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, Juvenile polyposis syndrome.

Primary prevention

Lifestyle modifications

Lifestyle modifications include following:[1]

  • Dietary modification is an important approach to control gastric cancer. There is a link between physical inactivity and obesity to many types of cancer.
  • Diet with low consumption of red meat, high in fruits and vegetables may have a protective effect against many cancers.
  • The World Health Assembly adopted the WHO Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity, and Health, in May 2004 to reduce deaths and diseases.

H.pylori eradication

Prevention Through Screening

Prevention of Hereditary Cancer

Prevention

  • For patients with a CDH1 mutation but who are not from an HDGC family, individualized evaluation at an experienced center before prophylactic total gastrectomy is recomended.[6]

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Park JY, von Karsa L, Herrero R (November 2014). "Prevention strategies for gastric cancer: a global perspective". Clin Endosc. 47 (6): 478–89. doi:10.5946/ce.2014.47.6.478. PMC 4260094. PMID 25505712.
  2. García Martín R, Matía Cubillo Á (May 2016). "[INFLUENCE OF DIET IN PRIMARY PREVENTION OF GASTRIC CANCER, IN PATIENTS INFECTED WITH HELICOBACTER PYLORI]". Rev Enferm (in Spanish; Castilian). 39 (5): 33–8. PMID 27405145.
  3. 3.0 3.1 Ohata H, Oka M, Yanaoka K, Shimizu Y, Mukoubayashi C, Mugitani K, Iwane M, Nakamura H, Tamai H, Arii K, Nakata H, Yoshimura N, Takeshita T, Miki K, Mohara O, Ichinose M (October 2005). "Gastric cancer screening of a high-risk population in Japan using serum pepsinogen and barium digital radiography". Cancer Sci. 96 (10): 713–20. doi:10.1111/j.1349-7006.2005.00098.x. PMID 16232204.
  4. Keller G, Vogelsang H, Becker I, Hutter J, Ott K, Candidus S; et al. (1999). "Diffuse type gastric and lobular breast carcinoma in a familial gastric cancer patient with an E-cadherin germline mutation". Am J Pathol. 155 (2): 337–42. doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65129-2. PMC 1866861. PMID 10433926.
  5. 5.0 5.1 Abreu E (1997). "[Primary prevention and detection of gastric cancer]". Cad Saude Publica (in Portuguese). 13 Suppl 1: 105–108. PMID 10886930. Vancouver style error: initials (help)
  6. Pharoah PD, Guilford P, Caldas C, International Gastric Cancer Linkage Consortium (2001). "Incidence of gastric cancer and breast cancer in CDH1 (E-cadherin) mutation carriers from hereditary diffuse gastric cancer families". Gastroenterology. 121 (6): 1348–53. PMID 11729114.
  7. Norton JA, Ham CM, Van Dam J, Jeffrey RB, Longacre TA, Huntsman DG; et al. (2007). "CDH1 truncating mutations in the E-cadherin gene: an indication for total gastrectomy to treat hereditary diffuse gastric cancer". Ann Surg. 245 (6): 873–9. doi:10.1097/01.sla.0000254370.29893.e4. PMC 1876967. PMID 17522512.
  8. Chun YS, Lindor NM, Smyrk TC, Petersen BT, Burgart LJ, Guilford PJ; et al. (2001). "Germline E-cadherin gene mutations: is prophylactic total gastrectomy indicated?". Cancer. 92 (1): 181–7. PMID 11443625.

Template:WH Template:WS