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==Causes== | ==Causes== | ||
Non-small cell lung cancer is caused by DNA mutations as a result of exposure to environmental [[Non small cell lung cancer risk factors|risk factors]].<ref name="NSCL">National Cancer Institute: PDQ® Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Date last modified January 22. http://www.cancer.gov/types/lung/hp/non-small-cell-lung-treatment-pdq. Accessed February 23, 2015</ref> | Non-small cell lung cancer is caused by [[DNA mutations]] as a result of exposure to environmental [[Non small cell lung cancer risk factors|risk factors]].<ref name="NSCL">National Cancer Institute: PDQ® Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Date last modified January 22. http://www.cancer.gov/types/lung/hp/non-small-cell-lung-treatment-pdq. Accessed February 23, 2015</ref> | ||
*Genes involved in the pathogenesis of non small cell cancer of the lung include:<ref>{{cite book | last = Stewart | first = Bernard | title = World cancer report 2014 | publisher = International Agency for Research on Cancer,Distributed by WHO Press, World Health Organization | location = Lyon, France Geneva, Switzerland | year = 2014 | isbn = 9283204298 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Stewart | first = Bernard | title = World cancer report 2014 | publisher = International Agency for Research on Cancer,Distributed by WHO Press, World Health Organization | location = Lyon, France Geneva, Switzerland | year = 2014 | isbn = 9283204298 }}</ref> | *Genes involved in the pathogenesis of non small cell cancer of the lung include:<ref>{{cite book | last = Stewart | first = Bernard | title = World cancer report 2014 | publisher = International Agency for Research on Cancer,Distributed by WHO Press, World Health Organization | location = Lyon, France Geneva, Switzerland | year = 2014 | isbn = 9283204298 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Stewart | first = Bernard | title = World cancer report 2014 | publisher = International Agency for Research on Cancer,Distributed by WHO Press, World Health Organization | location = Lyon, France Geneva, Switzerland | year = 2014 | isbn = 9283204298 }}</ref><ref name="pmid20139701">{{cite journal |vauthors=Varella-Garcia M |title=Chromosomal and genomic changes in lung cancer |journal=Cell Adh Migr |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=100–6 |date=2010 |pmid=20139701 |pmc=2852566 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
**[[epidermal growth factor receptor|Activation of EGFR (7p11)]] | **[[epidermal growth factor receptor|Activation of EGFR (7p11)]] | ||
**[[KRAS|KRAS (12p12) mutation]] | **[[KRAS|KRAS (12p12) mutation]] | ||
**[[BRAF]] (7q34) | **[[BRAF]] (7q34) | ||
**[[HER2]]<ref name="pmid24317180">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yamamoto H, Higasa K, Sakaguchi M, Shien K, Soh J, Ichimura K, Furukawa M, Hashida S, Tsukuda K, Takigawa N, Matsuo K, Kiura K, Miyoshi S, Matsuda F, Toyooka S |title=Novel germline mutation in the transmembrane domain of HER2 in familial lung adenocarcinomas |journal=J. Natl. Cancer Inst. |volume=106 |issue=1 |pages=djt338 |date=January 2014 |pmid=24317180 |pmc=3906987 |doi=10.1093/jnci/djt338 |url=}}</ref> | **[[HER2]]<ref name="pmid24317180">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yamamoto H, Higasa K, Sakaguchi M, Shien K, Soh J, Ichimura K, Furukawa M, Hashida S, Tsukuda K, Takigawa N, Matsuo K, Kiura K, Miyoshi S, Matsuda F, Toyooka S |title=Novel germline mutation in the transmembrane domain of HER2 in familial lung adenocarcinomas |journal=J. Natl. Cancer Inst. |volume=106 |issue=1 |pages=djt338 |date=January 2014 |pmid=24317180 |pmc=3906987 |doi=10.1093/jnci/djt338 |url=}}</ref> | ||
**PIK3CA (3q26) | **PIK3CA (3q26)<ref name="pmid25473901">{{cite journal |vauthors=Scheffler M, Bos M, Gardizi M, König K, Michels S, Fassunke J, Heydt C, Künstlinger H, Ihle M, Ueckeroth F, Albus K, Serke M, Gerigk U, Schulte W, Töpelt K, Nogova L, Zander T, Engel-Riedel W, Stoelben E, Ko YD, Randerath W, Kaminsky B, Panse J, Becker C, Hellmich M, Merkelbach-Bruse S, Heukamp LC, Büttner R, Wolf J |title=PIK3CA mutations in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): genetic heterogeneity, prognostic impact and incidence of prior malignancies |journal=Oncotarget |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=1315–26 |date=January 2015 |pmid=25473901 |pmc=4359235 |doi=10.18632/oncotarget.2834 |url=}}</ref> | ||
**[[ERBB2IP|ERBB2]] (17q12) | **[[ERBB2IP|ERBB2]] (17q12) | ||
**Fusion between [[EML4]] and [[anaplastic lymphoma kinase|ALK]]<ref name="pmid17625570">{{cite journal| author=Soda M, Choi YL, Enomoto M, Takada S, Yamashita Y, Ishikawa S et al.| title=Identification of the transforming EML4-ALK fusion gene in non-small-cell lung cancer. | journal=Nature | year= 2007 | volume= 448 | issue= 7153 | pages= 561-6 | pmid=17625570 | doi=10.1038/nature05945 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17625570 }}</ref> | **Fusion between [[EML4]] and [[anaplastic lymphoma kinase|ALK]]<ref name="pmid17625570">{{cite journal| author=Soda M, Choi YL, Enomoto M, Takada S, Yamashita Y, Ishikawa S et al.| title=Identification of the transforming EML4-ALK fusion gene in non-small-cell lung cancer. | journal=Nature | year= 2007 | volume= 448 | issue= 7153 | pages= 561-6 | pmid=17625570 | doi=10.1038/nature05945 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17625570 }}</ref> | ||
Latest revision as of 17:49, 28 January 2019
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Differentiating Non Small Cell Lung Cancer from other Diseases |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Trusha Tank, M.D.[2],Maria Fernanda Villarreal, M.D. [3]
Overview
Cancers are caused by DNA changes that turn on oncogenes or turn off tumor suppressor genes. DNA mutations can be acquired or hereditary. Non-small cell lung cancer may develop by acquired genetic mutation of the TP53 or p16 tumor suppressor genes and the K-RAS or ALK oncogenes as result of exposure to environmental factors such as smoking, asbestos exposure, ionizing radiation, and air pollution, which are considered as risk factors for NSCLC. Hereditary factors in development of lung cancer is poorly understood because they are masked by the influence of environmental factors.
Causes
Non-small cell lung cancer is caused by DNA mutations as a result of exposure to environmental risk factors.[1]
- Genes involved in the pathogenesis of non small cell cancer of the lung include:[2][3][4]
- Activation of EGFR (7p11)
- KRAS (12p12) mutation
- BRAF (7q34)
- HER2[5]
- PIK3CA (3q26)[6]
- ERBB2 (17q12)
- Fusion between EML4 and ALK[7]
- Tyrosine kinase fusions
- ALK (2p23)
- ROS1 (6q22) alteration[8]
- RET (10q11)
References
- ↑ National Cancer Institute: PDQ® Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Date last modified January 22. http://www.cancer.gov/types/lung/hp/non-small-cell-lung-treatment-pdq. Accessed February 23, 2015
- ↑ Stewart, Bernard (2014). World cancer report 2014. Lyon, France Geneva, Switzerland: International Agency for Research on Cancer,Distributed by WHO Press, World Health Organization. ISBN 9283204298.
- ↑ Stewart, Bernard (2014). World cancer report 2014. Lyon, France Geneva, Switzerland: International Agency for Research on Cancer,Distributed by WHO Press, World Health Organization. ISBN 9283204298.
- ↑ Varella-Garcia M (2010). "Chromosomal and genomic changes in lung cancer". Cell Adh Migr. 4 (1): 100–6. PMC 2852566. PMID 20139701.
- ↑ Yamamoto H, Higasa K, Sakaguchi M, Shien K, Soh J, Ichimura K, Furukawa M, Hashida S, Tsukuda K, Takigawa N, Matsuo K, Kiura K, Miyoshi S, Matsuda F, Toyooka S (January 2014). "Novel germline mutation in the transmembrane domain of HER2 in familial lung adenocarcinomas". J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 106 (1): djt338. doi:10.1093/jnci/djt338. PMC 3906987. PMID 24317180.
- ↑ Scheffler M, Bos M, Gardizi M, König K, Michels S, Fassunke J, Heydt C, Künstlinger H, Ihle M, Ueckeroth F, Albus K, Serke M, Gerigk U, Schulte W, Töpelt K, Nogova L, Zander T, Engel-Riedel W, Stoelben E, Ko YD, Randerath W, Kaminsky B, Panse J, Becker C, Hellmich M, Merkelbach-Bruse S, Heukamp LC, Büttner R, Wolf J (January 2015). "PIK3CA mutations in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): genetic heterogeneity, prognostic impact and incidence of prior malignancies". Oncotarget. 6 (2): 1315–26. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.2834. PMC 4359235. PMID 25473901.
- ↑ Soda M, Choi YL, Enomoto M, Takada S, Yamashita Y, Ishikawa S; et al. (2007). "Identification of the transforming EML4-ALK fusion gene in non-small-cell lung cancer". Nature. 448 (7153): 561–6. doi:10.1038/nature05945. PMID 17625570.
- ↑ Davies KD, Le AT, Theodoro MF, Skokan MC, Aisner DL, Berge EM; et al. (2012). "Identifying and targeting ROS1 gene fusions in non-small cell lung cancer". Clin Cancer Res. 18 (17): 4570–9. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-12-0550. PMC 3703205. PMID 22919003.