Acute kidney injury differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 21:28, 14 February 2019

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Hadeel Maksoud M.D.[2], Eiman Ghaffarpasand, M.D. [3], Anmol Pitliya, M.B.B.S. M.D.[4]

Overview

AKI typically results in oliguria. AKI should be differentiated on the basis of underlying etiology.

Differentiating AKI from other Diseases

AKI typically results in oliguria. AKI should be differentiated on the basis of underlying etiology.

Abbreviations: ABG = Arterial blood gases, BUN = Blood urea nitrogen, CBC = Complete blood count, CT = Computed tomography, CRP = C - reactive protein, ECG = Electrocardiogram, ESR = Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, IVP = Intravenous pyelography, KFT = Kidney function test, GI = Gastrointestinal, GFR = Glomerular filtration rate, MRI = Magnetic resonance imaging, PT = Prothrombin time

Etiology		Clinical manifestations									Paraclinical findings											Comments
		Symptoms and signs									Lab findings						Imaging
		Fatigue/ Lethargy	Thirst	Dizziness/ Confusion	Muscle weakness/ cramp	Somatic/ visceral pain	Vomiting	Diarrhea	Tachypnea	Edema	Blood indices	Renal Funtion test	Electrolytes	Urine analysis	ABG	Other	Ultrasound	X-ray	CT	MRI	Other
Prerenal causes	Alcohol poisoning^[1]^[2]	+	-	+/-	-	+/-	+	+/-	-	-	↑PT	↑BUN, ↑Cr (isopropyl alcohol)	↓Na	NA	↓HCO3	LFT	NA	NA	NA	NA	-	Administer thiamine to prevent Wernicke's encephalopathy
	Aspergillosis^[3]^[4]	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+/-	-	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	Allergy test, ↑IgE (>1000 IU/dl), direct visualization of fungal hyphae	NA	Pulmonary infiltrates, mucus plug, mass in the upper lobe surrounded by a crescent of air, solitary or multiple cavities	Halo sign, wedge-shaped pulmonary infarction, granuloma	NA	-	Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) confirms the diagnosis
	Cholera^[5]^[6]^[6]^[7]	+/-	+	+/- Depends on severity	-	-	+/-	+	-	-	Leukocytosis, ↑HCT	↑BUN, ↑Cr	↓Na, ↑Ca, ↑Mg	NA	↑Lactate, ↓HCO3	Stool PCR, stool culture, serotyping	NA	NA	NA	NA	-	-
	Congestive heart failure (CHF)^[8]^[9]	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	+	Anemia, leukocytosis	↑BUN, ↑Cr	↓Na, ↑K	NA	↑Lactate, ↓HCO3,	↑BNP, ↑troponin	Cardiomegaly, pulmonary hypertension, pleural effusion	Pulmonary edema	NA	Valvular heart disease	Decreased ejection fraction in echocardiography, decreased heart function and damage in nuclear imaging	-
	Dehydration^[10]^[11]	+	+	+/- Depends on the severity	+/-	-	+/-	+/-	-	-	NA	↑BUN, ↑Cr	↓Na, ↑K, ↓Cl	↑ Urine ketones and glucose, ↑urine specific gravity	↑Lactate, ↓HCO3	Hypoglycemia	NA	NA	NA	NA	-	-
	Diarrhea and/or vomiting^[12]^[13]	+/-	+/-	-	-	-	+	+	-	-	Leukocytosis with predominant neutrophilia, ↑ESR	NA	NA	↑ Urine ketones, organic acids, porphobilinogen, aminolevulinic acid	NA	Stool anion gap, stool pH < 5.5, stool culture, serotyping, enzyme immunoassay (rotavirus or adenovirus), abnormal LFT, amylase, lipase	Normal	NA	NA	NA	-	-
	Etiology	Fatigue/ Lethargy	Thirst	Dizziness/ Confusion	Muscle weakness/ cramp	Somatic/ visceral pain	Vomiting	Diarrhea	Tachypnea	Edema	Blood indices	Renal Funtion test	Electrolytes	Urine analysis	ABG	Other	Ultrasound	X-ray	CT	MRI	Other	Comments
	Drugs/toxins^[14]^[15]	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	NA	↑BUN, ↑Cr, ↑CK	↑K, ↓Mg, ↓Ca, ↓P	Ingested drug, glucose, aminoacid, phosphate, ketone, hyaline cast, and RBC	↑Lactate, metabolic acidosis	Toxicology, rapid immunoassay	Nephropathy	Radioopaque substances, ingested drug packets	NA	NA	-	-
	Esophageal varices bleeding^[16]^[17]	+/-	-	-	-	+/-	-	-	-	-	Normocytic normochromic anemia	↑BUN, ↑Cr	NA	NA	NA	NA	Velocity and direction of portal flow	Abnormal opacities outside ofesophageal wall, posterior mediastinal or intraparenchymal mass, dilated azygous vein	Entire portal venous system	Portrays esophageal varices as flow voids	Portal hypertension and esophageal varices in positron emission tomography, flexible endoscope, barium swallow of snake-like filling defects	-
	Congenital heart disease^[18]^[19]	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	↑ESR and CRP	↑BUN, ↑Cr	NA	NA	NA	Throat culture, rapid streptococcal antigen test, hyperoxia test, pulse oximetry	NA	Cardiomegaly, dextrocardia	NA	NA	Ventricular dysfunction, left and right ventricular hypertrophy, valvular disease in echocardiography	-
	Hemorrhage^[20]^[21]	-	+	+/- Depends on the severity	-	-	-	-	+/-	-	Normocytic normochromic anemia, ↑PT, ↑PTT	↑BUN, ↑Cr	↑Na, ↑Cl, ↓Ca	NA	Metabolic acidosis	NA	Peritoneal cavity fluid in FAST	Bilateral opacities in the lung field, hemothorax, hemoperitoneum, ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm	Intrathoracic, intra-abdominal, and retroperitoneal bleeding	NA	Source of bleeding in the upper GI in EGD, angiography	-
	Hemolysis^[22]^[23]	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+/-	-	Thrombocytopenia, microcytic hypochromic anemia, ↑RDW, ↑retic count	NA	NA	NA	NA	↑LDH, ↓haptoglobin, ↑unconjugated bilirubin	Hepatomegaly, splenomegaly	NA	NA	NA	-	-
	Etiology	Fatigue/ Lethargy	Thirst	Dizziness/ Confusion	Muscle weakness/ cramp	Somatic/ visceral pain	Vomiting	Diarrhea	Tachypnea	Edema	Blood indices	Renal Funtion test	Electrolytes	Urine analysis	ABG	Other	Ultrasound	X-ray	CT	MRI	Other	Comments
	Hepatorenal syndrome^[24]^[25]	+/-	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	-	-	+/-	Leukocytosis, ↑PT	↓GFR, ↑BUN, ↑Cr	↓Na	Proteinuria, Na <10mEq/L, urine osmolality > plasma osmolality	NA	Alpha feto-protein, cryoglobulinemia	Exclude hydronephrosis and intrinsic renal disease	NA	NA	NA	Right ventricular preload, ventricular filling pressures, and cardiac function in echocardiography	-
	Ischemic cardiomyopathy^[26]^[27]	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	Anemia	↑Cr	↓Na, ↓K, ↓Mg	NA	NA	Troponin, creatine kinase, Creatine kinase-MB, BNP	NA	Abnormal cardiac silhouette	Biventricular volume, wall motion abnormality, myocardial perfusion, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy	Mid-wall fibrosis in MRI	Ejection fraction ≤35%, pulmonary embolism, right ventricular dilation or pericardial effusion with tamponade in echocardiography	-
	Liver cirrhosis^[28]^[29]	+/-	-	+/-	+/-	+/-	-	-	-	+/-	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	Abnormal LFT, aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio, FibroTest/FibroSure, Hepascore	Portal blood flow velocity, hepatic artery enlargement, multifocal lesions or masses, hepatic contour, ascites, splenomegaly	Bowel perforation, gynecomastia, azygos vein enlargement, pleural effusion	Morphologic changes in the liver, collaterals and shunts, hyperattenuating nodule of hepatocellular carcinoma, portal vein thrombosis	Vacular patency, tumor invasion, portal vein thrombosis, steatosis	Hepatic function and portal hypertension in nuclear imaging, hepatic perfusion and the development of shunts and tumors in angiography	Irreversible and a transplant is usually needed
	Malignant hypertension^[30]^[31]	+/-	-	+	-	-	+/-	-	+/-	+/-	Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia	↑BUN, ↑Cr	↑Na, ↑K, ↑P	Proteinuria, microscopic hematuria	Acidosis	Cardiac enzymes, urinary catecholamines, TSH, ↑Renin	NA	Cardiomegaly, pulmonary edema, rib notching, aortic coarctation, mediastinal widening, aortic dissection	NA	NA	Left atrial enlargement and left ventricular hypertrophy in echocardiography	-
	Etiology	Fatigue/ Lethargy	Thirst	Dizziness/ Confusion	Muscle weakness/ cramp	Somatic/ visceral pain	Vomiting	Diarrhea	Tachypnea	Edema	Blood indices	Renal Funtion test	Electrolytes	Urine analysis	ABG	Other	Ultrasound	X-ray	CT	MRI	Other	Comments
	Myocarditis^[32]	+/-	-	-	-	+/-	-	-	+/-	-	Leukocytosis (eosinophilia),↑ESR and ↑CRP	NA	NA	NA	NA	Cardiac enzymes, viral antibodies	NA	NA	NA	Inflammatory edema, degree of scarring	Endomyocardial biopsy, echocardiography, scintigraphy	NA
	Peritonitis^[33]^[34]	+/-	-	+/-	-	+/-	+/-	+/-	-	-	Leukocytosis	NA	NA	NA	NA	Ascitic fluid neutrophil count > 500 cells/µL	NA	NA	NA	NA	-	-
	Polycythemia^[35]^[36]	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+/-	-	↑RBC, ↑HCT, ↑HGB, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis, ↑PT, and ↑aPTT	↓Erythropoietin	NA	NA	NA	Hyperuricemia	Splenomegaly	NA	NA	NA	-	Phlebotomy is the usual treatment
	Respiratory distress syndrome^[37]	+	-	+/-	-	-	-	-	+	-	NA	NA	NA	NA	Metabolic and respiratory acidosis	Pulse oximetry	NA	Bilateral, diffuse, reticular granular or ground-glass appearance +/- cardiomegaly	NA	NA	Patent ductus arteriosus in echocardiography	-
	Shock^[38]	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	-	+/-	-	↑HCT, ↑PT and aPTT, Eosinophilia, Leukocytosis	↓GFR, ↑BUN, ↑Cr	NA	NA	↑Lactate	LFT, ↑BNP, ↑troponin, D-dimer, fibrinogen	Pulmonary embolism, pericardial effusion, cardiac tamponade, pneumothorax, thoracic or abdominal aortic aneurysm in RUSH (Rapid Ultrasound for Shock and Hypotension)	Pneumonia, pneumothorax, pulmonary edema, widened mediastinum, free air under the diaphragm	Traumatic brain injury, stroke, spinal injury, pneumonia, pPneumothorax, ruptured aneurysm, aortic dissection, pulmonary embolism	NA	-	-
	Toxic megacolon^[39]	+/-	+/-	+/-	-	+	+	+/-	-	-	Leukocytosis, anemia, ↑ESR and ↑CRP	↑BUN, ↑Cr	↓Na	NA	NA	Loss of haustra, hypoechoic and thick bowel walls, dilated colon > 6cm, dilatation of ileal loops	Dilated colon, free intraperitoneal air	Bowel perforation, abscess	NA	NA	Endoscopy and colonoscopy	-
Etiology		Fatigue/ Lethargy	Thirst	Dizziness/ Confusion	Muscle weakness/ cramp	Somatic/ visceral pain	Vomiting	Diarrhea	Tachypnea	Edema	Blood indices	Renal Funtion test	Electrolytes	Urine analysis	ABG	Other	Ultrasound	X-ray	CT	MRI	Other	Comments
Renal causes	Acute interstitial nephritis^[40]^[41]	+/-	-	+/-	-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	Eosinophilia	↑BUN, ↑Cr, ↑FENa	NA	Eosinophiluria, sterile pyuria, mMicroscopic hematuria, proteinuria	NA	↑Total IgG, ↑IgG4	Normal-sized kidneys	NA	NA	NA	-	History of long term analgesic use
	Acute tubular necrosis^[42]^[43]	+/-	-	-	-	-	+/-	-	-	+/-	Anemia	↑BUN, ↑Cr, ↑FENa	↓Na, ↑K, ↑Mg, ↑P, ↓Ca	Pigmented, muddy brown, granular casts	NA	NA	Obstructive uropathy, cortical thickness, hydronephrosis	Nephrolithiasis	Nephrolithiasis, area of obstruction	Nephrolithiasis, area of obstruction	Loss of tubular cells or the denuded tubules, swollen tubular cells, lLoss of the cell brush border in renal biopsy	Furosemide stress testing for staging
	Cancer^[44]^[45]	+	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	-	-	+/-	Normocytic or microcytic anemia, leukocytosis or lymphocytosis, ↑reticulocytes, thrombocytopenia	↓GFR, ↑BUN, ↑Cr, ↓Erythropoietin	↓Na, ↑K, ↓Mg, ↑P, ↓Ca	Gross hematuria	NA	LFT	Fluid collection and morphological change, flank mass	Calcification and widened mediastinum, filling defects in barium contrast	Metastasis and staging, cystic and solid masses, lymph node, renal vein, and inferior vena cava involvement	Soft tissue invasion and staging	Malignant cystic lesions percutaneous cyst puncture	Renal cell carcinoma types: Clear cell (75%), chromophilic (15%), chromophobic (5%), oncocytoma (3%), collecting duct (2%)
	Congenital kidney disease^[46]^[47]^[48] - Agenesis - Dysplasia - Hypoplasia - Polycystic	+/-	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	-	-	+/-	↑HCT	↓GFR	↓P, ↓Ca	Microalbuminuria, uricosuria	NA	Genetic testing forADPKD2	Visualization of kidney cysts	Small kidney cysts (0.5 cm)	Kidney size, intracranial aneurysms	NA	-	-
	End stage renal disease^[49]^[50]	+	-	-	-	+/-	-	-	-	+	Anemia	↓GFR, ↑BUN, ↑Cr	↑K	Hypoalbuminuria	↓HCO3	Phosphate, 25-hydroxy vitamin D, alkaline phosphatase, parathyroid hormone	Hydronephrosis, retroperitoneal fibrosis, enlarged or shrunken kidneys	Obstruction in retrograde pyelogram	Renal masses, stones, and cysts	Renal vein thrombosis, renal artery stenosis in magnetic resonance angiography	Percutaneous renal biopsy	-
	Etiology	Fatigue/ Lethargy	Thirst	Dizziness/ Confusion	Muscle weakness/ cramp	Somatic/ visceral pain	Vomiting	Diarrhea	Tachypnea	Edema	Blood indices	Renal Funtion test	Electrolytes	Urine analysis	ABG	Other	Ultrasound	X-ray	CT	MRI	Other	Comments
	Endogenous toxins^[51]^[52]^[53]^[54]^[55] - Hemoglobin - Myoglobin - Uric acid	+/-	-	+/-	+	-	+/-	-	-	+/-	Anemia, thrombocytopenia	↓GFR, ↑BUN, ↑Cr	↑K, ↑urate, ↓Ca	Uricosuria, hematuria, myoglobinuria, casts	NA	Creatine kinase > 1000 U/L	Malignant or cystic lesions, hydronephrosis, nephrocalcinosis, urolithiasis	NA	Urolithiasis, wilms tumor, polycystic kidney disease	NA	Ureter or bladder abnormality in voiding cystourethrography	-
	Glomerulonephritis^[56]^[57]^[58]	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	Pleocytosis, anemia, leukocytosis, ↑ESR	↑BUN, ↑Cr	NA	Specific gravity > 1.020, proteinuria, hematuria, red blood cell casts, white blood cell casts, cellular casts, oval fat bodies	NA	NA	↑C3, ↑C4, ↑CH50, blood and tissue culture, antinuclear antibodies, cryoglobulins, hepatitis B and C serologies, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)	Kidney size, echogenicity of the renal cortex, obstruction, degree of fibrosis	Pulmonary congestion	Visceral abscesses	-	Renal biopsy, light and electron microscopy, immunofluorescence aid diagnosis
	Goodpasture syndrome^[59]^[60]^[61]	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	Anemia, leukocytosis, ↑ESR	↑BUN, ↑Cr	NA	Low-grade proteinuria, gross or microscopic hematuria, RBC casts	NA	Anti– glomerular basement membrane antibody, antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody	NA	Bilateral, basal, patchy parenchymal consolidations	NA	NA	Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage in pulmonary biopsy	-
	Hemolytic uremic syndrome^[62]^[63]^[64]	+/-	-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+	+	-	+/-	Severe anemia, thrombocytopenia, ↑aPTT	↑BUN, ↑Cr	NA	Mild proteinuria, Red blood cells, Red blood cell casts	NA	Schistocytes, ↑FDP and D-dimer, ↑bilirubin, ↑LDH, ↓haptoglobin, stool culture (for E coli 0157:H7 or shigella), ↓ADAMTS-13 activity	Ruling out obstruction	NA	NA	NA	Diffuse thickening of the glomerular capillary wall, swelling of endothelial cells, fibrin thrombi in renal biopsy	-
	Nephrolithiasis^[65]^[66]^[67]	-	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	-	-	-	Mild leukocytosis, ↑CRP	↑BUN, ↑Cr	↑Na, ↑K, ↑P, ↑Ca, ↑urate	Gross or microscopic hematuria, Red blood cells, urinary crystals of calcium oxalate, uric acid, or cystine, hypercalciuria, urinary pH > 7 in struvite stones (Proteus, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella), urinary pH < 5 in uric acid stones	↓HCO3, renal tubular acidosis	-	All types of stones are visible, hydronephrosis, abdominal aortic aneurysm, cholelithiasis	Calcium - containing stones, uric acid or cystine stones, stone movement	Stone density, size and composition, hydronephrosis, nephromegaly, perinephric fat streaking	NA	Intravenous pyelography (IVP), renal tomography, nuclear renal scan	-
	Etiology	Fatigue/ Lethargy	Thirst	Dizziness/ Confusion	Muscle weakness/ cramp	Somatic/ visceral pain	Vomiting	Diarrhea	Tachypnea	Edema	Blood indices	Renal Funtion test	Electrolytes	Urine analysis	ABG	Other	Ultrasound	X-ray	CT	MRI	Other	Comments

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↑ Jalan KN, Sircus W, Card WI, Falconer CW, Bruce CB, Crean GP, McManus JP, Small WP, Smith AN (July 1969). "An experience of ulcerative colitis. I. Toxic dilation in 55 cases". Gastroenterology. 57 (1): 68–82. PMID 5305933.
↑ Schwarz A, Krause PH, Kunzendorf U, Keller F, Distler A (September 2000). "The outcome of acute interstitial nephritis: risk factors for the transition from acute to chronic interstitial nephritis". Clin. Nephrol. 54 (3): 179–90. PMID 11020015.
↑ Praga M, González E (June 2010). "Acute interstitial nephritis". Kidney Int. 77 (11): 956–61. doi:10.1038/ki.2010.89. PMID 20336051.
↑ Khwaja A (2012). "KDIGO clinical practice guidelines for acute kidney injury". Nephron Clin Pract. 120 (4): c179–84. doi:10.1159/000339789. PMID 22890468.
↑ Lameire N, Van Biesen W, Vanholder R (2005). "Acute renal failure". Lancet. 365 (9457): 417–30. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17831-3. PMID 15680458.
↑ Gudbjartsson T, Thoroddsen A, Petursdottir V, Hardarson S, Magnusson J, Einarsson GV (December 2005). "Effect of incidental detection for survival of patients with renal cell carcinoma: results of population-based study of 701 patients". Urology. 66 (6): 1186–91. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2005.07.009. PMID 16360438.
↑ Skinner DG, Colvin RB, Vermillion CD, Pfister RC, Leadbetter WF (November 1971). "Diagnosis and management of renal cell carcinoma. A clinical and pathologic study of 309 cases". Cancer. 28 (5): 1165–77. PMID 5125665.
↑ Queisser-Luft A, Stolz G, Wiesel A, Schlaefer K, Spranger J (July 2002). "Malformations in newborn: results based on 30,940 infants and fetuses from the Mainz congenital birth defect monitoring system (1990-1998)". Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. 266 (3): 163–7. PMID 12197558.
↑ Sanna-Cherchi S, Ravani P, Corbani V, Parodi S, Haupt R, Piaggio G, Innocenti ML, Somenzi D, Trivelli A, Caridi G, Izzi C, Scolari F, Mattioli G, Allegri L, Ghiggeri GM (September 2009). "Renal outcome in patients with congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract". Kidney Int. 76 (5): 528–33. doi:10.1038/ki.2009.220. PMID 19536081.
↑ Glassberg KI (June 2002). "Normal and abnormal development of the kidney: a clinician's interpretation of current knowledge". J. Urol. 167 (6): 2339–50, discussion 2350–1. PMID 11992035.
↑ Abboud H, Henrich WL (January 2010). "Clinical practice. Stage IV chronic kidney disease". N. Engl. J. Med. 362 (1): 56–65. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp0906797. PMID 20054047.
↑ Denic A, Mathew J, Lerman LO, Lieske JC, Larson JJ, Alexander MP, Poggio E, Glassock RJ, Rule AD (June 2017). "Single-Nephron Glomerular Filtration Rate in Healthy Adults". N. Engl. J. Med. 376 (24): 2349–2357. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1614329. PMC 5664219. PMID 28614683.
↑ Borowitz MJ, Craig FE, Digiuseppe JA, Illingworth AJ, Rosse W, Sutherland DR, Wittwer CT, Richards SJ (July 2010). "Guidelines for the diagnosis and monitoring of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and related disorders by flow cytometry". Cytometry B Clin Cytom. 78 (4): 211–30. doi:10.1002/cyto.b.20525. PMID 20533382.
↑ Knochel JP (1982). "Rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria". Annu. Rev. Med. 33: 435–43. doi:10.1146/annurev.me.33.020182.002251. PMID 6282181.
↑ Giannoglou GD, Chatzizisis YS, Misirli G (March 2007). "The syndrome of rhabdomyolysis: Pathophysiology and diagnosis". Eur. J. Intern. Med. 18 (2): 90–100. doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2006.09.020. PMID 17338959.
↑ Coe FL (September 1983). "Uric acid and calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis". Kidney Int. 24 (3): 392–403. PMID 6645213.
↑ Maalouf NM, Cameron MA, Moe OW, Sakhaee K (March 2004). "Novel insights into the pathogenesis of uric acid nephrolithiasis". Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. 13 (2): 181–9. PMID 15202612.
↑ Ellis EN, Mauer SM, Sutherland DE, Steffes MW (February 1989). "Glomerular capillary morphology in normal humans". Lab. Invest. 60 (2): 231–6. PMID 2915517.
↑ Dickinson BL (August 2016). "Unraveling the immunopathogenesis of glomerular disease". Clin. Immunol. 169: 89–97. doi:10.1016/j.clim.2016.06.011. PMID 27373970.
↑ Trachtman H, Bergwerk A, Gauthier B (August 1994). "Isolated proteinuria in children. Natural history and indications for renal biopsy". Clin Pediatr (Phila). 33 (8): 468–72. doi:10.1177/000992289403300804. PMID 7955787.
↑ Pusey CD (October 2003). "Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease". Kidney Int. 64 (4): 1535–50. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00241.x. PMID 12969182.
↑ Bolton WK (November 1996). "Goodpasture's syndrome". Kidney Int. 50 (5): 1753–66. PMID 8914046.
↑ Kalluri R, Wilson CB, Weber M, Gunwar S, Chonko AM, Neilson EG, Hudson BG (October 1995). "Identification of the alpha 3 chain of type IV collagen as the common autoantigen in antibasement membrane disease and Goodpasture syndrome". J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 6 (4): 1178–85. PMID 8589284.
↑ Noris M, Remuzzi G (April 2005). "Hemolytic uremic syndrome". J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 16 (4): 1035–50. doi:10.1681/ASN.2004100861. PMID 15728781.
↑ Goodship TH, Cook HT, Fakhouri F, Fervenza FC, Frémeaux-Bacchi V, Kavanagh D, Nester CM, Noris M, Pickering MC, Rodríguez de Córdoba S, Roumenina LT, Sethi S, Smith RJ (March 2017). "Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome and C3 glomerulopathy: conclusions from a "Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes" (KDIGO) Controversies Conference". Kidney Int. 91 (3): 539–551. doi:10.1016/j.kint.2016.10.005. PMID 27989322.
↑ Loirat C, Fakhouri F, Ariceta G, Besbas N, Bitzan M, Bjerre A, Coppo R, Emma F, Johnson S, Karpman D, Landau D, Langman CB, Lapeyraque AL, Licht C, Nester C, Pecoraro C, Riedl M, van de Kar NC, Van de Walle J, Vivarelli M, Frémeaux-Bacchi V (January 2016). "An international consensus approach to the management of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome in children". Pediatr. Nephrol. 31 (1): 15–39. doi:10.1007/s00467-015-3076-8. PMID 25859752.
↑ Fwu CW, Eggers PW, Kimmel PL, Kusek JW, Kirkali Z (March 2013). "Emergency department visits, use of imaging, and drugs for urolithiasis have increased in the United States". Kidney Int. 83 (3): 479–86. doi:10.1038/ki.2012.419. PMC 3587650. PMID 23283137.
↑ Singh P, Enders FT, Vaughan LE, Bergstralh EJ, Knoedler JJ, Krambeck AE, Lieske JC, Rule AD (October 2015). "Stone Composition Among First-Time Symptomatic Kidney Stone Formers in the Community". Mayo Clin. Proc. 90 (10): 1356–65. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.07.016. PMC 4593754. PMID 26349951.
↑ Teichman JM (February 2004). "Clinical practice. Acute renal colic from ureteral calculus". N. Engl. J. Med. 350 (7): 684–93. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp030813. PMID 14960744.

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[pmid16360438-44] Gudbjartsson T, Thoroddsen A, Petursdottir V, Hardarson S, Magnusson J, Einarsson GV (December 2005). "Effect of incidental detection for survival of patients with renal cell carcinoma: results of population-based study of 701 patients". Urology. 66 (6): 1186–91. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2005.07.009. PMID 16360438.

[pmid5125665-45] Skinner DG, Colvin RB, Vermillion CD, Pfister RC, Leadbetter WF (November 1971). "Diagnosis and management of renal cell carcinoma. A clinical and pathologic study of 309 cases". Cancer. 28 (5): 1165–77. PMID 5125665.

[pmid12197558-46] Queisser-Luft A, Stolz G, Wiesel A, Schlaefer K, Spranger J (July 2002). "Malformations in newborn: results based on 30,940 infants and fetuses from the Mainz congenital birth defect monitoring system (1990-1998)". Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. 266 (3): 163–7. PMID 12197558.

[pmid19536081-47] Sanna-Cherchi S, Ravani P, Corbani V, Parodi S, Haupt R, Piaggio G, Innocenti ML, Somenzi D, Trivelli A, Caridi G, Izzi C, Scolari F, Mattioli G, Allegri L, Ghiggeri GM (September 2009). "Renal outcome in patients with congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract". Kidney Int. 76 (5): 528–33. doi:10.1038/ki.2009.220. PMID 19536081.

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[pmid20054047-49] Abboud H, Henrich WL (January 2010). "Clinical practice. Stage IV chronic kidney disease". N. Engl. J. Med. 362 (1): 56–65. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp0906797. PMID 20054047.

[pmid28614683-50] Denic A, Mathew J, Lerman LO, Lieske JC, Larson JJ, Alexander MP, Poggio E, Glassock RJ, Rule AD (June 2017). "Single-Nephron Glomerular Filtration Rate in Healthy Adults". N. Engl. J. Med. 376 (24): 2349–2357. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1614329. PMC 5664219. PMID 28614683.

[pmid20533382-51] Borowitz MJ, Craig FE, Digiuseppe JA, Illingworth AJ, Rosse W, Sutherland DR, Wittwer CT, Richards SJ (July 2010). "Guidelines for the diagnosis and monitoring of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and related disorders by flow cytometry". Cytometry B Clin Cytom. 78 (4): 211–30. doi:10.1002/cyto.b.20525. PMID 20533382.

[pmid6282181-52] Knochel JP (1982). "Rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria". Annu. Rev. Med. 33: 435–43. doi:10.1146/annurev.me.33.020182.002251. PMID 6282181.

[pmid17338959-53] Giannoglou GD, Chatzizisis YS, Misirli G (March 2007). "The syndrome of rhabdomyolysis: Pathophysiology and diagnosis". Eur. J. Intern. Med. 18 (2): 90–100. doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2006.09.020. PMID 17338959.

[pmid6645213-54] Coe FL (September 1983). "Uric acid and calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis". Kidney Int. 24 (3): 392–403. PMID 6645213.

[pmid15202612-55] Maalouf NM, Cameron MA, Moe OW, Sakhaee K (March 2004). "Novel insights into the pathogenesis of uric acid nephrolithiasis". Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. 13 (2): 181–9. PMID 15202612.

[pmid2915517-56] Ellis EN, Mauer SM, Sutherland DE, Steffes MW (February 1989). "Glomerular capillary morphology in normal humans". Lab. Invest. 60 (2): 231–6. PMID 2915517.

[pmid27373970-57] Dickinson BL (August 2016). "Unraveling the immunopathogenesis of glomerular disease". Clin. Immunol. 169: 89–97. doi:10.1016/j.clim.2016.06.011. PMID 27373970.

[pmid7955787-58] Trachtman H, Bergwerk A, Gauthier B (August 1994). "Isolated proteinuria in children. Natural history and indications for renal biopsy". Clin Pediatr (Phila). 33 (8): 468–72. doi:10.1177/000992289403300804. PMID 7955787.

[pmid12969182-59] Pusey CD (October 2003). "Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease". Kidney Int. 64 (4): 1535–50. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00241.x. PMID 12969182.

[pmid8914046-60] Bolton WK (November 1996). "Goodpasture's syndrome". Kidney Int. 50 (5): 1753–66. PMID 8914046.

[pmid8589284-61] Kalluri R, Wilson CB, Weber M, Gunwar S, Chonko AM, Neilson EG, Hudson BG (October 1995). "Identification of the alpha 3 chain of type IV collagen as the common autoantigen in antibasement membrane disease and Goodpasture syndrome". J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 6 (4): 1178–85. PMID 8589284.

[pmid15728781-62] Noris M, Remuzzi G (April 2005). "Hemolytic uremic syndrome". J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 16 (4): 1035–50. doi:10.1681/ASN.2004100861. PMID 15728781.

[pmid27989322-63] Goodship TH, Cook HT, Fakhouri F, Fervenza FC, Frémeaux-Bacchi V, Kavanagh D, Nester CM, Noris M, Pickering MC, Rodríguez de Córdoba S, Roumenina LT, Sethi S, Smith RJ (March 2017). "Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome and C3 glomerulopathy: conclusions from a "Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes" (KDIGO) Controversies Conference". Kidney Int. 91 (3): 539–551. doi:10.1016/j.kint.2016.10.005. PMID 27989322.

[pmid25859752-64] Loirat C, Fakhouri F, Ariceta G, Besbas N, Bitzan M, Bjerre A, Coppo R, Emma F, Johnson S, Karpman D, Landau D, Langman CB, Lapeyraque AL, Licht C, Nester C, Pecoraro C, Riedl M, van de Kar NC, Van de Walle J, Vivarelli M, Frémeaux-Bacchi V (January 2016). "An international consensus approach to the management of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome in children". Pediatr. Nephrol. 31 (1): 15–39. doi:10.1007/s00467-015-3076-8. PMID 25859752.

[pmid23283137-65] Fwu CW, Eggers PW, Kimmel PL, Kusek JW, Kirkali Z (March 2013). "Emergency department visits, use of imaging, and drugs for urolithiasis have increased in the United States". Kidney Int. 83 (3): 479–86. doi:10.1038/ki.2012.419. PMC 3587650. PMID 23283137.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __NOTOC__
-{{Acute kidney injury}}
+[[Image:Home_logo1.png|right|250px|link=https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Acute_kidney_injury]]
-{{CMG}}; {{AE}}
+{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{HM}}, {{EG}}, {{Anmol}}
 ==Overview==
-[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
+AKI typically results in [[oliguria]]. AKI should be differentiated on the basis of underlying etiology.
-OR
+==Differentiating AKI from other Diseases==
+AKI typically results in [[oliguria]]. AKI should be differentiated on the basis of underlying etiology.
-[Disease name] must be differentiated from [[differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
+'''Abbreviations:''' [[Arterial blood gas|ABG]] = [[Arterial blood gas|Arterial blood gases]], [[BUN]] = [[Blood urea nitrogen]], [[Complete blood count|CBC]] = [[Complete blood count]], [[Computed tomography|CT]] = [[Computed tomography]], CRP = C - reactive protein, [[ECG]] = [[Electrocardiogram]], ESR = [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate]], IVP  = Intravenous pyelography, [[Renal function|KFT]] = [[Renal function tests|Kidney function test]], GI = Gastrointestinal, GFR = [[Glomerular filtration rate]], [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]] = [[Magnetic resonance imaging]], [[PT]] = [[Prothrombin time]]
-==Differentiating [Disease name] from other Diseases==
+{|
-[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
+! colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Etiology
+! colspan="9" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Clinical manifestations
+! colspan="11" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Paraclinical findings
+! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Comments
+|-
+! colspan="9" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Symptoms and signs
+! colspan="6" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Lab findings
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Imaging
+|-
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Fatigue/
+Lethargy
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Thirst
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Dizziness/
+Confusion
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Muscle weakness/
+cramp
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Somatic/
+visceral pain
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Vomiting
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Diarrhea
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Tachypnea
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Edema
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Blood indices
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Renal Funtion test
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Electrolytes
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Urine analysis
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |ABG
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Ultrasound
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |X-ray
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |CT
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |MRI
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
+|-
+! rowspan="24" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Prerenal causes
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Alcohol poisoning]]<ref name="pmid15589492">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pletcher MJ, Maselli J, Gonzales R |title=Uncomplicated alcohol intoxication in the emergency department: an analysis of the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=117 |issue=11 |pages=863–7 |date=December 2004 |pmid=15589492 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.07.042 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2927129">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cherpitel CJ |title=Breath analysis and self-reports as measures of alcohol-related emergency room admissions |journal=J. Stud. Alcohol |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=155–61 |date=March 1989 |pmid=2927129 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[PT]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]] (isopropyl [[alcohol]])
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Bicarbonate|HCO3]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Liver function tests|LFT]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Administer [[thiamine]] to prevent [[Wernicke's encephalopathy]]
+|-
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Aspergillosis|'''Aspergillosis''']]<ref name="pmid11880955">{{cite journal |vauthors=Marr KA, Carter RA, Crippa F, Wald A, Corey L |title=Epidemiology and outcome of mould infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=34 |issue=7 |pages=909–17 |date=April 2002 |pmid=11880955 |doi=10.1086/339202 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16886149">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cornillet A, Camus C, Nimubona S, Gandemer V, Tattevin P, Belleguic C, Chevrier S, Meunier C, Lebert C, Aupée M, Caulet-Maugendre S, Faucheux M, Lelong B, Leray E, Guiguen C, Gangneux JP |title=Comparison of epidemiological, clinical, and biological features of invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic and nonneutropenic patients: a 6-year survey |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=577–84 |date=September 2006 |pmid=16886149 |doi=10.1086/505870 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Allergy test]], ↑[[IgE]] (>1000 IU/dl), direct visualization of [[Hyphae|fungal hyphae]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Pulmonary infiltrates, [[Mucus|mucus plug]], mass in the upper lobe surrounded by a crescent of air, solitary or multiple cavities
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Halo sign, wedge-shaped pulmonary [[infarction]], [[granuloma]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Polymerase chain reaction|Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)]] confirms the diagnosis
+|-
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cholera|'''Cholera''']]<ref name="pmid19842974">{{cite journal |vauthors=Weil AA, Khan AI, Chowdhury F, Larocque RC, Faruque AS, Ryan ET, Calderwood SB, Qadri F, Harris JB |title=Clinical outcomes in household contacts of patients with cholera in Bangladesh |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=49 |issue=10 |pages=1473–9 |date=November 2009 |pmid=19842974 |pmc=2783773 |doi=10.1086/644779 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4809112">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cash RA, Music SI, Libonati JP, Snyder MJ, Wenzel RP, Hornick RB |title=Response of man to infection with Vibrio cholerae. I. Clinical, serologic, and bacteriologic responses to a known inoculum |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=129 |issue=1 |pages=45–52 |date=January 1974 |pmid=4809112 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4809112">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cash RA, Music SI, Libonati JP, Snyder MJ, Wenzel RP, Hornick RB |title=Response of man to infection with Vibrio cholerae. I. Clinical, serologic, and bacteriologic responses to a known inoculum |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=129 |issue=1 |pages=45–52 |date=January 1974 |pmid=4809112 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21696312">{{cite journal |vauthors=Harris JB, Ivers LC, Ferraro MJ |title=Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 19-2011. A 4-year-old Haitian boy with vomiting and diarrhea |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=364 |issue=25 |pages=2452–61 |date=June 2011 |pmid=21696312 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcpc1100927 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+Depends on severity
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Leukocytosis]], ↑[[Hematocrit|HCT]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Ca]], ↑[[Mg]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Lactate]], ↓[[Bicarbonate|HCO3]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Stool PCR, stool culture, serotyping
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+|-
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Congestive heart failure]] (CHF)<ref name="pmid17724259">{{cite journal |vauthors=Solomon SD, Dobson J, Pocock S, Skali H, McMurray JJ, Granger CB, Yusuf S, Swedberg K, Young JB, Michelson EL, Pfeffer MA |title=Influence of nonfatal hospitalization for heart failure on subsequent mortality in patients with chronic heart failure |journal=Circulation |volume=116 |issue=13 |pages=1482–7 |date=September 2007 |pmid=17724259 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.696906 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15687312">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fonarow GC, Adams KF, Abraham WT, Yancy CW, Boscardin WJ |title=Risk stratification for in-hospital mortality in acutely decompensated heart failure: classification and regression tree analysis |journal=JAMA |volume=293 |issue=5 |pages=572–80 |date=February 2005 |pmid=15687312 |doi=10.1001/jama.293.5.572 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Anemia]], [[leukocytosis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Potassium|K]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Lactate]], ↓[[Bicarbonate|HCO3]],
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[BNP]], ↑[[troponin]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cardiomegaly]], [[pulmonary hypertension]], [[pleural effusion]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pulmonary edema]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Valvular heart disease]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Decreased [[ejection fraction]] in [[echocardiography]], decreased heart function and damage in nuclear imaging
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+|-
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Dehydration]]<ref name="pmid15187057">{{cite journal |vauthors=Steiner MJ, DeWalt DA, Byerley JS |title=Is this child dehydrated? |journal=JAMA |volume=291 |issue=22 |pages=2746–54 |date=June 2004 |pmid=15187057 |doi=10.1001/jama.291.22.2746 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9220501">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vega RM, Avner JR |title=A prospective study of the usefulness of clinical and laboratory parameters for predicting percentage of dehydration in children |journal=Pediatr Emerg Care |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=179–82 |date=June 1997 |pmid=9220501 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+Depends on the severity
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Potassium|K]], ↓[[Chloride|Cl]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑ Urine [[ketone]]s and [[glucose]], ↑urine specific gravity
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Lactate]], ↓[[Bicarbonate|HCO3]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hypoglycemia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+|-
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Diarrhea]] and/or [[vomiting]]<ref name="pmid2178747">{{cite journal |vauthors=Carpenter DO |title=Neural mechanisms of emesis |journal=Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=230–6 |date=February 1990 |pmid=2178747 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22454468">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bresee JS, Marcus R, Venezia RA, Keene WE, Morse D, Thanassi M, Brunett P, Bulens S, Beard RS, Dauphin LA, Slutsker L, Bopp C, Eberhard M, Hall A, Vinje J, Monroe SS, Glass RI |title=The etiology of severe acute gastroenteritis among adults visiting emergency departments in the United States |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=205 |issue=9 |pages=1374–81 |date=May 2012 |pmid=22454468 |doi=10.1093/infdis/jis206 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Leukocytosis]] with predominant [[neutrophilia]], ↑[[ESR]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑ Urine [[ketones]], organic acids, [[porphobilinogen]], [[aminolevulinic acid]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Stool [[anion gap]], stool pH < 5.5, stool culture, serotyping, enzyme immunoassay ([[rotavirus]] or [[adenovirus]]), abnormal [[Liver function tests|LFT]], [[amylase]], [[lipase]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Normal
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+|-
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Etiology
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Fatigue/
+Lethargy
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Thirst
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Dizziness/
+Confusion
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Muscle weakness/
+cramp
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Somatic/
+visceral pain
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Vomiting
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Diarrhea
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Tachypnea
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Edema
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Blood indices
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Renal Funtion test
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Electrolytes
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Urine analysis
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |ABG
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Ultrasound
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |X-ray
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |CT
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |MRI
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Comments
+|-
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Drugs]]/[[Toxin|toxins]]<ref name="pmid1883120">{{cite journal |vauthors=Toto RD, Mitchell HC, Lee HC, Milam C, Pettinger WA |title=Reversible renal insufficiency due to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in hypertensive nephrosclerosis |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=115 |issue=7 |pages=513–9 |date=October 1991 |pmid=1883120 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4715199">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bismuth C, Gaultier M, Conso F, Efthymiou ML |title=Hyperkalemia in acute digitalis poisoning: prognostic significance and therapeutic implications |journal=Clin. Toxicol. |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=153–62 |date=1973 |pmid=4715199 |doi=10.3109/15563657308990513 |url=}}</ref>
-OR
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]], ↑[[Creatine kinase|CK]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Potassium|K]], ↓[[Magnesium|Mg]], ↓[[Ca]], ↓[[Phosphate|P]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Ingested drug, [[glucose]], [[aminoacid]], [[phosphate]], [[ketone]], [[hyaline cast]], and [[RBC]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Lactate]], [[metabolic acidosis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Toxicology]], rapid [[immunoassay]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Nephropathy]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Radioopaque substances, ingested drug packets
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+|-
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Esophageal varices|'''Esophageal varices bleeding''']]<ref name="pmid6970703">{{cite journal |vauthors=Graham DY, Smith JL |title=The course of patients after variceal hemorrhage |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=800–9 |date=April 1981 |pmid=6970703 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20638742">{{cite journal |vauthors=de Franchis R |title=Revising consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno V consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension |journal=J. Hepatol. |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=762–8 |date=October 2010 |pmid=20638742 |doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2010.06.004 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Normocytic normochromic anemia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Velocity and direction of [[portal]] flow
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Abnormal opacities  outside of[[esophageal]] wall, posterior [[mediastinal]] or intraparenchymal mass, dilated [[azygous vein]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Entire portal venous system
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Portrays [[esophageal varices]] as flow voids
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Portal hypertension and [[esophageal varices]] in [[positron emission tomography]], flexible [[endoscope]], [[barium swallow]] of snake-like filling defects
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+|-
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Congenital heart disease]]<ref name="pmid2030718">{{cite journal |vauthors=LaCroix AZ, Lang J, Scherr P, Wallace RB, Cornoni-Huntley J, Berkman L, Curb JD, Evans D, Hennekens CH |title=Smoking and mortality among older men and women in three communities |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=324 |issue=23 |pages=1619–25 |date=June 1991 |pmid=2030718 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199106063242303 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19581259">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mahle WT, Newburger JW, Matherne GP, Smith FC, Hoke TR, Koppel R, Gidding SS, Beekman RH, Grosse SD |title=Role of pulse oximetry in examining newborns for congenital heart disease: a scientific statement from the AHA and AAP |journal=Pediatrics |volume=124 |issue=2 |pages=823–36 |date=August 2009 |pmid=19581259 |doi=10.1542/peds.2009-1397 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[ESR]] and [[CRP]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Throat culture]], rapid streptococcal antigen test, hyperoxia test, [[pulse oximetry]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cardiomegaly]], [[dextrocardia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Ventricular dysfunction]], left and right ventricular [[hypertrophy]], valvular disease in [[echocardiography]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+|-
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hemorrhage]]<ref name="pmid21098468">{{cite journal |vauthors=Achneck HE, Sileshi B, Parikh A, Milano CA, Welsby IJ, Lawson JH |title=Pathophysiology of bleeding and clotting in the cardiac surgery patient: from vascular endothelium to circulatory assist device surface |journal=Circulation |volume=122 |issue=20 |pages=2068–77 |date=November 2010 |pmid=21098468 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.936773 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3487361">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gralnick HR, Rick ME, McKeown LP, Williams SB, Parker RI, Maisonneuve P, Jenneau C, Sultan Y |title=Platelet von Willebrand factor: an important determinant of the bleeding time in type I von Willebrand's disease |journal=Blood |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=58–61 |date=July 1986 |pmid=3487361 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+Depends on the severity
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Normocytic normochromic anemia]], ↑[[PT]], ↑[[PTT]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Chloride|Cl]], ↓[[Ca]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Metabolic acidosis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Peritoneal cavity fluid in [[FAST]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Bilateral opacities in the lung field, [[hemothorax]], hemoperitoneum, ruptured [[abdominal aortic aneurysm]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Intrathoracic, intra-abdominal, and retroperitoneal [[bleeding]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Source of [[bleeding]] in the upper GI in [[Esophagogastroduodenoscopy|EGD]], [[angiography]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+|-
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hemolysis]]<ref name="pmid3814817">{{cite journal |vauthors=Liesveld JL, Rowe JM, Lichtman MA |title=Variability of the erythropoietic response in autoimmune hemolytic anemia: analysis of 109 cases |journal=Blood |volume=69 |issue=3 |pages=820–6 |date=March 1987 |pmid=3814817 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7365971">{{cite journal |vauthors=Marchand A, Galen RS, Van Lente F |title=The predictive value of serum haptoglobin in hemolytic disease |journal=JAMA |volume=243 |issue=19 |pages=1909–11 |date=May 1980 |pmid=7365971 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Thrombocytopenia|Thrombocytopenia,]] [[Microcytic anemia|microcytic hypochromic anemia]], ↑RDW, ↑[[Reticulocyte|retic count]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[LDH]], ↓[[haptoglobin]], ↑unconjugated [[bilirubin]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hepatomegaly]], [[splenomegaly]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+|-
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Etiology
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Fatigue/
+Lethargy
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Thirst
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Dizziness/
+Confusion
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Muscle weakness/
+cramp
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Somatic/
+visceral pain
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Vomiting
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Diarrhea
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Tachypnea
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Edema
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Blood indices
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Renal Funtion test
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Electrolytes
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Urine analysis
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |ABG
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Ultrasound
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |X-ray
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |CT
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |MRI
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Comments
+|-
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hepatorenal syndrome]]<ref name="pmid19776409">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ginès P, Schrier RW |title=Renal failure in cirrhosis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=361 |issue=13 |pages=1279–90 |date=September 2009 |pmid=19776409 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra0809139 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8550036">{{cite journal |vauthors=Arroyo V, Ginès P, Gerbes AL, Dudley FJ, Gentilini P, Laffi G, Reynolds TB, Ring-Larsen H, Schölmerich J |title=Definition and diagnostic criteria of refractory ascites and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. International Ascites Club |journal=Hepatology |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=164–76 |date=January 1996 |pmid=8550036 |doi=10.1002/hep.510230122 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Leukocytosis]], ↑[[PT]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Glomerular filtration rate|GFR]], ↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Proteinuria]],  [[Sodium|Na]] <10mEq/L, [[urine osmolality]] > [[plasma osmolality]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Alpha fetoprotein|Alpha feto-protein]], [[cryoglobulinemia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Exclude [[hydronephrosis]] and intrinsic renal disease
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Right ventricular preload, ventricular filling pressures, and cardiac function in [[echocardiography]]
+| -
+|-
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cardiomyopathy|Ischemic cardiomyopathy]]<ref name="pmid16567565">{{cite journal |vauthors=Maron BJ, Towbin JA, Thiene G, Antzelevitch C, Corrado D, Arnett D, Moss AJ, Seidman CE, Young JB |title=Contemporary definitions and classification of the cardiomyopathies: an American Heart Association Scientific Statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Heart Failure and Transplantation Committee; Quality of Care and Outcomes Research and Functional Genomics and Translational Biology Interdisciplinary Working Groups; and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention |journal=Circulation |volume=113 |issue=14 |pages=1807–16 |date=April 2006 |pmid=16567565 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.174287 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15689345">{{cite journal |vauthors=Corrado D, Pelliccia A, Bjørnstad HH, Vanhees L, Biffi A, Borjesson M, Panhuyzen-Goedkoop N, Deligiannis A, Solberg E, Dugmore D, Mellwig KP, Assanelli D, Delise P, van-Buuren F, Anastasakis A, Heidbuchel H, Hoffmann E, Fagard R, Priori SG, Basso C, Arbustini E, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, McKenna WJ, Thiene G |title=Cardiovascular pre-participation screening of young competitive athletes for prevention of sudden death: proposal for a common European protocol. Consensus Statement of the Study Group of Sport Cardiology of the Working Group of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology and the Working Group of Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology |journal=Eur. Heart J. |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=516–24 |date=March 2005 |pmid=15689345 |doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehi108 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Anemia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Cr]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]], ↓[[Potassium|K]], ↓[[Magnesium|Mg]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Troponin]], [[creatine kinase]], [[Creatine kinase]]-MB, [[Brain natriuretic peptide|BNP]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Abnormal cardiac silhouette
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Biventricular volume, wall motion abnormality, myocardial perfusion, [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Mid-wall [[fibrosis]] in [[MRI]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Ejection fraction ≤35%, pulmonary embolism, right ventricular dilation or [[pericardial effusion]] with tamponade in [[echocardiography]]
+| -
+|-
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Liver cirrhosis]]<ref name="pmid24076364">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ge PS, Runyon BA |title=The changing role of beta-blocker therapy in patients with cirrhosis |journal=J. Hepatol. |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=643–53 |date=March 2014 |pmid=24076364 |doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2013.09.016 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3533689">{{cite journal |vauthors=Becker CD, Scheidegger J, Marincek B |title=Hepatic vein occlusion: morphologic features on computed tomography and ultrasonography |journal=Gastrointest Radiol |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=305–11 |date=1986 |pmid=3533689 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Abnormal [[Liver function tests|LFT]], [[aspartate aminotransferase]] to [[platelet]] ratio, FibroTest/FibroSure, Hepascore
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Portal blood flow velocity, [[hepatic artery]] enlargement, multifocal  lesions or masses, hepatic contour, [[ascites]], [[splenomegaly]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Bowel perforation]], [[gynecomastia]], [[azygos vein]] enlargement, [[pleural effusion]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Morphologic changes in the liver, collaterals and shunts, hyperattenuating nodule of [[hepatocellular carcinoma]], [[portal vein thrombosis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Vacular patency, tumor invasion, [[portal vein thrombosis]], [[steatosis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hepatic]] function and [[portal hypertension]] in nuclear imaging, [[hepatic]] perfusion and the development of [[shunt]]s and [[tumor]]s in [[angiography]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Irreversible and a transplant is usually needed
+|-
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Malignant hypertension]]<ref name="pmid23102030">{{cite journal |vauthors=Johnson W, Nguyen ML, Patel R |title=Hypertension crisis in the emergency department |journal=Cardiol Clin |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=533–43 |date=November 2012 |pmid=23102030 |doi=10.1016/j.ccl.2012.07.011 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16627047">{{cite journal |vauthors=Elliott WJ |title=Clinical features in the management of selected hypertensive emergencies |journal=Prog Cardiovasc Dis |volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=316–25 |date=2006 |pmid=16627047 |doi=10.1016/j.pcad.2006.02.004 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Potassium|K]], ↑[[Phosphate|P]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Proteinuria]], [[microscopic hematuria]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Acidosis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cardiac enzymes]], urinary [[catecholamines]], [[TSH]], ↑[[Renin]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Cardiomegaly, [[pulmonary edema]], rib notching, [[aortic coarctation]], mediastinal widening, [[aortic dissection]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Left atrial enlargement and left ventricular [[hypertrophy]] in [[echocardiography]]
+| -
+|-
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Etiology
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Fatigue/
+Lethargy
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Thirst
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Dizziness/
+Confusion
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Muscle weakness/
+cramp
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Somatic/
+visceral pain
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Vomiting
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Diarrhea
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Tachypnea
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Edema
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Blood indices
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Renal Funtion test
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Electrolytes
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Urine analysis
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |ABG
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Ultrasound
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |X-ray
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |CT
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |MRI
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Comments
+|-
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Myocarditis]]<ref name="pmid39746742">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dec GW, Palacios IF, Fallon JT, Aretz HT, Mills J, Lee DC, Johnson RA |title=Active myocarditis in the spectrum of acute dilated cardiomyopathies. Clinical features, histologic correlates, and clinical outcome |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=312 |issue=14 |pages=885–90 |date=April 1985 |pmid=3974674 |doi=10.1056/NEJM198504043121404 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Leukocytosis]] ([[eosinophilia]]),↑[[ESR]] and ↑[[CRP]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cardiac enzymes]], viral antibodies
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Inflammatory [[edema]], degree of scarring
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Endomyocardial biopsy]], [[echocardiography]], [[scintigraphy]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+|-
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Peritonitis]]<ref name="pmid97980132">{{cite journal |vauthors=Such J, Runyon BA |title=Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=669–74; quiz 675–6 |date=October 1998 |pmid=9798013 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22106722">{{cite journal |vauthors=Runyon BA |title=Monomicrobial nonneutrocytic bacterascites: a variant of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis |journal=Hepatology |volume=12 |issue=4 Pt 1 |pages=710–5 |date=October 1990 |pmid=2210672 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Leukocytosis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Ascitic fluid [[neutrophil]] count > 500 cells/µL
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+|-
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Polycythemia]]<ref name="pmid90251652">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gregg XT, Prchal JT |title=Erythropoietin receptor mutations and human disease |journal=Semin. Hematol. |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=70–6 |date=January 1997 |pmid=9025165 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid92925432">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kralovics R, Indrak K, Stopka T, Berman BW, Prchal JF, Prchal JT |title=Two new EPO receptor mutations: truncated EPO receptors are most frequently associated with primary familial and congenital polycythemias |journal=Blood |volume=90 |issue=5 |pages=2057–61 |date=September 1997 |pmid=9292543 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[RBC]], ↑[[Hematocrit|HCT]], ↑[[Hemoglobin|HGB]], [[thrombocytosis]], [[leukocytosis]], ↑[[PT]], and ↑[[aPTT]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Erythropoietin]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hyperuricemia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Splenomegaly]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Phlebotomy]] is the usual treatment
+|-
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Respiratory distress syndrome]]<ref name="pmid265428772">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hooper SB, Te Pas AB, Kitchen MJ |title=Respiratory transition in the newborn: a three-phase process |journal=Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. |volume=101 |issue=3 |pages=F266–71 |date=May 2016 |pmid=26542877 |doi=10.1136/archdischild-2013-305704 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Metabolic acidosis|Metabolic]] and [[Metabolic acidosis|respiratory acidosis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pulse oximetry]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Bilateral, diffuse, reticular granular or ground-glass appearance +/- [[cardiomegaly]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Patent ductus arteriosus]] in [[echocardiography]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+|-
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Shock]]<ref name="pmid24171518">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vincent JL, De Backer D |title=Circulatory shock |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=369 |issue=18 |pages=1726–34 |date=October 2013 |pmid=24171518 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1208943 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Hematocrit|HCT]], ↑[[PT]] and [[aPTT]], [[Eosinophilia]], [[Leukocytosis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Glomerular filtration rate|GFR]], ↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Lactate]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Liver function tests|LFT]],  ↑[[BNP]], ↑[[troponin]], [[D-dimer]], [[fibrinogen]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pulmonary embolism]], [[pericardial effusion]], [[cardiac tamponade]], [[pneumothorax]], thoracic or [[abdominal aortic aneurysm]] in RUSH (Rapid Ultrasound for Shock and Hypotension)
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pneumonia]], [[pneumothorax]], [[pulmonary edema]], widened [[mediastinum]], free air under the [[diaphragm]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Traumatic brain injury, [[stroke]], spinal injury, [[pneumonia]], [[pPneumothorax]], ruptured [[aneurysm]], [[aortic dissection]], [[pulmonary embolism]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+|-
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Toxic megacolon]]<ref name="pmid5305933">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jalan KN, Sircus W, Card WI, Falconer CW, Bruce CB, Crean GP, McManus JP, Small WP, Smith AN |title=An experience of ulcerative colitis. I. Toxic dilation in 55 cases |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=68–82 |date=July 1969 |pmid=5305933 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Leukocytosis]], [[anemia]], ↑[[ESR]] and ↑[[CRP]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Loss of haustra, hypoechoic and thick bowel walls, dilated [[colon]] > 6cm, dilatation of ileal loops
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Dilated [[colon]], free intraperitoneal air
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Bowel perforation]], [[abscess]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Endoscopy]] and [[colonoscopy]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+|-
+! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Etiology
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Fatigue/
+Lethargy
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Thirst
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Dizziness/
+Confusion
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Muscle weakness/
+cramp
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Somatic/
+visceral pain
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Vomiting
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Diarrhea
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Tachypnea
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Edema
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Blood indices
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Renal Funtion test
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Electrolytes
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Urine analysis
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |ABG
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Ultrasound
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |X-ray
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |CT
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |MRI
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Comments
+|-
+! rowspan="12" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Renal causes
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Acute interstitial nephritis]]<ref name="pmid11020015">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schwarz A, Krause PH, Kunzendorf U, Keller F, Distler A |title=The outcome of acute interstitial nephritis: risk factors for the transition from acute to chronic interstitial nephritis |journal=Clin. Nephrol. |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=179–90 |date=September 2000 |pmid=11020015 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20336051">{{cite journal |vauthors=Praga M, González E |title=Acute interstitial nephritis |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=77 |issue=11 |pages=956–61 |date=June 2010 |pmid=20336051 |doi=10.1038/ki.2010.89 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Eosinophilia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]], ↑[[Fractional sodium excretion|FENa]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Eosinophiluria, [[Pyuria|sterile pyuria]], [[mMicroscopic hematuria]], [[proteinuria]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑Total [[IgG]], ↑[[IgG4-related systemic disease|IgG4]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Normal-sized [[Kidney|kidneys]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |History of long term [[analgesic]] use
+|-
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Acute tubular necrosis]]<ref name="pmid22890468">{{cite journal |vauthors=Khwaja A |title=KDIGO clinical practice guidelines for acute kidney injury |journal=Nephron Clin Pract |volume=120 |issue=4 |pages=c179–84 |date=2012 |pmid=22890468 |doi=10.1159/000339789 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15680458">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lameire N, Van Biesen W, Vanholder R |title=Acute renal failure |journal=Lancet |volume=365 |issue=9457 |pages=417–30 |date=2005 |pmid=15680458 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17831-3 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Anemia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]], ↑[[Fractional sodium excretion|FENa]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Potassium|K]], ↑[[Magnesium|Mg]], ↑[[Phosphate|P]], ↓[[Calcium|Ca]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Pigmented, muddy brown, granular casts
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Obstructive uropathy]], cortical thickness, [[hydronephrosis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Nephrolithiasis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Nephrolithiasis]], area of [[obstruction]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Nephrolithiasis]], area of [[obstruction]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Loss of [[Tubular|tubular cells]] or the denuded tubules, swollen [[Tubular|tubular cells]], lLoss of the cell brush border in [[Kidney|renal biopsy]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Furosemide]] stress testing for staging
+|-
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cancer]]<ref name="pmid16360438">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gudbjartsson T, Thoroddsen A, Petursdottir V, Hardarson S, Magnusson J, Einarsson GV |title=Effect of incidental detection for survival of patients with renal cell carcinoma: results of population-based study of 701 patients |journal=Urology |volume=66 |issue=6 |pages=1186–91 |date=December 2005 |pmid=16360438 |doi=10.1016/j.urology.2005.07.009 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid5125665">{{cite journal |vauthors=Skinner DG, Colvin RB, Vermillion CD, Pfister RC, Leadbetter WF |title=Diagnosis and management of renal cell carcinoma. A clinical and pathologic study of 309 cases |journal=Cancer |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=1165–77 |date=November 1971 |pmid=5125665 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Normocytic anemia|Normocytic]] or [[microcytic anemia]], [[leukocytosis]] or [[lymphocytosis]], ↑[[reticulocytes]], [[thrombocytopenia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Glomerular filtration rate|GFR]], ↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]], ↓[[Erythropoietin]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Potassium|K]], ↓[[Magnesium|Mg]], ↑[[Phosphate|P]], ↓[[Calcium|Ca]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Gross [[hematuria]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Liver function tests|LFT]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Fluid collection and morphological change, flank mass
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Calcification]] and widened mediastinum, filling defects in [[Barium|barium contrast]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Metastasis and [[Cancer staging|staging]], cystic and solid masses, [[lymph node]], [[renal vein]], and [[inferior vena cava]] involvement
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Soft tissue]] invasion and [[Cancer staging|staging]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Malignant]] cystic lesions [[percutaneous]] cyst puncture
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Renal cell carcinoma]] types: [[Clear cell]] (75%), chromophilic (15%), [[chromophobic]] (5%), [[oncocytoma]] (3%), [[collecting duct]] (2%)
+|-
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Congenital disease|'''Congenital kidney disease''']]<ref name="pmid12197558">{{cite journal |vauthors=Queisser-Luft A, Stolz G, Wiesel A, Schlaefer K, Spranger J |title=Malformations in newborn: results based on 30,940 infants and fetuses from the Mainz congenital birth defect monitoring system (1990-1998) |journal=Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. |volume=266 |issue=3 |pages=163–7 |date=July 2002 |pmid=12197558 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19536081">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sanna-Cherchi S, Ravani P, Corbani V, Parodi S, Haupt R, Piaggio G, Innocenti ML, Somenzi D, Trivelli A, Caridi G, Izzi C, Scolari F, Mattioli G, Allegri L, Ghiggeri GM |title=Renal outcome in patients with congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=76 |issue=5 |pages=528–33 |date=September 2009 |pmid=19536081 |doi=10.1038/ki.2009.220 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11992035">{{cite journal |vauthors=Glassberg KI |title=Normal and abnormal development of the kidney: a clinician's interpretation of current knowledge |journal=J. Urol. |volume=167 |issue=6 |pages=2339–50; discussion 2350–1 |date=June 2002 |pmid=11992035 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+- [[Agenesis]]
-[Disease name] must be differentiated from [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
+- [[Dysplasia]]
-OR
+- [[Hypoplasia]]
-As [disease name] manifests in a variety of clinical forms, differentiation must be established in accordance with the particular subtype. [Subtype name 1] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], such as [differential dx1] and [differential dx2]. In contrast, [subtype name 2] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 2], such as [differential dx3] and [differential dx4].
+- [[Polycystic kidney disease|Polycystic]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Hematocrit|HCT]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Glomerular filtration rate|GFR]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Phosphate|P]], ↓[[Calcium|Ca]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Microalbuminuria]], [[uricosuria]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Genetic testing for[[Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease|ADPKD2]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Visualization of [[Cysts|kidney cysts]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Small kidney cysts (0.5 cm)
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Kidney]] size, [[intracranial aneurysms]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+|-
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[End stage renal disease]]<ref name="pmid20054047">{{cite journal |vauthors=Abboud H, Henrich WL |title=Clinical practice. Stage IV chronic kidney disease |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=362 |issue=1 |pages=56–65 |date=January 2010 |pmid=20054047 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp0906797 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28614683">{{cite journal |vauthors=Denic A, Mathew J, Lerman LO, Lieske JC, Larson JJ, Alexander MP, Poggio E, Glassock RJ, Rule AD |title=Single-Nephron Glomerular Filtration Rate in Healthy Adults |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=376 |issue=24 |pages=2349–2357 |date=June 2017 |pmid=28614683 |pmc=5664219 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1614329 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Anemia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Glomerular filtration rate|GFR]], ↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Potassium|K]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hypoalbuminuria]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Bicarbonate|HCO3]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Phosphate]], [[25-hydroxy vitamin D]], [[alkaline phosphatase]], [[parathyroid hormone]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hydronephrosis]], [[retroperitoneal fibrosis]], enlarged or shrunken [[kidneys]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Obstruction]] in [[retrograde pyelogram]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Renal masses, [[Kidney stone|stones]], and [[cysts]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Renal vein thrombosis]], [[renal artery stenosis]] in magnetic resonance [[angiography]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Percutaneous renal [[biopsy]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+|-
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Etiology
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Fatigue/
+Lethargy
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Thirst
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Dizziness/
+Confusion
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Muscle weakness/
+cramp
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Somatic/
+visceral pain
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Vomiting
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Diarrhea
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Tachypnea
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Edema
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Blood indices
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Renal Funtion test
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Electrolytes
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Urine analysis
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |ABG
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Ultrasound
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |X-ray
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |CT
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |MRI
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Comments
+|-
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Toxin|'''Endogenous toxins''']]<ref name="pmid20533382">{{cite journal |vauthors=Borowitz MJ, Craig FE, Digiuseppe JA, Illingworth AJ, Rosse W, Sutherland DR, Wittwer CT, Richards SJ |title=Guidelines for the diagnosis and monitoring of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and related disorders by flow cytometry |journal=Cytometry B Clin Cytom |volume=78 |issue=4 |pages=211–30 |date=July 2010 |pmid=20533382 |doi=10.1002/cyto.b.20525 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid6282181">{{cite journal |vauthors=Knochel JP |title=Rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria |journal=Annu. Rev. Med. |volume=33 |issue= |pages=435–43 |date=1982 |pmid=6282181 |doi=10.1146/annurev.me.33.020182.002251 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17338959">{{cite journal |vauthors=Giannoglou GD, Chatzizisis YS, Misirli G |title=The syndrome of rhabdomyolysis: Pathophysiology and diagnosis |journal=Eur. J. Intern. Med. |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=90–100 |date=March 2007 |pmid=17338959 |doi=10.1016/j.ejim.2006.09.020 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid6645213">{{cite journal |vauthors=Coe FL |title=Uric acid and calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=392–403 |date=September 1983 |pmid=6645213 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15202612">{{cite journal |vauthors=Maalouf NM, Cameron MA, Moe OW, Sakhaee K |title=Novel insights into the pathogenesis of uric acid nephrolithiasis |journal=Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=181–9 |date=March 2004 |pmid=15202612 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+- [[Hemoglobin]]
-===Differentiating [disease name] from other diseases on the basis of [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]===
+- [[Myoglobin]]
-On the basis [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3], [disease name] must be differentiated from [disease 1], [disease 2], [disease 3], [disease 4], [disease 5], and [disease 6].
+- [[Uric acid]]
-{|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! rowspan="4"  style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Diseases
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| colspan="6" rowspan="1"  style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|'''Clinical manifestations'''
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-! colspan="7" rowspan="2"  style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Para-clinical findings
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| colspan="1" rowspan="4"  style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|'''Gold standard'''
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-! rowspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Additional findings
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Anemia|Anemia]], [[thrombocytopenia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Glomerular filtration rate|GFR]], ↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Potassium|K]], ↑[[urate]], ↓[[Calcium|Ca]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Uricosuria]], [[hematuria]], [[myoglobinuria]], [[Urinary casts|casts]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Creatine kinase]] > 1000 U/L
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Malignant or cystic lesions, [[hydronephrosis]], [[nephrocalcinosis]], [[urolithiasis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Urolithiasis]], [[wilms tumor]], [[polycystic kidney disease]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Ureter]] or [[Urinary bladder|bladder]] abnormality in voiding cystourethrography
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
 |-
-| colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|'''Symptoms'''
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Glomerulonephritis]]<ref name="pmid2915517">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ellis EN, Mauer SM, Sutherland DE, Steffes MW |title=Glomerular capillary morphology in normal humans |journal=Lab. Invest. |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=231–6 |date=February 1989 |pmid=2915517 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27373970">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dickinson BL |title=Unraveling the immunopathogenesis of glomerular disease |journal=Clin. Immunol. |volume=169 |issue= |pages=89–97 |date=August 2016 |pmid=27373970 |doi=10.1016/j.clim.2016.06.011 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7955787">{{cite journal |vauthors=Trachtman H, Bergwerk A, Gauthier B |title=Isolated proteinuria in children. Natural history and indications for renal biopsy |journal=Clin Pediatr (Phila) |volume=33 |issue=8 |pages=468–72 |date=August 1994 |pmid=7955787 |doi=10.1177/000992289403300804 |url=}}</ref>
-! colspan="3" rowspan="2"  style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Physical examination
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pleocytosis]], [[anemia]], [[leukocytosis]], ↑[[ESR]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Specific gravity (kidney)|Specific gravity]] > 1.020, [[proteinuria]], [[hematuria]], [[red blood cell]] casts, [[white blood cell]] casts, cellular casts, oval fat bodies
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[C3 (complement)|C3]], ↑[[C4A|C4]], ↑[[CH|CH50]], [[Blood culture|blood]] and tissue culture, [[antinuclear antibodies]], [[cryoglobulin]]s, [[hepatitis B]] and C [[Serological testing|serologies]], [[antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody]] ([[ANCA]])
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Kidney size, echogenicity of the renal cortex, obstruction, degree of [[fibrosis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pulmonary congestion]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Visceral [[abscesses]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Renal [[biopsy]], light and electron microscopy, immunofluorescence aid diagnosis
 |-
-! colspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Lab Findings
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Goodpasture syndrome]]<ref name="pmid12969182">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pusey CD |title=Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=1535–50 |date=October 2003 |pmid=12969182 |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00241.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8914046">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bolton WK |title=Goodpasture's syndrome |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=50 |issue=5 |pages=1753–66 |date=November 1996 |pmid=8914046 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8589284">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kalluri R, Wilson CB, Weber M, Gunwar S, Chonko AM, Neilson EG, Hudson BG |title=Identification of the alpha 3 chain of type IV collagen as the common autoantigen in antibasement membrane disease and Goodpasture syndrome |journal=J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=1178–85 |date=October 1995 |pmid=8589284 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-! colspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Imaging
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Histopathology
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Symptom 1
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Symptom 2
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Symptom 3
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Physical exam 1
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Physical exam 2
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Physical exam 3
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Lab 1
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Anemia]], [[Leukocytosis|leukocytosis]], ↑[[ESR]]
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Lab 2
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Lab 3
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Imaging 1
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Low-grade [[proteinuria]], gross or [[microscopic hematuria]], [[RBC casts]]
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Imaging 2
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Imaging 3
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Anti– glomerular [[basement membrane]] antibody, [[Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody|antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Bilateral, basal, patchy [[Consolidation (medicine)|parenchymal consolidations]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Diffuse [[alveolar]] [[Hemorrhages|hemorrhage]] in [[pulmonary]] [[biopsy]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
 |-
-| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Differential Diagnosis 1
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hemolytic uremic syndrome]]<ref name="pmid15728781">{{cite journal |vauthors=Noris M, Remuzzi G |title=Hemolytic uremic syndrome |journal=J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=1035–50 |date=April 2005 |pmid=15728781 |doi=10.1681/ASN.2004100861 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27989322">{{cite journal |vauthors=Goodship TH, Cook HT, Fakhouri F, Fervenza FC, Frémeaux-Bacchi V, Kavanagh D, Nester CM, Noris M, Pickering MC, Rodríguez de Córdoba S, Roumenina LT, Sethi S, Smith RJ |title=Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome and C3 glomerulopathy: conclusions from a "Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes" (KDIGO) Controversies Conference |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=91 |issue=3 |pages=539–551 |date=March 2017 |pmid=27989322 |doi=10.1016/j.kint.2016.10.005 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25859752">{{cite journal |vauthors=Loirat C, Fakhouri F, Ariceta G, Besbas N, Bitzan M, Bjerre A, Coppo R, Emma F, Johnson S, Karpman D, Landau D, Langman CB, Lapeyraque AL, Licht C, Nester C, Pecoraro C, Riedl M, van de Kar NC, Van de Walle J, Vivarelli M, Frémeaux-Bacchi V |title=An international consensus approach to the management of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome in children |journal=Pediatr. Nephrol. |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=15–39 |date=January 2016 |pmid=25859752 |doi=10.1007/s00467-015-3076-8 |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Severe [[anemia]], [[thrombocytopenia]], ↑[[aPTT]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Mild [[proteinuria]], [[Red blood cell]]s, [[Red blood cell]] casts
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Schistocytes]], ↑[[Fibrin degradation product|FDP]] and [[D-dimer]], ↑[[bilirubin]], ↑[[Lactate dehydrogenase|LDH]], ↓[[haptoglobin]], stool culture (for [[E coli]] 0157:H7 or [[shigella]]), ↓[[ADAMTS-13]] activity
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Ruling out [[obstruction]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Diffuse thickening of the [[glomerular]] capillary wall, swelling of [[endothelial cells]], [[fibrin]] [[thrombi]] in renal [[biopsy]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
 |-
-| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Differential Diagnosis 2
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Nephrolithiasis]]<ref name="pmid23283137">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fwu CW, Eggers PW, Kimmel PL, Kusek JW, Kirkali Z |title=Emergency department visits, use of imaging, and drugs for urolithiasis have increased in the United States |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=479–86 |date=March 2013 |pmid=23283137 |pmc=3587650 |doi=10.1038/ki.2012.419 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26349951">{{cite journal |vauthors=Singh P, Enders FT, Vaughan LE, Bergstralh EJ, Knoedler JJ, Krambeck AE, Lieske JC, Rule AD |title=Stone Composition Among First-Time Symptomatic Kidney Stone Formers in the Community |journal=Mayo Clin. Proc. |volume=90 |issue=10 |pages=1356–65 |date=October 2015 |pmid=26349951 |pmc=4593754 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.07.016 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid14960744">{{cite journal |vauthors=Teichman JM |title=Clinical practice. Acute renal colic from ureteral calculus |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=350 |issue=7 |pages=684–93 |date=February 2004 |pmid=14960744 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp030813 |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Mild [[leukocytosis]], ↑[[CRP]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Potassium|K]], ↑[[Phosphate|P]], ↑[[Calcium|Ca]], ↑[[urate]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Gross or [[microscopic hematuria]], [[Red blood cell]]s, urinary crystals of [[calcium oxalate]], [[uric acid]], or [[cystine]], [[hypercalciuria]], urinary pH > 7 in [[Struvite|struvite stones]] (''[[Proteus]]'', ''[[Pseudomonas]]'', ''[[Klebsiella]]''), urinary pH < 5 in [[uric acid]] stones
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Bicarbonate|HCO3]], [[renal tubular acidosis]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |All types of stones are visible, [[hydronephrosis]], [[abdominal aortic aneurysm]], [[cholelithiasis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Calcium]] - containing stones, [[uric acid]] or [[cystine]] stones, stone movement
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Stone density, size and composition, [[hydronephrosis]], nephromegaly, perinephric fat streaking
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Intravenous pyelogram|Intravenous pyelography (IVP)]], [[Tomography|renal tomography]], nuclear renal scan
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
 |-
-| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Differential Diagnosis 3
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Etiology
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Fatigue/
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+Lethargy
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Thirst
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Dizziness/
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+Confusion
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Muscle weakness/
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+cramp
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Somatic/
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+visceral pain
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Vomiting
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Diarrhea
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Tachypnea
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Edema
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Blood indices
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Renal Funtion test
-|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Electrolytes
-!Diseases
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Urine analysis
-!Symptom 1
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |ABG
-! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Symptom 2
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
-!Symptom 3
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Ultrasound
-!Physical exam 1
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |X-ray
-! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Physical exam 2
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |CT
-!Physical exam 3
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |MRI
-!Lab 1
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
-!Lab 2
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Comments
-!Lab 3
-!Imaging 1
-!Imaging 2
-!Imaging 3
-!Histopathology
-|'''Gold standard'''
-!Additional findings
 |-
-| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Differential Diagnosis 4
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-|-
-| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Differential Diagnosis 5
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-|-
-| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Differential Diagnosis 6
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
 |}
 ==References==

Acute kidney injury differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 21:28, 14 February 2019

Overview

Differentiating AKI from other Diseases

References

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