Henoch-Schönlein purpura pathophysiology: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) is an [[Immune-mediated disease|immune complex-mediated disease]] with circulating [[immune complexes]] and [[IgA|IgA rheumatoid factors]] usually follows [[Upper respiratory tract infection|upper respiratory tract infections]], various [[viruses]], and the [[bacteria]] have been implicated as triggers of the disease.


==Pathophysiology==
==Pathophysiology==
The pathophysiology of HSP:<ref name="pmid24424188">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yang YH, Yu HH, Chiang BL |title=The diagnosis and classification of Henoch-Schönlein purpura: an updated review |journal=Autoimmun Rev |volume=13 |issue=4-5 |pages=355–8 |date=2014 |pmid=24424188 |doi=10.1016/j.autrev.2014.01.031 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24134307">{{cite journal |vauthors=Trnka P |title=Henoch-Schönlein purpura in children |journal=J Paediatr Child Health |volume=49 |issue=12 |pages=995–1003 |date=December 2013 |pmid=24134307 |doi=10.1111/jpc.12403 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23684700">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rigante D, Castellazzi L, Bosco A, Esposito S |title=Is there a crossroad between infections, genetics, and Henoch-Schönlein purpura? |journal=Autoimmun Rev |volume=12 |issue=10 |pages=1016–21 |date=August 2013 |pmid=23684700 |doi=10.1016/j.autrev.2013.04.003 |url=}}</ref>
*HSP is a small vessel [[leukocytoclastic vasculitis]], but its [[pathophysiology]] is not completely understood.
*In patients with HSP the serum [[IgA]] levels are elevated, HSP is an [[immune complex]]-mediated disease with circulating [[immune complexes]] and IgA [[Rheumatoid factor|rheumatoid factors]] usually follows [[upper respiratory tract infections]], various viruses, and the [[bacteria]] have been implicated as triggers of the disease.
*Patients with HSP have circulating [[IgA]] [[Immune complexes|immune-complexes]], patients with HSPN have an additional large [[molecular]] mass [[IgA1]]-[[Immunoglobulin G|IgG]]-containing circulating [[immune complexes]].
*The [[IgA]]1 [[molecule]] has a hinge region containing up to six O-linked [[glycan]] chains consisting of [[N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase|N-acetylgalactosamine]], usually with an attached β1,3-linked [[galactose]].
*It has been reported that in patients with HSP, the activity of [[Galactosyltransferase|β1,3-galactosyltransferase]] in [[B cells|peripheral B cells]] is reduced, leading to a lack of terminal β1,3-galactosyl residues in the hinge region of IgA1.
*The primary defect leading to the production of such abnormally [[glycosylated]] IgA1 is probably heritable.
*These aberrantly [[glycosylated]] IgA1 [[molecules]] have been shown to form [[immune complexes]] with [[IgG]] [[antibodies]] specific for [[galactose]]-deficient [[IgA1]], thereby inhibiting the binding of the IgA [[Molecule|molecules]] to [[hepatic]] receptors and avoiding their internalization and [[degradation]] by [[Liver|hepatic cells]].
*This formation results in an increased amount of IgA [[immune complexes]] in [[circulation]].
*The complexes may then deposit in [[renal]] [[Mesangial cell|mesangial]] areas and activate the [[complement system]] by the alternative or [[lectin]] pathways, which play a major role in the [[pathophysiology]] of this disease.
*Further, after depositing in the mesangium, the [[galactose]]-deficient IgA1 [[immune complexes]] activate [[Mesangial cell|mesangial]] [[cells]].
*This results in the [[proliferation]] of cells such as macrophages and lymphocytes and the production of [[inflammatory]] and profibrogenic [[Cytokine|cytokines]] and [[chemokines]], which play a pivotal role in [[Mesangial cell|mesangial]] cell [[proliferation]], [[matrix]] expansion, and [[inflammatory]] cell [[Recruitment status|recruitment]].
*'''''Other mechanisms for developing HSP'''''
**[[Nephritis]]-associated [[plasmin]] [[receptor]], a [[Group A streptococcal infection|group A streptococcal antigen]], has been reported in some cases of HSP.
**Activation of the [[eosinophils]] and expression of the [[Smooth muscle|alpha-smooth muscle]] [[actin]] in the kidney also play a vital role in the [[pathogenesis]] of Henoch-Schönlein purpura.


*HSP is a small vessel leukocytoclastic vasculitis, but its pathophysiology is not completely understood.
==Pathology==
*Researchers have found elevations in the serum levels of immunoglobulin (Ig) A, IgA-containing circulating immune complexes and IgA rheumatoid factors in patients with HSP.  
Biopsy: <ref name="pmid9366584">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jennette JC, Falk RJ |title=Small-vessel vasculitis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=337 |issue=21 |pages=1512–23 |date=November 1997 |pmid=9366584 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199711203372106 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25557596">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chen JY, Mao JH |title=Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis in children: incidence, pathogenesis and management |journal=World J Pediatr |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=29–34 |date=February 2015 |pmid=25557596 |doi=10.1007/s12519-014-0534-5 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23842510">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kawasaki Y, Ono A, Ohara S, Suzuki Y, Suyama K, Suzuki J, Hosoya M |title=Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis in childhood: pathogenesis, prognostic factors and treatment |journal=Fukushima J Med Sci |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=15–26 |date=2013 |pmid=23842510 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Therefore, it  generally believed that HSP is an immune complex-mediated disease, because HSP is frequently reported to follow respiratory tract infections, a variety of viral and bacterial pathogens have been implicated as triggers of the disease.
*'''Indications'''
*It has been reported that all patients with HSP have small molecular mass IgA1-containing circulating immune complexes, but only those with HSPN have additional large molecular mass IgA1-IgG-containing circulating immune complexes.
**No rash
*The IgA1 molecule has a hinge region containing up to six O-linked glycan chains[16,17] consisting of N-acetylgalactosamine, usually
**[[Abnormal]] [[renal function tests]]
with an attached β1,3-linked galactose.
 
*It has been reported that in patients with HSPN, the activity of β1,3-galactosyltransferase in peripheral B cells is reduced, leading to a lack of terminal β1,3-galactosyl residues in the hinge region of IgA1.
'''Skin biopsy'''
*The primary defect leading to the production of such abnormally glycosylated IgA1 is probably heritable.  
*Light Microscopy
*These aberrantly glycosylated IgA1 molecules have been shown to form immune complexes with IgG antibodies specific for galactose-deficient IgA1, thereby inhibiting the binding of the IgA molecules to hepatic receptors and avoiding their internalization and degradation by hepatic cells.
**[[IgA]] [[Deposition (physics)|deposition]] in postcapillary [[venules]] with [[IgA]] [[Deposition (chemistry)|deposition]] and [[leukocytoclastic vasculitis]] in is a [[pathognomonic]]  microscopic feature of Henoch-Schönlein Purpura.  
*This formation results in an increased amount of IgA immune complexes in circulation.
**Skin lesions less than 24 hrs are preferred as the chronic lesion lack the [[immunoglobulin]] isotypes essential for the diagnosis of HSP.
*The complexes may then deposit in renal mesangial areas and activate the complement system by the alternative or lectin pathways, which play a major role in the pathophysiology of this disease.
**A biopsy from a different skin site is taken for the [[immunofluorescent]] studies to confirm the [[diagnosis]].
*Further, after depositing in the mesangium, the galactose-deficient IgA1 immune complexes activate mesangial cells.  
 
*This results in the proliferation of cells such as macrophages and lymphocytes and the production of inflammatory and profibrogenic cytokines and
'''Renal biopsy'''
chemokines, which play a pivotal role in mesangial cell proliferation, matrix expansion, and inflammatory cell recruitment.
*[[IgA]] [[Deposition (physics)|deposition]] in the [[mesangium]] on [[immunofluorescence]] microscopy should be differentiated from the [[IgA]] [[nephropathy]].  
*There are also other possible pathogenetic mechanisms of HSPN, because throat cultures positive for group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus have been
*Light microscopic features range from isolated [[Mesangial cell|mesangial]] [[proliferation]] to severe [[Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis|crescentic glomerulonephritis]].
found in 20%-30% of patients with HSPN, it is thought that nephritis-associated plasmin receptor, a group A streptococcal antigen, may also be responsible for some of the cases of HSPN.
*In addition, eosinophil activation and renal expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin have been reported to play a role in the
pathogenesis of HSPN.


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 16:05, 5 February 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) is an immune complex-mediated disease with circulating immune complexes and IgA rheumatoid factors usually follows upper respiratory tract infections, various viruses, and the bacteria have been implicated as triggers of the disease.

Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of HSP:[1][2][3]

Pathology

Biopsy: [4][5][6]

Skin biopsy

Renal biopsy

References

  1. Yang YH, Yu HH, Chiang BL (2014). "The diagnosis and classification of Henoch-Schönlein purpura: an updated review". Autoimmun Rev. 13 (4–5): 355–8. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2014.01.031. PMID 24424188.
  2. Trnka P (December 2013). "Henoch-Schönlein purpura in children". J Paediatr Child Health. 49 (12): 995–1003. doi:10.1111/jpc.12403. PMID 24134307.
  3. Rigante D, Castellazzi L, Bosco A, Esposito S (August 2013). "Is there a crossroad between infections, genetics, and Henoch-Schönlein purpura?". Autoimmun Rev. 12 (10): 1016–21. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2013.04.003. PMID 23684700.
  4. Jennette JC, Falk RJ (November 1997). "Small-vessel vasculitis". N. Engl. J. Med. 337 (21): 1512–23. doi:10.1056/NEJM199711203372106. PMID 9366584.
  5. Chen JY, Mao JH (February 2015). "Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis in children: incidence, pathogenesis and management". World J Pediatr. 11 (1): 29–34. doi:10.1007/s12519-014-0534-5. PMID 25557596.
  6. Kawasaki Y, Ono A, Ohara S, Suzuki Y, Suyama K, Suzuki J, Hosoya M (2013). "Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis in childhood: pathogenesis, prognostic factors and treatment". Fukushima J Med Sci. 59 (1): 15–26. PMID 23842510.

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