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| {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Preeti}} | | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Preeti}} |
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| ! colspan="3" rowspan="2" |
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| ! rowspan="2" |Pathophysiology
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| ! rowspan="2" |Symptoms
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| ! rowspan="2" |History
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| ! rowspan="2" |Physical Examination
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| ! colspan="3" |Laboratory Findings
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| |-
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| !Immunochemistry
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| !Blood work
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| !Biospy/CT/CXR
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| | rowspan="9" |'''Infections'''
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| | rowspan="3" |'''Bacterial'''
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| | rowspan="2" |'''Syphilis'''
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| | rowspan="2" |
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| * Syphilis is caused by a [[spirochete]], [[Treponema pallidum|''Treponema pallidum'']].
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| * It has an average incubation period of 3 - 12 weeks.
| | ==References== |
| * Spirochete penetrates intact mucous membrane or microscopic dermal abrasions and rapidly enters systemic circulation with the [[central nervous system]] being invaded during the early phase of infection.
| | {{Reflist|2}} |
| * The histopathological hallmark findings are endarteritis and plasma cell-rich infiltrates reflecting a delayed-type of hypersensitivity reaction to the spirochete.
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| | rowspan="2" |
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| '''Primary syphilis'''
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| * Mononuclear leukocytic infiltration, [[macrophages]], and [[lymphocytes]]
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| * Swelling and proliferation of small blood vessels
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| '''Secondary syphilis'''
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| * Swelling and dilatation of blood vessels in the [[dermis]]
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| * Epidermal [[hyperplasia]] and neutrophilic infiltration
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| * Inflammatory cell infiltrate, predominantly [[plasma cell]]
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| '''Tertiary syphilis'''
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| * Small vessel inflammation ([[endarteritis obliterans]])
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| * Granulomatous lesions ([[gumma]]) containing central necrosis, inflammatory cells, such as [[lymphocytes]], [[macrophages]], [[plasma cells]] and [[Fibroblast|fibroblasts]].
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| | rowspan="2" |
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| | rowspan="2" | | |
| *
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| * A presumptive diagnosis of syphilis is possible with the use of two types of serologic tests.
| | {{WH}} |
| :* Nontreponemal tests (e.g., [[VDRL|venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL)]] and [[RPR|rapid plasma reagent test]]) and
| | {{WS}} |
| :* Treponemal tests (e.g., [[FTA-ABS|fluorescent treponemal antibody absorbed (FTA-ABS) tests]], the ''T. pallidum'' passive particle agglutination (TP-PA) assay, various [[Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)|enzyme immunoassays]], and [[Chemiluminescence|chemiluminescence immunoassays]]). | | [[Category: (name of the system)]] |
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| | rowspan="2" |Darkfield examinations and tests to detect ''[[T. pallidum]].''
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| |'''Brucellosis'''
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| |[[humans]] could be infected by eating undercook meat or raw [[Dairy product|dairy]] products, inhalation of the [[bacteria]] and direct contact of bacteria with [[skin]] [[wounds]] or [[Mucous membranes|mucous membranes.]] Following transmission, [[white blood cells]] phagocyte the pathogen and transports it via hematologic or [[Lymphatic system|lymphatic route]] to different organs specially to those of the [[reticuloendothelial system]].
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| * Fever
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| * Rash
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| * Abdominal pain
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| * weightloss
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| * Painful lymphadenopathy
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| * hepatosplenomegaly
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| * arthritis
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| * [[Lymphocytosis|Relative lymphocytosis]]
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| * positive titer of anti-[[Brucella|b''rucella'']] [[antibodies]] on serological testing
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| * There are two types of serological tests, based on:
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| ** Antibody production against [[lipopolysaccharide]]
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| ** Antibody production against other [[bacterial]] [[antigens]]
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| * [[Brucella|''Brucella'']] is most commonly isolated from blood cultures (blood cultures are positive between the 7th and 21st day)
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| | rowspan="4" |'''Viral'''
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| |'''infectious mononucleosis'''
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| |'''cytomegalovirus'''
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| |'''human immunodeficiency virus'''
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| |'''cat scratch fever'''
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| |'''Mycobacterial'''
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| |'''tuberculosis'''
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| * Mostly in endemic areas
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| |Symptoms include [[productive cough]],[[night sweats]], [[fever]] and [[weight loss]]
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| * [[Sputum]] smear positive for [[acid-fast bacilli]]<nowiki/>and nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) is used on sputum or any sterile fluid for rapid diagnosis and is positive for mycobacteria.
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| * CXR and CT demonstrates [[Internal|cavities]] in the upper lobe of the lung
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| |'''Parasitic'''
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| |'''toxoplasmosis'''
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| | rowspan="4" |'''Autoimmune'''
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| | colspan="2" |'''Systemic lupus erythematosus'''
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| | colspan="2" |'''Sjögren's syndrome'''
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| | colspan="2" |'''Hydantoin derivatives'''
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| | colspan="2" |'''Sarcoidosis'''
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| * More common in African-American females
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| * Often [[asymptomatic]] except for [[Lymphadenopathy|enlarged lymph nodes]]
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| * Associated with [[restrictive lung disease]]
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| * [[Erythema nodosum]]
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| * [[Lupus pernio]] (skin lesions on face resembling lupus)
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| * [[Bell's palsy|Bell palsy]]
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| * [[Epithelioid]] [[granuloma]]<nowiki/>s containing microscopic [[Schaumann bodies|Schaumann]] and asteroid bodies
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| * On CXR bilateral [[Lymphadenopathy|adenopathy]] and coarse reticular opacities are seen.
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| * CT of the chest demonstrates extensive [[Hilar lymphadenopathy|hilar]] and mediastinal adenopathy
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| * Additional findings on CT include [[fibrosis]] (honeycomb, linear, or associated with bronchial distortion), pleural thickening, and ground-glass opacities.
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| * Biopsy of lung shows non-[[caseating]][[granuloma]]
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| | rowspan="6" |'''Neoplasms'''
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| | colspan="2" rowspan="1" |'''Hodgkin's disease'''
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| | colspan="2" rowspan="1" |'''Chronic lymphocytic leukemia'''
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| | colspan="2" rowspan="1" |'''Small cell carcinoma of the lung'''
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| | colspan="2" rowspan="1" |'''Malignant histiocytosis'''
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| | colspan="2" rowspan="1" |'''Melanoma'''
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| | colspan="2" rowspan="1" |'''Germ cell neoplasms'''
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| | rowspan="5" |'''Other conditions'''
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| | colspan="2" rowspan="1" |'''Reactive lymphoid hyperplasia'''
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| | colspan="2" rowspan="1" |'''Lymphomatoid granulomatosis'''
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| | colspan="2" rowspan="1" |'''Dermatopathic lymphadenopathy'''
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| | colspan="2" rowspan="1" |'''Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy'''
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| | colspan="2" rowspan="1" |'''Giant lymph node hyperplasia (Castleman disease)'''
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| |}
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