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{{Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma}} | {{Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma}} | ||
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Nnasiri | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Nnasiri}} | ||
{{SK}} Enteropathy-type T-cell lymphoma; Intestinal T-cell lymphoma; EATL; ETTL | {{SK}} Enteropathy-type T-cell lymphoma; Intestinal T-cell lymphoma; EATL; ETTL | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
'''Enteropathy-associated T-cell Lymphoma''' (EATL), also '''enteropathy-type T-cell lymphoma''' (ETTL), is a type of T-cell [[Non-Hodgkin lymphoma|non-hodgkin lymphoma]] that affects the small intestine, it is composed of large [[lymphoid]] cells. Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma has two subtypes, type I enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma which has a strong association with [[celiac disease]] and it is more common in western countries and type II enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma which is mostly found among the Asian population. [[Genes]] involved in the [[pathogenesis]] of this disease include 8q24, [[T cell receptor|T-cell receptor]] (TCR) beta and gamma, and 16q genes. On gross [[pathology]], multiple [[intestinal]] ulcers are characteristic findings of EATL. On microscopic [[histopathological]] analysis, monotonous cells, round or angulated vesicular nuclei, and prominent [[nucleoli]] are characteristic findings of enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma. There are no established causes for enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma. EATL must be differentiated from other diseases such as [[peptic ulcer]], poorly-differentiated adenocarcinoma, [[MALT lymphoma]], [[Diffuse large B cell lymphoma|diffuse large B cell lymphoma,]] and [[mantle cell lymphoma]]. The [[incidence]] of enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma is very low worldwide. There are no established risk factors for enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma. Common complications of enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma include ulcer, obstruction, and perforation of small intestine. [[Prognosis]] is generally poor. According to the Lugano classification, there are four stages of enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma based on the number of nodes and extranodal involvement. The most common symptoms of enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma include [[fever]], [[weight loss]], [[skin rash]], night sweats, chest pain, [[abdominal pain]], [[bone pain]], and painless swelling in the neck, [[axilla]], [[groin]], [[thorax]], and [[abdomen]]. Common physical examination findings of enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma include [[fever]], [[rash]], ulcer, [[chest]] tenderness, abdomen tenderness, bone tenderness, peripheral lymphadenopathy. Lymph node or endoscopic tissue [[biopsy]] is diagnostic of enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma. [[CT scan]] may be helpful in the diagnosis of enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma. Findings on [[CT scan]] suggestive of enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma include bowel wall thickening, [[mesenteric]] fat infiltration, [[Mesenteric|mesentric]] lymph node cavitation, intussusception, and small-sized [[spleen]]. Other diagnostic studies for enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma include bone marrow aspiration and [[bone marrow]] [[biopsy]]. There is no treatment, the mainstay of therapy is supportive care. The optimal therapy depends on the extent and the location of the [[lymphoma]] in the [[small intestine]]. [[Surgery]] is not the first line treatment option for patients with enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma. Local [[debulking]] is usually reserved for patients with [[tumor]] masses with a high risk of obstruction, [[hemorrhage]], and [[perforation]] | '''Enteropathy-associated T-cell Lymphoma''' (EATL), also '''enteropathy-type T-cell lymphoma''' (ETTL), is a type of T-cell [[Non-Hodgkin lymphoma|non-hodgkin lymphoma]] that affects the small intestine, it is composed of large [[lymphoid]] cells. Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma has two subtypes, type I enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma which has a strong association with [[celiac disease]] and it is more common in western countries and type II enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma which is mostly found among the Asian population. [[Genes]] involved in the [[pathogenesis]] of this disease include 8q24, [[T cell receptor|T-cell receptor]] (TCR) beta and gamma, and 16q genes. On gross [[pathology]], multiple [[intestinal]] ulcers are characteristic findings of EATL. On microscopic [[histopathological]] analysis, monotonous cells, round or angulated vesicular nuclei, and prominent [[nucleoli]] are characteristic findings of enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma. There are no established causes for enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma. EATL must be differentiated from other diseases such as [[peptic ulcer]], poorly-differentiated adenocarcinoma, [[MALT lymphoma]], [[Diffuse large B cell lymphoma|diffuse large B cell lymphoma,]] and [[mantle cell lymphoma]]. The [[incidence]] of enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma is very low worldwide. There are no established risk factors for enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma. Common complications of enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma include ulcer, obstruction, and perforation of small intestine. [[Prognosis]] is generally poor. According to the Lugano classification, there are four stages of enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma based on the number of nodes and extranodal involvement. The most common symptoms of enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma include [[fever]], [[weight loss]], [[skin rash]], night sweats, chest pain, [[abdominal pain]], [[bone pain]], and painless swelling in the neck, [[axilla]], [[groin]], [[thorax]], and [[abdomen]]. Common physical examination findings of enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma include [[fever]], [[rash]], ulcer, [[chest]] tenderness, abdomen tenderness, bone tenderness, peripheral lymphadenopathy. Lymph node or endoscopic tissue [[biopsy]] is diagnostic of enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma. [[CT scan]] may be helpful in the diagnosis of enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma. Findings on [[CT scan]] suggestive of enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma include bowel wall thickening, [[mesenteric]] fat infiltration, [[Mesenteric|mesentric]] lymph node cavitation, intussusception, and small-sized [[spleen]]. Other diagnostic studies for enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma include bone marrow aspiration and [[bone marrow]] [[biopsy]]. There is no treatment, the mainstay of therapy is supportive care. The optimal therapy depends on the extent and the location of the [[lymphoma]] in the [[small intestine]]. [[Surgery]] is not the first line treatment option for patients with enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma. Local [[debulking]] is usually reserved for patients with [[tumor]] masses with a high risk of obstruction, [[hemorrhage]], and [[perforation]] | ||
==Historical Perspective== | ==Historical Perspective== | ||
The association between celiac disease and enteropathy-associated T cell lymphoma was made during 2008 by World Health Organization. | The association between celiac disease and enteropathy-associated T cell lymphoma was made during 2008 by World Health Organization. | ||
==Classification== | ==Classification== | ||
Enteropathy-associated [[T-cell lymphoma]] may be classified according to [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) into 2 subtypes: Type I enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma, type II enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma. | |||
Enteropathy-associated [[T-cell lymphoma]] may be classified according to [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) into 2 subtypes: | |||
==Pathophysiology== | ==Pathophysiology== | ||
Enteropathy-associated T-cell Lymphoma (EATL), also enteropathy-type T-cell lymphoma (ETTL), is a type of [[T-cell lymphoma]] that affects the [[small intestine]]. Frequent activating [[mutations]] in the [[JAK-STAT pathway]] in EATL suggests that deregulation of [[cytokine]] signaling is the early event in lymphomagenesis. Intraepithelial T cells are presumed to be the cell of origin of EATL (and RCD II). Variable degrees of transformations can be seen on [[histopathology]] of this tumor, but usually presents as large lymphoid cells. These cancerous [[T-cells]] are a possible consequence of either refractory cases of [[celiac disease]] or chronic untreated [[celiac disease]] patients. Most commonly occurs in the [[jejunum]] or [[ileum]]. [[SETD2]] was found to be the most often silenced gene in EATL according to studies. The [[JAK-STAT pathway]] is the most frequently mutated pathway. [[Mutations]] in [[KRAS]], [[TP53]], and [[TERT]] Type I EATL and type II EATL (monomorphic intestinal T cell lymphoma) identified as well which have overlapping genetic alterations. | |||
==Causes== | ==Causes== | ||
There are no established causes for enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma. | |||
==Differentiating Enteropathy-associated T cell lymphoma from Other Diseases== | ==Differentiating Enteropathy-associated T cell lymphoma from Other Diseases== | ||
Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma must be differentiated from other diseases such as: | Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma must be differentiated from other diseases such as: [[Peptic ulcer]], poorly-differentiated [[adenocarcinoma]], [[MALT lymphoma]], [[Diffuse large B cell lymphoma]] (DLBCL), and [[Mantle cell lymphoma]]. | ||
==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ||
Enteropathy-associated T cell lymphoma is a very rare form of [[extranodal]] [[non-Hodgkin lymphoma]], with an average incidence of 0.10 to 1.5 per 100,000 inhabitants per year, mostly occurs in the older adult, peak [[incidence]] average of 59 years old and involves proximal small intestine ([[duodenum]] and [[jejunum]]). Type II EATL is more common in the Asian population and not related to [[celiac disease]], whereas type I EATL is more frequently happens in western Europe.<ref name="pmid18618372">{{cite journal |vauthors=Verbeek WH, Van De Water JM, Al-Toma A, Oudejans JJ, Mulder CJ, Coupé VM |title=Incidence of enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma: a nation-wide study of a population-based registry in The Netherlands |journal=Scand. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=43 |issue=11 |pages=1322–8 |date=2008 |pmid=18618372 |doi=10.1080/00365520802240222 |url=}}</ref> | |||
==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
There are no established risk factors for enteropathy-associated T cell lymphoma. | |||
==Screening== | ==Screening== | ||
There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma. | |||
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis== | ==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis== | ||
Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma is usually a fast-growing (aggressive) [[lymphoma]]. It is associated with [[celiac disease]] (sprue). Most adults are diagnosed with [[celiac disease]] at the same time as their lymphoma or shortly before their lymphoma is diagnosed. Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma may spread to the [[Liver|liver,]] [[spleen]], [[lymph nodes]], [[gallbladder]], [[stomach]], colon or skin. | |||
==Diagnosis== | ==Diagnosis== | ||
===Diagnostic Study of Choice=== | ===Diagnostic Study of Choice=== | ||
[[Endoscopic]] biopsy is the diagnostic study of choice for enteropathy-associated T cell lymphoma, though [[CT-scans|CT]] scan and other imaging studies can be helpful.<ref name="Di SabatinoBiagi2012">{{cite journal|last1=Di Sabatino|first1=A.|last2=Biagi|first2=F.|last3=Gobbi|first3=P. G.|last4=Corazza|first4=G. R.|title=How I treat enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma|journal=Blood|volume=119|issue=11|year=2012|pages=2458–2468|issn=0006-4971|doi=10.1182/blood-2011-10-385559}}</ref> | |||
===History and Symptoms=== | ===History and Symptoms=== | ||
Symptoms of the enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma include: [[Fever]], [[Weight loss]], [[Night sweats]], [[Diarrhea]], [[Skin rash]], [[Chest pain]], [[Abdominal pain]], [[Bone pain]], and painless swelling in the neck, [[axilla]], [[groin]], [[thorax]], and [[abdomen]]. | |||
===Physical Examination=== | ===Physical Examination=== | ||
| Line 171: | Line 112: | ||
==Treatment== | ==Treatment== | ||
===Medical Therapy=== | ===Medical Therapy=== | ||
*There is no treatment for enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma; the mainstay of therapy is supportive care. The optimal therapy for enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma depends on the extent and the location of the lymphoma in the small intestine.<ref name="canadiancancer">Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma . Canadian Cancer Society. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/types-of-nhl/enteropathy-associated-t-cell-lymphoma/?region=on Accessed on January | *There is no treatment for enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma; the mainstay of therapy is supportive care. The optimal therapy for enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma depends on the extent and the location of the lymphoma in the small intestine.<ref name="canadiancancer">Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma . Canadian Cancer Society. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/types-of-nhl/enteropathy-associated-t-cell-lymphoma/?region=on Accessed on January 27, 2016 </ref> [[Stem cell transplant]] can be helpful in those patients that are in [[remission]] phase of disease.<ref name="pmid16865575">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rongey C, Micallef I, Smyrk T, Murray J |title=Successful treatment of enteropathy-associated T cell lymphoma with autologous stem cell transplant |journal=Dig. Dis. Sci. |volume=51 |issue=6 |pages=1082–6 |date=June 2006 |pmid=16865575 |doi=10.1007/s10620-006-8013-z |url=}}</ref> | ||
{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;" align="center" | {| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;" align="center" | ||
|+ '''Treatment of enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma<ref name="canadiancancer">Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma . Canadian Cancer Society. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/types-of-nhl/enteropathy-associated-t-cell-lymphoma/?region=on Accessed on January 26, 2016 </ref>''' | |+ '''Treatment of enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma<ref name="canadiancancer">Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma . Canadian Cancer Society. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/types-of-nhl/enteropathy-associated-t-cell-lymphoma/?region=on Accessed on January 26, 2016 </ref>''' | ||
Latest revision as of 17:26, 6 March 2019
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Nima Nasiri, M.D.[2]
Synonyms and keywords: Enteropathy-type T-cell lymphoma; Intestinal T-cell lymphoma; EATL; ETTL
Overview
Enteropathy-associated T-cell Lymphoma (EATL), also enteropathy-type T-cell lymphoma (ETTL), is a type of T-cell non-hodgkin lymphoma that affects the small intestine, it is composed of large lymphoid cells. Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma has two subtypes, type I enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma which has a strong association with celiac disease and it is more common in western countries and type II enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma which is mostly found among the Asian population. Genes involved in the pathogenesis of this disease include 8q24, T-cell receptor (TCR) beta and gamma, and 16q genes. On gross pathology, multiple intestinal ulcers are characteristic findings of EATL. On microscopic histopathological analysis, monotonous cells, round or angulated vesicular nuclei, and prominent nucleoli are characteristic findings of enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma. There are no established causes for enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma. EATL must be differentiated from other diseases such as peptic ulcer, poorly-differentiated adenocarcinoma, MALT lymphoma, diffuse large B cell lymphoma, and mantle cell lymphoma. The incidence of enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma is very low worldwide. There are no established risk factors for enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma. Common complications of enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma include ulcer, obstruction, and perforation of small intestine. Prognosis is generally poor. According to the Lugano classification, there are four stages of enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma based on the number of nodes and extranodal involvement. The most common symptoms of enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma include fever, weight loss, skin rash, night sweats, chest pain, abdominal pain, bone pain, and painless swelling in the neck, axilla, groin, thorax, and abdomen. Common physical examination findings of enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma include fever, rash, ulcer, chest tenderness, abdomen tenderness, bone tenderness, peripheral lymphadenopathy. Lymph node or endoscopic tissue biopsy is diagnostic of enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma. CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma. Findings on CT scan suggestive of enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma include bowel wall thickening, mesenteric fat infiltration, mesentric lymph node cavitation, intussusception, and small-sized spleen. Other diagnostic studies for enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma include bone marrow aspiration and bone marrow biopsy. There is no treatment, the mainstay of therapy is supportive care. The optimal therapy depends on the extent and the location of the lymphoma in the small intestine. Surgery is not the first line treatment option for patients with enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma. Local debulking is usually reserved for patients with tumor masses with a high risk of obstruction, hemorrhage, and perforation
Historical Perspective
The association between celiac disease and enteropathy-associated T cell lymphoma was made during 2008 by World Health Organization.
Classification
Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma may be classified according to World Health Organization (WHO) into 2 subtypes: Type I enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma, type II enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma.
Pathophysiology
Enteropathy-associated T-cell Lymphoma (EATL), also enteropathy-type T-cell lymphoma (ETTL), is a type of T-cell lymphoma that affects the small intestine. Frequent activating mutations in the JAK-STAT pathway in EATL suggests that deregulation of cytokine signaling is the early event in lymphomagenesis. Intraepithelial T cells are presumed to be the cell of origin of EATL (and RCD II). Variable degrees of transformations can be seen on histopathology of this tumor, but usually presents as large lymphoid cells. These cancerous T-cells are a possible consequence of either refractory cases of celiac disease or chronic untreated celiac disease patients. Most commonly occurs in the jejunum or ileum. SETD2 was found to be the most often silenced gene in EATL according to studies. The JAK-STAT pathway is the most frequently mutated pathway. Mutations in KRAS, TP53, and TERT Type I EATL and type II EATL (monomorphic intestinal T cell lymphoma) identified as well which have overlapping genetic alterations.
Causes
There are no established causes for enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma.
Differentiating Enteropathy-associated T cell lymphoma from Other Diseases
Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma must be differentiated from other diseases such as: Peptic ulcer, poorly-differentiated adenocarcinoma, MALT lymphoma, Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), and Mantle cell lymphoma.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Enteropathy-associated T cell lymphoma is a very rare form of extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma, with an average incidence of 0.10 to 1.5 per 100,000 inhabitants per year, mostly occurs in the older adult, peak incidence average of 59 years old and involves proximal small intestine (duodenum and jejunum). Type II EATL is more common in the Asian population and not related to celiac disease, whereas type I EATL is more frequently happens in western Europe.[1]
Risk Factors
There are no established risk factors for enteropathy-associated T cell lymphoma.
Screening
There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma.
Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis
Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma is usually a fast-growing (aggressive) lymphoma. It is associated with celiac disease (sprue). Most adults are diagnosed with celiac disease at the same time as their lymphoma or shortly before their lymphoma is diagnosed. Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma may spread to the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, gallbladder, stomach, colon or skin.
Diagnosis
Diagnostic Study of Choice
Endoscopic biopsy is the diagnostic study of choice for enteropathy-associated T cell lymphoma, though CT scan and other imaging studies can be helpful.[2]
History and Symptoms
Symptoms of the enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma include: Fever, Weight loss, Night sweats, Diarrhea, Skin rash, Chest pain, Abdominal pain, Bone pain, and painless swelling in the neck, axilla, groin, thorax, and abdomen.
Physical Examination
Vitals
Skin
HEENT
Thorax
- Thoracic masses suggestive of central lymphadenopathy
- Chest tenderness
Abdomen
- Abdominal masses suggestive of central lymphadenopathy
- Abdomen tenderness
Extremities
- Peripheral lymphadenopathy
- Bone tenderness
Laboratory Findings
- Laboratory tests for enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma include:[3]
- Complete blood count (CBC)
- Blood chemistry studies
- Cytogenetic analysis
- Flow cytometry
- Immunohistochemistry
- Immunophenotyping: CD3+, CD4-, CD5-, CD7+, CD30+, CD56+, CD103+, CD8+/-, and TCR beta+/-
Electrocardiogram
- There are no ECG findings associated with enteropathy-associated T cell lymphoma.
X-ray
- There are no x-ray findings associated with enteropathy-associated T cell lymphoma.
Echocardiography or Ultrasound
- There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with enteropathy-associated T cell lymphoma.
CT scan
- CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma.[3]
- Findings on CT scan suggestive of enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma include:[4][2]
- Bowel wall thickening
- Mesenteric fat infiltration
- Mesenteric lymph node cavitation
- Intussusception
- Small-sized spleen
MRI
- MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma, especially in those EATL involved epithelial layers of the small intestine and also for response to treatment[3]
Other Imaging Findings
- PET scan
- Barium study
- Colonoscopy
- Findings on barium study suggestive of enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma include:
- Multiple aphthous ulcers
- Segmental luminal narrowing
- Finding on colonoscopy suggestive of enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma includes:
Other Diagnostic Studies
- Other diagnostic studies for enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma include:[3]
Treatment
Medical Therapy
- There is no treatment for enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma; the mainstay of therapy is supportive care. The optimal therapy for enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma depends on the extent and the location of the lymphoma in the small intestine.[5] Stem cell transplant can be helpful in those patients that are in remission phase of disease.[6]
| Therapy | Description |
|---|---|
| Supportive therapy |
|
| Surgery |
|
| Chemotherapy |
|
Surgery
- Surgery is not the first line treatment option for patients with enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma.[2]
- Local debulking is usually reserved for patients with tumor masses with a high risk of obstruction, hemorrhage, and perforation.
Primary Prevention
- There are no established measures for the primary prevention of enteropathy-associated T cell lymphoma.
Secondary Prevention
There are no established measures for the secondary prevention of enteropathy-associated T cell lymphoma.
References
- ↑ Verbeek WH, Van De Water JM, Al-Toma A, Oudejans JJ, Mulder CJ, Coupé VM (2008). "Incidence of enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma: a nation-wide study of a population-based registry in The Netherlands". Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 43 (11): 1322–8. doi:10.1080/00365520802240222. PMID 18618372.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Di Sabatino, A.; Biagi, F.; Gobbi, P. G.; Corazza, G. R. (2012). "How I treat enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma". Blood. 119 (11): 2458–2468. doi:10.1182/blood-2011-10-385559. ISSN 0006-4971.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. http://seer.cancer.gov/seertools/hemelymph/51f6cf56e3e27c3994bd5315/. Accessed on January 26, 2016
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Lee, Hyun Ju; Im, Jung-Gi; Goo, Jin Mo; Kim, Kyoung Won; Choi, Byung Ihn; Chang, Kee Hyun; Han, Joon Koo; Han, Moon Hee (2003). "Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma: Spectrum of Imaging Findings with Clinical and Pathologic Features1". RadioGraphics. 23 (1): 7–26. doi:10.1148/rg.231025018. ISSN 0271-5333.. Accessed on January 28, 2016
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma . Canadian Cancer Society. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/types-of-nhl/enteropathy-associated-t-cell-lymphoma/?region=on Accessed on January 27, 2016
- ↑ Rongey C, Micallef I, Smyrk T, Murray J (June 2006). "Successful treatment of enteropathy-associated T cell lymphoma with autologous stem cell transplant". Dig. Dis. Sci. 51 (6): 1082–6. doi:10.1007/s10620-006-8013-z. PMID 16865575.