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| __NOTOC__
| | #REDIRECT [[Breast cancer]] |
| {{SI}}
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| '''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]'''
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| {{CMG}} {{AE}} {{Faizan}}; {{Ammu}}
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| {{SK}} Lobular Carcinoma (in situ); LCIS
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| ==Overview==
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| ==Historical Perspective==
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| *Lobular carcinoma in situ was first discovered by F W Foote and F W Stewart, in 1941.
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| ==Pathophysiology==
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| * Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is a condition in which there is presence of unusual cells in the [[lobule]]s of the [[breast]].<ref name="urlLobular Carcinoma in situ (LCIS) - Breast Cancer - Stanford Cancer Center">{{cite web |url=http://cancer.stanford.edu/breastcancer/lcis.html |title=Lobular Carcinoma in situ (LCIS) - Breast Cancer - Stanford Cancer Center |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
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| *The pathogenesis of [disease name] is characterized by [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3].
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| *The loss of expression of [[e-cadherin]], the [[transmembrane]] [[protein]] mediating [[epithelial]] [[cell adhesion]] has been associated with the development of lobular carcinoma in situ.
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| *The loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 16q has been associated with the development of lobular carcinoma in situ..
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| *On microscopic histopathological analysis, small cells with oval or round nuclei and small nucleoli detached from each other are [[mucin]]-containing signet-ring cells are characteristic findings of lobular carcinoma in situ
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| ==Causes==
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| * Lobular carcinoma in situ is caused by a mutation in the [[e-cadherin]] gene.
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| ==Differentiating Lobular carcinoma in situ from other Diseases==
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| *Lobular carcinoma in situ must be differentiated from other diseases that cause breast lesions, such as:
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| :*Ductal carcinoma insitu
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| :*Atypical lobular hyperplasia
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| ==Epidemiology and Demographics==
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| * The prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number or range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
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| * In [year], the incidence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number or range] cases per 100,000 individuals in [location].
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| ===Age===
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| *Lobular carcinoma in situ is more commonly observed among patients aged premenopausal women with a mean age of 45 years old
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| ==Risk Factors==
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| *Common risk factors in the development of lobular carcinoma in situ are family history of breast cancer, hormone replacement therapy for menopause, women in early 40’s.
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| == Natural History, Complications and Prognosis==
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| * LCIS is a high-risk marker for the future development of invasive carcinoma. A woman with LCIS has approximately a 15-30% chance of developing an infiltrating ductal or lobular carcinoma in the breast in which the LCIS is discovered or in the contralateral breast.
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| == Diagnosis ==
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| === Symptoms ===
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| *Lobular carcinoma in situ is usually asymptomatic.
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| === Physical Examination ===
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| *Patients with lobular carcinoma in situ usually appear normal.
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| === Laboratory Findings ===
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| *There are no specific laboratory findings associated with lobular carcinoma in situ.
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| ===Imaging Findings===
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| *Mammography is the imaging modality of choice for lobular carcinoma in situ.
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| === Other Diagnostic Studies ===
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| *Lobular carcinoma in situ may also be diagnosed using biopsy.
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| == Treatment ==
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| === Medical Therapy ===
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| *There is no treatment for [disease name]; the mainstay of therapy is supportive care.
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| *The mainstay of therapy for [disease name] is [medical therapy 1] and [medical therapy 2].
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| *[Medical therapy 1] acts by [mechanism of action1].
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| *Response to [medical therapy 1] can be monitored with [test/physical finding/imaging] every [frequency/duration].
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| === Surgery ===
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| *Surgery is the mainstay of therapy for [disease name].
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| *[Surgical procedure] in conjunction with [chemotherapy/radiation] is the most common approach to the treatment of [disease name].
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| *[Surgical procedure] can only be performed for patients with [disease stage] [disease name].
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| === Prevention ===
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| *There are no primary preventive measures available for [disease name].
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| *Effective measures for the primary prevention of [disease name] include [measure1], [measure2], and [measure3].
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| *Once diagnosed and successfully treated, patients with [disease name] are followedup every [duration]. Followup testing includes [test 1], [test 2], and [test 3].
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist|2}}
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| [[Category:Oncology]]
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